山地城市污水中细砂特征及其处理技术研究
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摘要
三峡库区重庆段城镇污水细砂含量高且粒径偏小（平均粒径＜250μm，属于特细砂），导致污水处理厂普遍存在动力设备磨损严重、活性污泥有机组分偏低、出水水质波动和剩余污泥产量高等系列问题，并对库区脆弱水体环境构成严重威胁。关于污水中细砂的研究较少，特别是三峡库区重庆段更加缺乏相关研究。论文结合重庆山地地貌特征、季节性降雨和排水管网特点，以污水中细砂为研究对象，通过设置采样点，构建小试和中试装置，开展了污水中细砂时空分布规律、初期冲刷效应及降雨场次污染物浓度（EMC）评价、粒径特征及分布、沉降性能、矿物成分、迁移过程和处理技术等研究。
晴天各采样点生活污水含砂量变化规律基本一致，逐时波动存在一定差异，污水处理厂进水含砂量变化滞后于排水管网；涪陵污水处理厂进水含砂量183.9mg/L，其余采样点均小于50mg/L；污水厂上半年平均含砂量和日均进砂量分别为180mg/L，10507kg/d，高于下半年，是除砂控制重点时期。
合流制采样点初期合流污水含砂量，江南居民区469.3mg/L、交通区394.5mg/L和江东居民区356.4mg/L；降雨强度11.7mm/h、5.6mm/h和1.6mm/h时，含砂量出峰时间分别为10min、15min和20min以上。降雨强度高，含砂量出峰时间早；雨前晴天数长，人口密集、交通量大和卫生条件差的用地类型，含砂量偏高。分流制（商业区）污水管含砂量和出峰时间为425.0mg/L和大于20min，雨水管为199.1mg/L和小于5min。分流制污水管，因少量雨水混入仍存在冲刷现象，出峰时间虽滞后于合流制，但其高含砂量不容忽视；整体上看，初期雨污水含砂量受降雨强度，雨前晴天数、用地类型和排水管网体制共同影响。
初期冲刷效应评价M（V）曲线和幂函数b参数法分析表明，降雨强度＞5mm/h降雨事件，初期50%雨污水约携带了80%-90%的污染负荷，存在初期冲刷效应；采用降雨场次污染物浓度（EMC）评价表明，初期合流污水含砂量EMC值为333mg/L，是晴天含砂量6倍以上。
污水中细砂粒径特征分析表明，晴天各采样点污水中细砂平均粒径范围在150μm-210μm，初期雨污水中细砂平均粒径在180μm-240μm之间；其中80%细砂粒径小于325μm，60%细砂粒径小于225μm，40%细砂粒径小于150μm。针对污水中细砂的除砂系统设计时，应以粒径100μm作为除砂目标粒径，并以此粒径细砂去除效果来衡量除砂系统效率，能保证粒径累积分布特征曲线上70%-95%的细砂得到有效去除。对比国外污水细砂粒径特征，三峡库区重庆段污水中细砂、北美地区细砂和美国东南部“糖砂”，具有相似粒径特征，均因平均粒径小于250μm而很难被去除。
矿物成分及来源分析表明，晴天污水细砂矿物石英54%、方解石27%，较地表和管道沉积砂样相近，与水泥路面风化和磨损等因素有关；初期合流污水细砂中石英含量高于70%，较土壤样品相近，与土壤侵蚀有关；沉砂池沉积砂样石英49%、长石类24%，较山涧风化岩石样品相近；分析认为污水中细砂主要来源是地表沉积细砂、风化岩石和库区砂质土壤。三峡库区山地城市污水中细砂迁移与岩石风化、水土流失、地表径流作用和利用边沟、小溪、山涧和冲沟截留生活污水等因素有关。
污水中细砂的自然沉降性能及影响试验表明，以污水处理厂初沉池HRT为1.46h计，细砂去除率仅53.4%，仅靠初沉池除砂效果不够理想； pH、水温、Na+和Mg~(2+)等因素对细砂去除影响较小；剩余污泥投加对细砂去除影响试验表明，剩余污泥投加比5%时，去除效果较佳为73.7%。
旋流沉砂和混凝沉淀试验表明，改进后旋流沉砂池除砂效率提升有限，仅为35%；混凝沉淀除砂效果较佳，去除率高达91.6%，COD去除率62.5%，存在碳源损失问题，因此后期需考虑碳源补偿以缓解脱氮除磷对碳源的竞争。
High concentration and small particle size grit in the urban sewage of Chongqingin Three Gorges Reservoir (average particle size <250μm can be classified to theultra-fine grit) led to widespread badly worn of power equipments, low level of organiccomponents of the activated sludge, water quality fluctuations and higher excess sludgeand other series of problems in wasterwater treatment plants, posing a serious threat onthe Reservoir Area’s fragile aquatic environment. There are no much researches onsewage fine grit, especially the relevant researches on sewage fine grit of Chongqing inThree Gorges Reservoir. This dissertation combines the characteristics of Chongqingmountain landforms, the seasonal rainfall and drainage pipe network, treats sewage finegrit as the research object, through setting sampling point, underbrush and pilot-plants,carries out the researches on sewage fine grit, including spatial and temporaldistribution, the first flush effects, EMC (event mean concentration), particle sizefeatures, distribution, settling performance, mineral composition, migration process,removal technology and such, drawing the following conclusions:
In dry weather, the varying patterns at various sampling points are basically thesame. There are some differences in the hourly fluctuations, changes in water gritcontent of the sewage treatment plant lag behind that in the drainage network. The gritconcentration of Fuling wastewater treatment plant is183.9mg.L~(-1), and the gritconcentration of the rest sampling points is less than50mg.L~(-1). The annual average gritconcentration and daily inlet grit amount of the wastewater treatment plant in the firsthalf average were180mg.L~(-1), and10507kg.d-1respectively, higher than the second halfof the year, which is the major degritting period.
For the initial combined sewage grit concentration of sampling points in the incombined sewer systems, Jiangnan residential area is469.3mg.L~(-1), the traffic area394.5mg.L~(-1), and Jiangdong residential area356.4mg.L~(-1); the rainfall intensity is11.7mm.h~(-1),5.6mm.h~(-1)and1.6mm.h~(-1), the grit peak value appearance time is10min,15min and20min. As for the grit content and appearance time of the sampling points inthe in separate sewer system, commercial area sewage pipe is425.0mg.L~(-1)and greaterthan20min, the commercial area rainwater pipe is199.1mg.L~(-1)and less than5min.Higher rainfall intensity leads to earlier appearance time of grit content. The longerlasting of the dry days before rain, high population density, higher traffic volume and poor sanitation shall lead to higher concentration of grit content. As for the sewage pipein separate sewer system, the flush exist due to a small amount of rain mixed, theappearance time is later than that in combined sewer systems, but its higherconcentration of grit content can not be ignored. Overall, the grit content of the first rainand sewage sand are subject to the combined influences from length of dry days beforerain, land type and drainage network system.
The first flush effects evaluation M(V) curve and the power function“b”parametermethod analysis indicate that the rainfall intensity>5mm.h~(-1)rainfall, the grit contentload percentage curve is higher than45°angle bisector, b parameter values are lessthan1, determination coefficient r2is greater than0.8, the initial50%rain sewagecarries about80%-90%pollution load, and there exists a first flush effect. The rainfallscreenings pollutant concentration (EMC) evaluation shows that the early combinedsewage grit content EMC value is333mg.L~(-1), about6times than that in dry weather.
Analysis on the sewage fine grit particle size features shows that the averageparticle size range of fine grit of the sewage in each sampling point during dry weatheris150μm--210μm, the average particle size in the early rain sewage fine grit is between180μm-240μm,80%of grit particle is less than325μm,60%less than225μm, and40%less than150μm. Compared with that in North America and the southeastern UnitedStates, the fine grits in Chongqing of Three Gorges Reservoir have similar particle sizeand difficult to be removed due to the average particle diameter of less than250μm.Sewage fine grit particle size characteristics and distribution in dry weather is mainlyaffected by the impact from land-use types, the rainfall intensity, dry days before rain,land-use type and drainage network system affects the sewage fine grit particle sizefeatures and distribution in the first combined sewage. When designing the fine gritdegritting system, if the grit with particle size of100μm is the degritting targets, andthese grits degritting results are considered as the system efficiency standards, thedegritting system can ensure that70%-95%of the fine grit on the cumulativedistribution characteristic curve will be effectively removed.
Mineral composition and origin analysis shows that54%of quartz and27%ofcalcite in sewage fine grit minerals are similar with the surface and pipeline depositedgrit samples, which is related with cement road surface weathering and wear and otherfactors and the main sources of sewage fine grits. The mineral quartz in first combinedsewage fine grit is more than70%, similar with soil samples, which is related with soilerosion and the sandy soil is the main sources of sewage fine grits. About49%of quartz and24%of feldspars in grit chamber deposited grits are similar to the mountainweathered rock samples. It shows that some grits in the sewage come from thedeposited fine grits after the rocks are weathered which is also the major source ofsewage fine grits. The mountain urban sewage fine grits migration of the Three GorgesReservoir region is related to varied factors including rock weathering, soil erosion,surface runoff and type of collecting sewage through ditches, creeks, streams andgullies.
Fine grit natural subsidence performance and impact tests show that given HRT1.46h meter of the primary settling tank of the sewage plant, the removal efficiency offine grits is only53.4%. So only relying on primary settling tank cannot bring idealeffect. These influencing factors of pH, water temperature, Na+and Mg2impact little onthe removal efficiency. Test on excess sludge’ impact on fine grit removal shows thatwhen the excess sludge dosing is than5%, the removal efficiency is good at73.7%. Dueto the remaining high content grit in the excess sludge, the removal results are unstable.
The rotational flow grits and coagulating sedimentation tests show that thedegritting efficiency of the improved rotational flow grit chamber is limited, only standsat35%. Coagulating sedimentation has better degritting efficiency with the removal rateof up to91.6%, COD removal efficiency62.5%, but the carbon source losses are huge.So it is need to supple the carbon source for meeting the carbon source demands of latenitrogen and phosphorus removal and relieving the carbon source competitions.
晴天各采样点生活污水含砂量变化规律基本一致，逐时波动存在一定差异，污水处理厂进水含砂量变化滞后于排水管网；涪陵污水处理厂进水含砂量183.9mg/L，其余采样点均小于50mg/L；污水厂上半年平均含砂量和日均进砂量分别为180mg/L，10507kg/d，高于下半年，是除砂控制重点时期。
合流制采样点初期合流污水含砂量，江南居民区469.3mg/L、交通区394.5mg/L和江东居民区356.4mg/L；降雨强度11.7mm/h、5.6mm/h和1.6mm/h时，含砂量出峰时间分别为10min、15min和20min以上。降雨强度高，含砂量出峰时间早；雨前晴天数长，人口密集、交通量大和卫生条件差的用地类型，含砂量偏高。分流制（商业区）污水管含砂量和出峰时间为425.0mg/L和大于20min，雨水管为199.1mg/L和小于5min。分流制污水管，因少量雨水混入仍存在冲刷现象，出峰时间虽滞后于合流制，但其高含砂量不容忽视；整体上看，初期雨污水含砂量受降雨强度，雨前晴天数、用地类型和排水管网体制共同影响。
初期冲刷效应评价M（V）曲线和幂函数b参数法分析表明，降雨强度＞5mm/h降雨事件，初期50%雨污水约携带了80%-90%的污染负荷，存在初期冲刷效应；采用降雨场次污染物浓度（EMC）评价表明，初期合流污水含砂量EMC值为333mg/L，是晴天含砂量6倍以上。
污水中细砂粒径特征分析表明，晴天各采样点污水中细砂平均粒径范围在150μm-210μm，初期雨污水中细砂平均粒径在180μm-240μm之间；其中80%细砂粒径小于325μm，60%细砂粒径小于225μm，40%细砂粒径小于150μm。针对污水中细砂的除砂系统设计时，应以粒径100μm作为除砂目标粒径，并以此粒径细砂去除效果来衡量除砂系统效率，能保证粒径累积分布特征曲线上70%-95%的细砂得到有效去除。对比国外污水细砂粒径特征，三峡库区重庆段污水中细砂、北美地区细砂和美国东南部“糖砂”，具有相似粒径特征，均因平均粒径小于250μm而很难被去除。
矿物成分及来源分析表明，晴天污水细砂矿物石英54%、方解石27%，较地表和管道沉积砂样相近，与水泥路面风化和磨损等因素有关；初期合流污水细砂中石英含量高于70%，较土壤样品相近，与土壤侵蚀有关；沉砂池沉积砂样石英49%、长石类24%，较山涧风化岩石样品相近；分析认为污水中细砂主要来源是地表沉积细砂、风化岩石和库区砂质土壤。三峡库区山地城市污水中细砂迁移与岩石风化、水土流失、地表径流作用和利用边沟、小溪、山涧和冲沟截留生活污水等因素有关。
污水中细砂的自然沉降性能及影响试验表明，以污水处理厂初沉池HRT为1.46h计，细砂去除率仅53.4%，仅靠初沉池除砂效果不够理想； pH、水温、Na+和Mg~(2+)等因素对细砂去除影响较小；剩余污泥投加对细砂去除影响试验表明，剩余污泥投加比5%时，去除效果较佳为73.7%。
旋流沉砂和混凝沉淀试验表明，改进后旋流沉砂池除砂效率提升有限，仅为35%；混凝沉淀除砂效果较佳，去除率高达91.6%，COD去除率62.5%，存在碳源损失问题，因此后期需考虑碳源补偿以缓解脱氮除磷对碳源的竞争。
High concentration and small particle size grit in the urban sewage of Chongqingin Three Gorges Reservoir (average particle size <250μm can be classified to theultra-fine grit) led to widespread badly worn of power equipments, low level of organiccomponents of the activated sludge, water quality fluctuations and higher excess sludgeand other series of problems in wasterwater treatment plants, posing a serious threat onthe Reservoir Area’s fragile aquatic environment. There are no much researches onsewage fine grit, especially the relevant researches on sewage fine grit of Chongqing inThree Gorges Reservoir. This dissertation combines the characteristics of Chongqingmountain landforms, the seasonal rainfall and drainage pipe network, treats sewage finegrit as the research object, through setting sampling point, underbrush and pilot-plants,carries out the researches on sewage fine grit, including spatial and temporaldistribution, the first flush effects, EMC (event mean concentration), particle sizefeatures, distribution, settling performance, mineral composition, migration process,removal technology and such, drawing the following conclusions:
In dry weather, the varying patterns at various sampling points are basically thesame. There are some differences in the hourly fluctuations, changes in water gritcontent of the sewage treatment plant lag behind that in the drainage network. The gritconcentration of Fuling wastewater treatment plant is183.9mg.L~(-1), and the gritconcentration of the rest sampling points is less than50mg.L~(-1). The annual average gritconcentration and daily inlet grit amount of the wastewater treatment plant in the firsthalf average were180mg.L~(-1), and10507kg.d-1respectively, higher than the second halfof the year, which is the major degritting period.
For the initial combined sewage grit concentration of sampling points in the incombined sewer systems, Jiangnan residential area is469.3mg.L~(-1), the traffic area394.5mg.L~(-1), and Jiangdong residential area356.4mg.L~(-1); the rainfall intensity is11.7mm.h~(-1),5.6mm.h~(-1)and1.6mm.h~(-1), the grit peak value appearance time is10min,15min and20min. As for the grit content and appearance time of the sampling points inthe in separate sewer system, commercial area sewage pipe is425.0mg.L~(-1)and greaterthan20min, the commercial area rainwater pipe is199.1mg.L~(-1)and less than5min.Higher rainfall intensity leads to earlier appearance time of grit content. The longerlasting of the dry days before rain, high population density, higher traffic volume and poor sanitation shall lead to higher concentration of grit content. As for the sewage pipein separate sewer system, the flush exist due to a small amount of rain mixed, theappearance time is later than that in combined sewer systems, but its higherconcentration of grit content can not be ignored. Overall, the grit content of the first rainand sewage sand are subject to the combined influences from length of dry days beforerain, land type and drainage network system.
The first flush effects evaluation M(V) curve and the power function“b”parametermethod analysis indicate that the rainfall intensity>5mm.h~(-1)rainfall, the grit contentload percentage curve is higher than45°angle bisector, b parameter values are lessthan1, determination coefficient r2is greater than0.8, the initial50%rain sewagecarries about80%-90%pollution load, and there exists a first flush effect. The rainfallscreenings pollutant concentration (EMC) evaluation shows that the early combinedsewage grit content EMC value is333mg.L~(-1), about6times than that in dry weather.
Analysis on the sewage fine grit particle size features shows that the averageparticle size range of fine grit of the sewage in each sampling point during dry weatheris150μm--210μm, the average particle size in the early rain sewage fine grit is between180μm-240μm,80%of grit particle is less than325μm,60%less than225μm, and40%less than150μm. Compared with that in North America and the southeastern UnitedStates, the fine grits in Chongqing of Three Gorges Reservoir have similar particle sizeand difficult to be removed due to the average particle diameter of less than250μm.Sewage fine grit particle size characteristics and distribution in dry weather is mainlyaffected by the impact from land-use types, the rainfall intensity, dry days before rain,land-use type and drainage network system affects the sewage fine grit particle sizefeatures and distribution in the first combined sewage. When designing the fine gritdegritting system, if the grit with particle size of100μm is the degritting targets, andthese grits degritting results are considered as the system efficiency standards, thedegritting system can ensure that70%-95%of the fine grit on the cumulativedistribution characteristic curve will be effectively removed.
Mineral composition and origin analysis shows that54%of quartz and27%ofcalcite in sewage fine grit minerals are similar with the surface and pipeline depositedgrit samples, which is related with cement road surface weathering and wear and otherfactors and the main sources of sewage fine grits. The mineral quartz in first combinedsewage fine grit is more than70%, similar with soil samples, which is related with soilerosion and the sandy soil is the main sources of sewage fine grits. About49%of quartz and24%of feldspars in grit chamber deposited grits are similar to the mountainweathered rock samples. It shows that some grits in the sewage come from thedeposited fine grits after the rocks are weathered which is also the major source ofsewage fine grits. The mountain urban sewage fine grits migration of the Three GorgesReservoir region is related to varied factors including rock weathering, soil erosion,surface runoff and type of collecting sewage through ditches, creeks, streams andgullies.
Fine grit natural subsidence performance and impact tests show that given HRT1.46h meter of the primary settling tank of the sewage plant, the removal efficiency offine grits is only53.4%. So only relying on primary settling tank cannot bring idealeffect. These influencing factors of pH, water temperature, Na+and Mg2impact little onthe removal efficiency. Test on excess sludge’ impact on fine grit removal shows thatwhen the excess sludge dosing is than5%, the removal efficiency is good at73.7%. Dueto the remaining high content grit in the excess sludge, the removal results are unstable.
The rotational flow grits and coagulating sedimentation tests show that thedegritting efficiency of the improved rotational flow grit chamber is limited, only standsat35%. Coagulating sedimentation has better degritting efficiency with the removal rateof up to91.6%, COD removal efficiency62.5%, but the carbon source losses are huge.So it is need to supple the carbon source for meeting the carbon source demands of latenitrogen and phosphorus removal and relieving the carbon source competitions.
引文
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