四川盆地三叠系嘉陵江组沉积—成岩特征与孔隙演化关系研究
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摘要
作为四川盆地油气勘探的重点层段嘉陵江组主体为一套克拉通台地相沉积，其中灰岩和白云岩储层发育。针对嘉陵江组的油气勘探截止2009年底，探明储量达1141.15亿方，占四川盆地天然气总探明储层的7.09%。嘉陵江组天然气勘探主要集中在川南、川东及川北地区。目前，嘉陵江组中尚有85%的资源量有待发现。为此，本博士学位论文以国家重大专项《四川盆地二～三叠系构造演化、层序地层格架及有利相带分布研究》为依托，以大量的钻井、录井、取心薄片及各类地球化学分析测试等资料为基础，以川东地区、川南地区、川中地区三叠系嘉陵江组储层为研究重点，在沉积学、地球化学等多学科理论指导下，系统研究了嘉陵江组沉积相类型及特征；分析了嘉陵江组储层岩石学特征、储集空间类型、物性特征、成岩作用及孔隙演化；揭示了不同地区沉积相－成岩相演化特征及其主控因素，针对不同沉积环境、不同类型的储集岩，总结了其成岩－孔隙演化序列；综合分析了嘉陵江组储层发育主要控制因素及其分布特征；最终通过优势沉积－成岩相叠置关系，划分了嘉陵江组有利勘探地区。
嘉陵江组自下而上可以分5段，五段地层对应T1j~1～T1j~2、T1j~3～T1j~4、T1j~5三个（三级）沉积层序。
嘉陵江组从区域上可划分出陆相、海陆过渡相及碳酸盐岩台地3个沉积相相组，并可进一步分为：冲积平原、滨岸、混积潮坪、开阔海台地、局限海台地～蒸发潮坪5个相及若干岩相。在沉积相类型、特征研究的基础上，系统研究了不同时期沉积相的平面展布特征，并研究了沉积演化的主控因素。
系统、深入研究了嘉陵江组储集岩类型及特征。储集岩主要为粒屑云岩、泥～细粉晶云岩、针孔灰岩等。储层总体表现为低孔、低渗，Ⅲ类储层为主，非均质性较强的特征。储集类型有孔隙型、裂缝～孔隙型及裂缝型三种，目前勘探开发中已获得的主要储层是裂缝～孔隙型和裂缝型储集层。综合研究了嘉陵江组成岩作用类型及特征。建设性成岩作用有白云石化、溶蚀（膏溶、岩溶作用）及构造破裂。白云石化具有多成因多期次特征，白云岩化和粒屑滩是嘉陵江组储层发育的重要控制因素。
首次分析了不同岩石类型储层的孔隙演化与成岩作用的关系，并建立了相应孔隙演化史。嘉陵江组不同岩石类型的孔隙演化史与成岩作用关系密切。鲕粒灰岩孔隙度演化曲线在成岩早期均具有一个高峰值，与淡水溶蚀作用有关。嘉二段砂屑灰岩，孔隙度演化曲线呈“M”型，主要在同生-成岩早期出现一个峰值，在成岩晚期（岩石固结，胶结致密）降至最低点，在退后生期又一个峰值（表生岩溶作用）。结晶白云岩主要由于成岩期去膏化作用，溶蚀作用，增加孔隙，但经重结晶作用、压实作用后，孔隙度降低至3％左右；结晶灰岩，在沉积后未遭受过溶蚀，便进入埋藏环境，孔隙度演化较简单，呈单一下降趋势，经系列成岩压实、弱白云石化、石膏结晶等作用后，孔隙基本消失殆尽。
分析了不同地区嘉陵江组沉积－成岩相展布规律。四川盆地嘉陵江组沉积－成岩相复杂多样，总体上，在川南地区，主要有：粒屑滩－负鲕孔相，潮坪－晶间孔－膏溶孔相，开阔台地－重结晶－溶蚀孔相，开阔台地－古岩溶缝洞相；在川中地区，主要有局限台地－白云岩化－粒内溶孔－铸模孔－晶间孔相，局限台地－重结晶－晶间孔相；局限台地－晶间孔－膏溶孔相；在川东北地区，主要有局限台地－混合水白云岩化－膏溶孔相－晶间－粒间溶蚀孔相，局限台地－膏溶孔相。不同地区嘉陵江组二段不同亚段沉积－成岩相展布特征明显不同。并据上述特征，确定了T1j~2_1～T1j~1、T1j~2_2、T1j~2_3、T1j~4_1～T1j~3、T1j~4_3、T1j~5六个层段的多个进一步勘探的有利区块。
As an important interval of oil-gas exploration in Sichuan basin and a set ofcratonic sedimentary rocks, Jialingjiang Formation developed limestones anddolomites. The natural gas reserves, accounting for7.09%of the total proven reserves,have been proved up to1141.15×10~8m~3till the end of2009. The natural gasexploration zones of Jialingjiang Formation are chiefly located in the south, east andnorth Sichuan and about85%resources here are waiting to be discovered. Supportedby the National Major Project---Study on Tectonic Evolution, Sequence StratigraphicFramework and Favorable Distribution of Permian-Triassic in Sichuan Basin; basedon multitudes of drilling, logging, core thin section as well as diverse geochemicalanalytical data, this dissertation, taking the reservoirs of Triassic JialingjiangFormation in the east, south and center Sichuan as research focus, studiessystematically the categories and characteristics of sedimentary facies of JialingjiangFormation; analyzes petrological features, types of reservoir space, physical property,diagenesis as well as the evolution of porosity under the theoretical instruction ofpetrology and geochemistry. It reveals the evolutionary characteristics of sedimentaryfacies and diagenetic phases as well as its dominant controlling factors in differentzones; summarizes the diagenetic-porosity evolutionary sequences in differentdepositional environments and sediments; comprehensively analyzes the majorcontrolling factors of reservoir development of Jialingjiang Formation and itsdistributive features; and eventually classifies the favorable exploration areasaccording to the superior superimposed correlation between sedimentation anddisgenesis.
Jialingjiang Formation consists of five lithologic members corresponding tothree sequences (T1j~1~T1j~2, T1j~3~T1j~4, T1j~5).
Jialingjiang Formation facies can be divided into three types of facies (terrestrialfacies, transitional marine-continental facies, carbonate platform facies), five types ofsubfacies (alluvial plain, shoreland, diamictic flat, open platform, restrictedplatform-evaporite flat) and several types of lithologic microfacies. Based on thedepositional setting types and characteristics, plane distribution of sedimentary faciesin different periods and the main controlling factors of sedimentary evolution havebeen systematically studied.
The types and characteristics of reservoir rocks have also been further studied.The reservoirs chiefly include grain dolomite, mud-fine crystal powder dolostone,pinhole limestone. The III type of reservoir is developed, represented by low porosity,low permeability and strong heterogeneity. There are three types of reservoirs: pores, fracture-pore and fractures reservoirs. The last two types are commonly found incurrent exploration zone. The constructive diagenesis includes dolomitization,dissolution (gypsum dissolving, karst) and tectonic disruption. Jialingjiang Formationexperiences multiple genensis and multi-stages dolomitization. The dolomitization ofhigh porosity grainstone is related to mixed water. Dolomitization and shoal areimportant controlling factors of reservoir development of Jialingjia Formation.
The relationship of pores evolution and diagenesis between different reservoirrocks has been analyzed for the first time in this paper, and corresponding poreevolution history has also been built. The pore evolutionary history of diversereservoir rocks has a close relation to diagenesis. Porosity evolution curve of ooliticlimestone, relating to fresh water dissolution, has a peak on early diagenetic stage.The evolutionary curve of grainstone limestone porosity is “M-shaped” in the2ndmember of Jialingjiang Formation, which means there are two peaks. One is related tothe syngenesis-early diagenesis dissolution and the other the epigenetic dissolution.As for crystalline dolomite, the porosity decreases to3%because of a set ofdiagenesis (such as deanhydrite, dissolution, recrystalline and compaction). Whilecrystalline limestone is very dense due to a set of compaction, weak dolomitizationand anhydritization.
The sedimentary-diagenesis phase is very complicated. In a word, shoal-moldic(ooid) pore, tidal flat-recrystalline pore-dissolution pores of gypsum, open platform–recrystalline–dissolution pores, and open platform-pleaokarst cavies are developedin south Sichuan basin. Restricted platform–dolomitization-dissolution pores ingrain-moldic, pores-intercrystalline pores, restricted platform-recrystallization-intercrystalline pores and restricted platform-intercrystalline pores-dissolutionpores of gypsum are mainly developed in Central Sichuan basin. Restricted platform-mixing water dolomitization-dissolution pores of gypsum-intercrystalline/intergranular dissolution pores and restricted platform-dissolution pores of gypsumoccurred in east Sichuan basin. The distributive characteristics ofsedimentary-diagenesis phase are clearly different in submembers of JialingjiangFormation2ndmember. Several favorable exploration blocks of the six intervals(T1j~2_1～T1j1、T1j~2_2、T1j~2_3、T1j~4_1～T1j~3、T1j~4_3、T1j~5) have been determined accordingto the characteristics mentioned above.
嘉陵江组自下而上可以分5段，五段地层对应T1j~1～T1j~2、T1j~3～T1j~4、T1j~5三个（三级）沉积层序。
嘉陵江组从区域上可划分出陆相、海陆过渡相及碳酸盐岩台地3个沉积相相组，并可进一步分为：冲积平原、滨岸、混积潮坪、开阔海台地、局限海台地～蒸发潮坪5个相及若干岩相。在沉积相类型、特征研究的基础上，系统研究了不同时期沉积相的平面展布特征，并研究了沉积演化的主控因素。
系统、深入研究了嘉陵江组储集岩类型及特征。储集岩主要为粒屑云岩、泥～细粉晶云岩、针孔灰岩等。储层总体表现为低孔、低渗，Ⅲ类储层为主，非均质性较强的特征。储集类型有孔隙型、裂缝～孔隙型及裂缝型三种，目前勘探开发中已获得的主要储层是裂缝～孔隙型和裂缝型储集层。综合研究了嘉陵江组成岩作用类型及特征。建设性成岩作用有白云石化、溶蚀（膏溶、岩溶作用）及构造破裂。白云石化具有多成因多期次特征，白云岩化和粒屑滩是嘉陵江组储层发育的重要控制因素。
首次分析了不同岩石类型储层的孔隙演化与成岩作用的关系，并建立了相应孔隙演化史。嘉陵江组不同岩石类型的孔隙演化史与成岩作用关系密切。鲕粒灰岩孔隙度演化曲线在成岩早期均具有一个高峰值，与淡水溶蚀作用有关。嘉二段砂屑灰岩，孔隙度演化曲线呈“M”型，主要在同生-成岩早期出现一个峰值，在成岩晚期（岩石固结，胶结致密）降至最低点，在退后生期又一个峰值（表生岩溶作用）。结晶白云岩主要由于成岩期去膏化作用，溶蚀作用，增加孔隙，但经重结晶作用、压实作用后，孔隙度降低至3％左右；结晶灰岩，在沉积后未遭受过溶蚀，便进入埋藏环境，孔隙度演化较简单，呈单一下降趋势，经系列成岩压实、弱白云石化、石膏结晶等作用后，孔隙基本消失殆尽。
分析了不同地区嘉陵江组沉积－成岩相展布规律。四川盆地嘉陵江组沉积－成岩相复杂多样，总体上，在川南地区，主要有：粒屑滩－负鲕孔相，潮坪－晶间孔－膏溶孔相，开阔台地－重结晶－溶蚀孔相，开阔台地－古岩溶缝洞相；在川中地区，主要有局限台地－白云岩化－粒内溶孔－铸模孔－晶间孔相，局限台地－重结晶－晶间孔相；局限台地－晶间孔－膏溶孔相；在川东北地区，主要有局限台地－混合水白云岩化－膏溶孔相－晶间－粒间溶蚀孔相，局限台地－膏溶孔相。不同地区嘉陵江组二段不同亚段沉积－成岩相展布特征明显不同。并据上述特征，确定了T1j~2_1～T1j~1、T1j~2_2、T1j~2_3、T1j~4_1～T1j~3、T1j~4_3、T1j~5六个层段的多个进一步勘探的有利区块。
As an important interval of oil-gas exploration in Sichuan basin and a set ofcratonic sedimentary rocks, Jialingjiang Formation developed limestones anddolomites. The natural gas reserves, accounting for7.09%of the total proven reserves,have been proved up to1141.15×10~8m~3till the end of2009. The natural gasexploration zones of Jialingjiang Formation are chiefly located in the south, east andnorth Sichuan and about85%resources here are waiting to be discovered. Supportedby the National Major Project---Study on Tectonic Evolution, Sequence StratigraphicFramework and Favorable Distribution of Permian-Triassic in Sichuan Basin; basedon multitudes of drilling, logging, core thin section as well as diverse geochemicalanalytical data, this dissertation, taking the reservoirs of Triassic JialingjiangFormation in the east, south and center Sichuan as research focus, studiessystematically the categories and characteristics of sedimentary facies of JialingjiangFormation; analyzes petrological features, types of reservoir space, physical property,diagenesis as well as the evolution of porosity under the theoretical instruction ofpetrology and geochemistry. It reveals the evolutionary characteristics of sedimentaryfacies and diagenetic phases as well as its dominant controlling factors in differentzones; summarizes the diagenetic-porosity evolutionary sequences in differentdepositional environments and sediments; comprehensively analyzes the majorcontrolling factors of reservoir development of Jialingjiang Formation and itsdistributive features; and eventually classifies the favorable exploration areasaccording to the superior superimposed correlation between sedimentation anddisgenesis.
Jialingjiang Formation consists of five lithologic members corresponding tothree sequences (T1j~1~T1j~2, T1j~3~T1j~4, T1j~5).
Jialingjiang Formation facies can be divided into three types of facies (terrestrialfacies, transitional marine-continental facies, carbonate platform facies), five types ofsubfacies (alluvial plain, shoreland, diamictic flat, open platform, restrictedplatform-evaporite flat) and several types of lithologic microfacies. Based on thedepositional setting types and characteristics, plane distribution of sedimentary faciesin different periods and the main controlling factors of sedimentary evolution havebeen systematically studied.
The types and characteristics of reservoir rocks have also been further studied.The reservoirs chiefly include grain dolomite, mud-fine crystal powder dolostone,pinhole limestone. The III type of reservoir is developed, represented by low porosity,low permeability and strong heterogeneity. There are three types of reservoirs: pores, fracture-pore and fractures reservoirs. The last two types are commonly found incurrent exploration zone. The constructive diagenesis includes dolomitization,dissolution (gypsum dissolving, karst) and tectonic disruption. Jialingjiang Formationexperiences multiple genensis and multi-stages dolomitization. The dolomitization ofhigh porosity grainstone is related to mixed water. Dolomitization and shoal areimportant controlling factors of reservoir development of Jialingjia Formation.
The relationship of pores evolution and diagenesis between different reservoirrocks has been analyzed for the first time in this paper, and corresponding poreevolution history has also been built. The pore evolutionary history of diversereservoir rocks has a close relation to diagenesis. Porosity evolution curve of ooliticlimestone, relating to fresh water dissolution, has a peak on early diagenetic stage.The evolutionary curve of grainstone limestone porosity is “M-shaped” in the2ndmember of Jialingjiang Formation, which means there are two peaks. One is related tothe syngenesis-early diagenesis dissolution and the other the epigenetic dissolution.As for crystalline dolomite, the porosity decreases to3%because of a set ofdiagenesis (such as deanhydrite, dissolution, recrystalline and compaction). Whilecrystalline limestone is very dense due to a set of compaction, weak dolomitizationand anhydritization.
The sedimentary-diagenesis phase is very complicated. In a word, shoal-moldic(ooid) pore, tidal flat-recrystalline pore-dissolution pores of gypsum, open platform–recrystalline–dissolution pores, and open platform-pleaokarst cavies are developedin south Sichuan basin. Restricted platform–dolomitization-dissolution pores ingrain-moldic, pores-intercrystalline pores, restricted platform-recrystallization-intercrystalline pores and restricted platform-intercrystalline pores-dissolutionpores of gypsum are mainly developed in Central Sichuan basin. Restricted platform-mixing water dolomitization-dissolution pores of gypsum-intercrystalline/intergranular dissolution pores and restricted platform-dissolution pores of gypsumoccurred in east Sichuan basin. The distributive characteristics ofsedimentary-diagenesis phase are clearly different in submembers of JialingjiangFormation2ndmember. Several favorable exploration blocks of the six intervals(T1j~2_1～T1j1、T1j~2_2、T1j~2_3、T1j~4_1～T1j~3、T1j~4_3、T1j~5) have been determined accordingto the characteristics mentioned above.
引文
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