四川盆地震旦系储层特征及其形成机制研究
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摘要
本论文以四川盆地震旦系灯影组储层为研究对象,探讨了四川盆地灯影组岩相古地理、沉积相、储层岩石学及物性特征、晶洞内流体充注期次、储层致密化过程等,总结了现今灯影组储层在平面上及纵向上展布特征;确定了灯影组孔洞内部多期流体充注序列;建立灯影组不同地区成岩演化序列;揭示了灯影组优质储层发育机制。取得了以下的主要研究成果:
四川盆地灯影期岩相古地理以局限台地为主;夹有少量蒸发台地中的萨布哈盐沼泽沉积,其主要分布于研究区的西南部地区,微相主要为:①藻泥坪,②藻坪,③泻湖,④藻粒屑滩,⑤藻礁滩,⑥浅水台盆,⑦半深水盆地。台地内陆源物质主要来自于川西松潘古陆及滇中古陆。
灯影组储集岩石类型有15种之多,乐山-龙女寺古降起地区较川东南地区复杂,其以藻结构白云岩为主,晶粒结构与粒屑结构为次;川东南地区则以晶粒白云岩为主,粒屑与藻屑结构为次。白云岩储层主要发育在灯二-灯四段,靠近风化面储层物性较好。在重点井及剖面储层内部均见有不同程度沥青,表明四川盆地灯影组有过油气充注。
灯影组岩石基质孔隙度一般位于1%-2%之间。川东南地区岩石类型与孔渗相关不大,泥-粉晶白云岩与粉-细晶含硅质白云岩相对较好,藻团粒白云岩与残余砂屑白云岩次之,而细-中晶白云岩最次。但古隆起地区藻粘结白云岩类和藻粒屑白云岩类对储层发育最有利。基质孔隙度与全直径孔隙度分布区域特征差异明显。基质孔隙度测试表明,川中地区最好,川东南与川西南地区则较差;全直径分析表明,资阳-威远地区最好,川中次之。
灯影组现今主要储集空间为裂缝或溶蚀孔洞,具有区域性特征,储层发育程度与乐山-龙女寺古隆起相关。平面上,溶蚀孔洞以资阳地区最为发育,威远次之,川中地区及川东南地区相对较差。在纵向上,除少量孔洞分布在灯四段外,绝大多数分布在灯三段至灯二段上部,风化面附近70m以内。但在残存有灯四段的地区,灯四段储集物性稍优于灯三段及灯二段。灯影组裂缝以构造裂缝为主,裂缝的形成是多期的,而且同一条裂缝可以经过早期破裂-充填-复活破裂-再充填等多期改造,岩芯上可见部分裂缝经历至少两期-三期活动期。裂缝以威远地区最为发育,资阳其次,高石梯-安平店次之,川东南地区最次。有效储层厚度(Φ>3%)以乐山-龙女寺古隆起有效储层相对较厚,往斜坡区变薄;纵向上以灯二段顶部及灯三段底部较发育。
四川盆地不同地区震旦系储层溶孔或溶洞中的充填矿物序列具有相似性,流体具有跨层流动特征,均具有多期次的盐水流体。研究区代表性的较十分完整的晶洞充填矿物顺序为:围岩(泥-微晶白云岩)→第一世代细晶晶粒状白云石→第二世代粗晶白云石→第三世代粗晶-巨晶白云石→第四世代沥青→第五世代方解石+石英/方解石/石英→第六世代沥青。裂缝充填常缺少第一世代的细晶晶粒状白云石。围岩和充填物的碳氧同位素地球化学揭示盐水流体不是来自于围岩自身,极可能来自于烃源岩。
灯影组成岩作用复杂多样,多达35种之多。其主要成岩作用有藻泥晶化作用、压实压溶作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用、重结晶作用、白云石化作用及热液蚀变、硅化作用等。灯影组白云岩以准同生期白云岩化为主,少量成岩白云岩化,且四川瓮地灯影组存在发生深埋白云石及热液白云石的条件。灯影组可分辨出五种硅化作用,初步确定了五种形态发生相对序列。灯影组存在表生岩溶(包据层间岩溶)、深埋岩溶及构造(包括褶皱)岩溶。
灯影组多期流体充注及成岩改造致使其致密化过程复杂。灯影组晶粒白云岩致密化过程为:成岩早期压实及窗格孔内亮晶胶结(孔隙度约降低40%-45%)→早期硅化/重结晶作用(孔隙度变化不大)→抬升溶蚀/填充作用(或持续深埋)→(再次埋藏)压溶/重结晶(油气充注)→深埋溶蚀作用→充填及重结晶作用→构造抬升破裂/角砾化作用(或持续埋深)→淡水淋滤/硅化/去白云石化作用(或持续埋深)→充填作用;颗粒白云岩致密化过程为:淡水、海水、混合水各类成岩胶结作用(少量溶蚀作用)(孔隙度约降低10%-20%)→压实变形→表生岩溶→硅化作用/重结晶作用→压溶/构造岩溶/重结晶作用/深埋溶蚀/充填(油气充注)→抬升/构造破裂作用(或持续埋深)→溶蚀/硅化/充填作用。
震旦系灯影组储层形成机理:表生岩溶作用、侵蚀性流体的溶解-重结晶作用、破裂作用、低的含油饱和度与适宜的构造位置。
This paper focuses on the Denying formation reservoirs in Sinian system.Based on a detailed observation of its characters of lithofacies, paleaogeography, sedimentary facies, petrography, fluid pack-injection in cavity, the densification process of the formation etc, the present paper summed up its spatial distribution feature and made sure there were multistages fluid pack-injection within the cavity system. In addition, the paper also constructed the sequence of diagenetic evolution of the Denying formation, thus found out the mechanism that made the reservoirs of fine quality. Through these processes, the paper finally gets some significant results below:
Restricted platform is the main sedimentary environment of the Denying formation, the south-west part of which contains minor sabkha deposit of evaporative platform. The microfacies of the Denying formation includes algal-bearing muddy flat, algal flat, lagoon, algal grain bank, algal reef, shallow platform and semi-deep platform. It is proved that the terrestrial materials contained were mainly from Songpan ancient block mass of western Sichuan and central Yunnan.
The lithological types of reservoir in Dengying formation are 15, and it is more complex in Leshan-longnvshi palaeohigh than in southeast Sichuan basin. The main type of reservoir in Leshan-longnvshi palaeohigh appears to be algal structure with some crystalline granular structure and grain structure, but in southeast Sichuan basin, it becomes mainly with crystalline granular structure partly with algal structure and grain structure. The second and forth members of the Denying formation are the most potential reservoirs, especially those close to weathering surface are more better. It is attractive that more or less bitumen, which presents at the reservoir displayed by significant wells and field sections, indicates the hydrocarbon infilling taken place in Dengying formation of Sichuan basin.
Generally, they are characterized to be tight with low matrix porosity, usually between l%-2%. The types of reservoir are not much correlative with porosity and permeability in the southeast Sichuan. The whole characters of pore and throat structure indicate that the quality of micrite dolomite and fine crystal siliceous dolomite are comparatively better, argal aggregate dolomite or residual dolarenite follows, and the worst is the fine-medium crystal dolomite. But the algal boundstones and algal grainstones are most suitable for the development of reservoir. Matrix porosity and whole core analysis bulk porosity characters has obvious difference in different districts. Matrix porosity test indicates that the quality of reservoir of central Sichuan is the best, and the inferior distributes at the southeast and southwest part of Sichuan basin. Bulk method suggests that Ziyang-Weiyuan district is best, and the Central Sichuan region follows.
The main reservoir spaces of Dengying formation are cracks, solution pores and cavities. This is regional and correlate with Leshan-longnvshi palaeohigh . In the plane, corrosion holes most developed in ZiYang, followed by Weiyuan, and relatively poor in the central and southeast part of Sichuan basin. Vertically, except some developed in the fourth member, most of them distribute from the member III to the top of member II, 70 meters near to the surface weathering. But in the remaining area of the Dengying formation member IV, the reservoir of Dengying formation member IV is slightly better than that of member II and member III. Most of the cracks in Dengying formation are structural cracks formed by multi-stage,and maybe underwent multi-phase transformation(early broken—filling—re-broken—re-filling). Part of the cracks seen on the sore experienced at least two or three active stages. Cracks in Weiyuan developed best, followed by Ziyang, and then Gaoshiti - Anping stores and the southeast of Sichuan basin is the worst. The thickness of effective reservoir (porosity is bigger than 3%) becomes thin from Leshan-Longnusi paleohigh to the slope. It developed better at the top of the Dengying formation member II and bottom of the formation member III vertically.
The characters of infillings in pores and cavities in the formation are similar with different region of Sichuan Basin. The multistage salt fluids are characterized by cross formation migration. The typically relatively complete mineral filling sequences are as following: wall rock (micrite dolomite)→1~(st) generation fine crystalline granular dolomite→2~(nd) generation coarse crystal granular dolomite→3~(rd) generation coarse crystal or megacryst dolomite→4~(th) bitumen→5~(th) calcite and quartz/calcite/quartz→6~(th) bitumen. The 1~(st) generation fine crystalline granular dolomite often lack of cracks. The geochemical characteristics of host rocks and filling minerals reveal that the salt fluid is not from host rocks, but most likely from source rock.
The diagenesis of Dengying Formation is complicated and contains more than 35 kinds. The main diagenesis includes algae-micrite, compaction, pressure solution, cementation, dissolution, recrystallization, dolomitization, hydrothermal alteration, silicatization,etc. The main dolomitization in the formation is penecontemporaneous and burial dolomitization. Further more there are conditions for hypergene dolomitization and hydrothermal dolomitization in the formation. The Dengying Formation can divide as five kinds of silicatization and the five relative sequences are initially established. The Dengying Formation contains hypergene karstification (includes interbedding karstification), burial dissolution and (folding) structure karstification.
In the Dengying Formation, diagenesis and multistage fluid complexs its densification. The densification processes of the crystalline dolomite are following: the compaction during early diagenesis and the sparry cementation in fenestra (reducing about 40%～45% of the porosity)→early silicatization / recrystallization (little or no change of the porosity)→the uplifted dissolution / infilling (or standing burial)→-Kreburial) presolution / recrystallization (hydrocarbon infilling)→the dissolution during deep burial-Mnfilling and recrystallization→the fracturing of tectonic uplift/brecciation ( or standing burial )→the leaching of the freshwater / silicatization / dedolomitization ( or standing burial)→infilling. The densification processes of the grain dolomite are following: the cementation (minor dissolution) of the freshwater, seawater and the mixing water of freshwater and seawater (reducing the 10%～20% of the porosity )→compaction→ypergene karstification→silicatization / recrystallization→presolution / tectonic karstification / recrystallization / dissolution during deep burial/infilling (hydrocarbon infilling)→uplift/tectonic crack (or standing burial) dissolution / silicatization / infilling.
The information mechanism of the Sinian system Dengying formation reservoirs are is mainly controlled by diagenesis. Its characteristics include the crust karstification, dissolution-recrystallization of chemically corrosion-fluids, cracking, the low oil saturation and the proper structural situation.
四川盆地灯影期岩相古地理以局限台地为主;夹有少量蒸发台地中的萨布哈盐沼泽沉积,其主要分布于研究区的西南部地区,微相主要为:①藻泥坪,②藻坪,③泻湖,④藻粒屑滩,⑤藻礁滩,⑥浅水台盆,⑦半深水盆地。台地内陆源物质主要来自于川西松潘古陆及滇中古陆。
灯影组储集岩石类型有15种之多,乐山-龙女寺古降起地区较川东南地区复杂,其以藻结构白云岩为主,晶粒结构与粒屑结构为次;川东南地区则以晶粒白云岩为主,粒屑与藻屑结构为次。白云岩储层主要发育在灯二-灯四段,靠近风化面储层物性较好。在重点井及剖面储层内部均见有不同程度沥青,表明四川盆地灯影组有过油气充注。
灯影组岩石基质孔隙度一般位于1%-2%之间。川东南地区岩石类型与孔渗相关不大,泥-粉晶白云岩与粉-细晶含硅质白云岩相对较好,藻团粒白云岩与残余砂屑白云岩次之,而细-中晶白云岩最次。但古隆起地区藻粘结白云岩类和藻粒屑白云岩类对储层发育最有利。基质孔隙度与全直径孔隙度分布区域特征差异明显。基质孔隙度测试表明,川中地区最好,川东南与川西南地区则较差;全直径分析表明,资阳-威远地区最好,川中次之。
灯影组现今主要储集空间为裂缝或溶蚀孔洞,具有区域性特征,储层发育程度与乐山-龙女寺古隆起相关。平面上,溶蚀孔洞以资阳地区最为发育,威远次之,川中地区及川东南地区相对较差。在纵向上,除少量孔洞分布在灯四段外,绝大多数分布在灯三段至灯二段上部,风化面附近70m以内。但在残存有灯四段的地区,灯四段储集物性稍优于灯三段及灯二段。灯影组裂缝以构造裂缝为主,裂缝的形成是多期的,而且同一条裂缝可以经过早期破裂-充填-复活破裂-再充填等多期改造,岩芯上可见部分裂缝经历至少两期-三期活动期。裂缝以威远地区最为发育,资阳其次,高石梯-安平店次之,川东南地区最次。有效储层厚度(Φ>3%)以乐山-龙女寺古隆起有效储层相对较厚,往斜坡区变薄;纵向上以灯二段顶部及灯三段底部较发育。
四川盆地不同地区震旦系储层溶孔或溶洞中的充填矿物序列具有相似性,流体具有跨层流动特征,均具有多期次的盐水流体。研究区代表性的较十分完整的晶洞充填矿物顺序为:围岩(泥-微晶白云岩)→第一世代细晶晶粒状白云石→第二世代粗晶白云石→第三世代粗晶-巨晶白云石→第四世代沥青→第五世代方解石+石英/方解石/石英→第六世代沥青。裂缝充填常缺少第一世代的细晶晶粒状白云石。围岩和充填物的碳氧同位素地球化学揭示盐水流体不是来自于围岩自身,极可能来自于烃源岩。
灯影组成岩作用复杂多样,多达35种之多。其主要成岩作用有藻泥晶化作用、压实压溶作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用、重结晶作用、白云石化作用及热液蚀变、硅化作用等。灯影组白云岩以准同生期白云岩化为主,少量成岩白云岩化,且四川瓮地灯影组存在发生深埋白云石及热液白云石的条件。灯影组可分辨出五种硅化作用,初步确定了五种形态发生相对序列。灯影组存在表生岩溶(包据层间岩溶)、深埋岩溶及构造(包括褶皱)岩溶。
灯影组多期流体充注及成岩改造致使其致密化过程复杂。灯影组晶粒白云岩致密化过程为:成岩早期压实及窗格孔内亮晶胶结(孔隙度约降低40%-45%)→早期硅化/重结晶作用(孔隙度变化不大)→抬升溶蚀/填充作用(或持续深埋)→(再次埋藏)压溶/重结晶(油气充注)→深埋溶蚀作用→充填及重结晶作用→构造抬升破裂/角砾化作用(或持续埋深)→淡水淋滤/硅化/去白云石化作用(或持续埋深)→充填作用;颗粒白云岩致密化过程为:淡水、海水、混合水各类成岩胶结作用(少量溶蚀作用)(孔隙度约降低10%-20%)→压实变形→表生岩溶→硅化作用/重结晶作用→压溶/构造岩溶/重结晶作用/深埋溶蚀/充填(油气充注)→抬升/构造破裂作用(或持续埋深)→溶蚀/硅化/充填作用。
震旦系灯影组储层形成机理:表生岩溶作用、侵蚀性流体的溶解-重结晶作用、破裂作用、低的含油饱和度与适宜的构造位置。
This paper focuses on the Denying formation reservoirs in Sinian system.Based on a detailed observation of its characters of lithofacies, paleaogeography, sedimentary facies, petrography, fluid pack-injection in cavity, the densification process of the formation etc, the present paper summed up its spatial distribution feature and made sure there were multistages fluid pack-injection within the cavity system. In addition, the paper also constructed the sequence of diagenetic evolution of the Denying formation, thus found out the mechanism that made the reservoirs of fine quality. Through these processes, the paper finally gets some significant results below:
Restricted platform is the main sedimentary environment of the Denying formation, the south-west part of which contains minor sabkha deposit of evaporative platform. The microfacies of the Denying formation includes algal-bearing muddy flat, algal flat, lagoon, algal grain bank, algal reef, shallow platform and semi-deep platform. It is proved that the terrestrial materials contained were mainly from Songpan ancient block mass of western Sichuan and central Yunnan.
The lithological types of reservoir in Dengying formation are 15, and it is more complex in Leshan-longnvshi palaeohigh than in southeast Sichuan basin. The main type of reservoir in Leshan-longnvshi palaeohigh appears to be algal structure with some crystalline granular structure and grain structure, but in southeast Sichuan basin, it becomes mainly with crystalline granular structure partly with algal structure and grain structure. The second and forth members of the Denying formation are the most potential reservoirs, especially those close to weathering surface are more better. It is attractive that more or less bitumen, which presents at the reservoir displayed by significant wells and field sections, indicates the hydrocarbon infilling taken place in Dengying formation of Sichuan basin.
Generally, they are characterized to be tight with low matrix porosity, usually between l%-2%. The types of reservoir are not much correlative with porosity and permeability in the southeast Sichuan. The whole characters of pore and throat structure indicate that the quality of micrite dolomite and fine crystal siliceous dolomite are comparatively better, argal aggregate dolomite or residual dolarenite follows, and the worst is the fine-medium crystal dolomite. But the algal boundstones and algal grainstones are most suitable for the development of reservoir. Matrix porosity and whole core analysis bulk porosity characters has obvious difference in different districts. Matrix porosity test indicates that the quality of reservoir of central Sichuan is the best, and the inferior distributes at the southeast and southwest part of Sichuan basin. Bulk method suggests that Ziyang-Weiyuan district is best, and the Central Sichuan region follows.
The main reservoir spaces of Dengying formation are cracks, solution pores and cavities. This is regional and correlate with Leshan-longnvshi palaeohigh . In the plane, corrosion holes most developed in ZiYang, followed by Weiyuan, and relatively poor in the central and southeast part of Sichuan basin. Vertically, except some developed in the fourth member, most of them distribute from the member III to the top of member II, 70 meters near to the surface weathering. But in the remaining area of the Dengying formation member IV, the reservoir of Dengying formation member IV is slightly better than that of member II and member III. Most of the cracks in Dengying formation are structural cracks formed by multi-stage,and maybe underwent multi-phase transformation(early broken—filling—re-broken—re-filling). Part of the cracks seen on the sore experienced at least two or three active stages. Cracks in Weiyuan developed best, followed by Ziyang, and then Gaoshiti - Anping stores and the southeast of Sichuan basin is the worst. The thickness of effective reservoir (porosity is bigger than 3%) becomes thin from Leshan-Longnusi paleohigh to the slope. It developed better at the top of the Dengying formation member II and bottom of the formation member III vertically.
The characters of infillings in pores and cavities in the formation are similar with different region of Sichuan Basin. The multistage salt fluids are characterized by cross formation migration. The typically relatively complete mineral filling sequences are as following: wall rock (micrite dolomite)→1~(st) generation fine crystalline granular dolomite→2~(nd) generation coarse crystal granular dolomite→3~(rd) generation coarse crystal or megacryst dolomite→4~(th) bitumen→5~(th) calcite and quartz/calcite/quartz→6~(th) bitumen. The 1~(st) generation fine crystalline granular dolomite often lack of cracks. The geochemical characteristics of host rocks and filling minerals reveal that the salt fluid is not from host rocks, but most likely from source rock.
The diagenesis of Dengying Formation is complicated and contains more than 35 kinds. The main diagenesis includes algae-micrite, compaction, pressure solution, cementation, dissolution, recrystallization, dolomitization, hydrothermal alteration, silicatization,etc. The main dolomitization in the formation is penecontemporaneous and burial dolomitization. Further more there are conditions for hypergene dolomitization and hydrothermal dolomitization in the formation. The Dengying Formation can divide as five kinds of silicatization and the five relative sequences are initially established. The Dengying Formation contains hypergene karstification (includes interbedding karstification), burial dissolution and (folding) structure karstification.
In the Dengying Formation, diagenesis and multistage fluid complexs its densification. The densification processes of the crystalline dolomite are following: the compaction during early diagenesis and the sparry cementation in fenestra (reducing about 40%～45% of the porosity)→early silicatization / recrystallization (little or no change of the porosity)→the uplifted dissolution / infilling (or standing burial)→-Kreburial) presolution / recrystallization (hydrocarbon infilling)→the dissolution during deep burial-Mnfilling and recrystallization→the fracturing of tectonic uplift/brecciation ( or standing burial )→the leaching of the freshwater / silicatization / dedolomitization ( or standing burial)→infilling. The densification processes of the grain dolomite are following: the cementation (minor dissolution) of the freshwater, seawater and the mixing water of freshwater and seawater (reducing the 10%～20% of the porosity )→compaction→ypergene karstification→silicatization / recrystallization→presolution / tectonic karstification / recrystallization / dissolution during deep burial/infilling (hydrocarbon infilling)→uplift/tectonic crack (or standing burial) dissolution / silicatization / infilling.
The information mechanism of the Sinian system Dengying formation reservoirs are is mainly controlled by diagenesis. Its characteristics include the crust karstification, dissolution-recrystallization of chemically corrosion-fluids, cracking, the low oil saturation and the proper structural situation.
引文
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