中国几个镍矿床的地球化学比较研究
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摘要
世界镍和铂族金属的主要来源是与基性超基性岩有关的铜镍硫化物岩浆矿床。该类矿床占世界镍、铂量的近一半或更多。我国的情况更为突出，镍金属储量近86％、铂90％以上、铜约7.3％均来源于铜镍硫化物岩浆矿床。探讨我国主要镍矿床成矿作用的地球化学机理和成矿元素聚散的控制因素，对于深化该类矿床成因认识，总结成矿标志和扩大找矿远景等，有重要的理论和实际意义。
本文依据比较矿床学的研究思路，以野外工作和国内外有关文献资料为基础，以含镍岩体的岩石类型、造岩矿物地球化学特征研究、Re-Os同位素年代学研究的比较为主线，结合岩浆硫化物不混溶模拟试验，应用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)及电子探针(EMPA)原位微区分析等测试手段及信息处理方法，通过对我国甘肃金川、吉林红旗岭、陕西煎茶岭及新疆喀拉通克、黄山东和黄山几个典型矿床的比较研究，取得的主要进展如下：
1．较系统地测试、分析和整理了我国与侵入岩有关的镍矿床主要地球化学特征资料，积累了基础数据。其中一些研究，如铬尖晶石环带的研究、橄榄石、辉石等单矿物的原位LA—ICP—MS分析等，在我国还是首次，为研究我国主要铜镍硫化物矿床成岩成矿过程中元素的分异和演化提供了定量结果。
2．通过国内外和国内各矿床的比较，研究了我国与侵入岩有关的镍矿床的特点和规律性。特别是将我国与侵入岩有关的镍矿床分为与超基性岩有关、与超基性—基性岩有关和与中性—基性岩有关的三类，表现出明显的岩浆岩成矿专属性和地球化学专属性。
3．Re—Os同位素地质年代学研究表明，以岩浆成矿作用为主但有多种成矿作用贡献的金川镍矿床的形成可能经历了长时期的演化过程。其成岩年龄可能在13亿年到15亿年之间；浸染状贫矿石主要形成年龄约1217Ma；海绵陨铁矿石主要形成年龄约960Ma；而块状矿石形成年龄911Ma左右。中国含铜镍硫化物矿床按受混染程度由弱到强排列为金川(红旗岭)＜煎茶岭＜黄山东(喀拉通克)。元古代为镍矿成矿作用的重要历史时期。
4.通过地质和地球化学比较研究，研究了我国金川超大型铜镍硫化物矿床的特点和规
律性。特别是通过铂族元素、稀土元素研究、实验地球化学研究及其与实际资料的
对比，提出了金川矿床成岩成矿是从深部到侵位持续熔离的新模式，论证、补充和
发展了汤中立院士提出的深部熔离成矿说。
5.通过地质地球化学比较研究，提出我国与侵入岩有关的铜镍硫化物矿床特别是金川
型矿床的找矿方向和找矿标志是在古陆边缘找寻元古代张性渐增的裂谷前期地质环
境，基性程度较高、下部有纯橄榄岩相、铬尖晶石中有钦铁矿出溶的岩体。
The main source of nickel and platinum metals in the world is the nickel-copper sulfide magmatic deposits related to basic-ultrabasic body, which provide half or more amount of the metals in the world. In China, it is more prominent, about 86% amount of nickel, 90% amount of platinum metals, 7.3% copper comes from nickel-copper sulfide magmatic deposits. To discuss geological mechanism of the forming of important nickel deposits and the control of converging and dispersing of the ore forming elements has theoretic and practical meaning in deepening the understanding of the genesis of this kind of deposit and summarizing the deposit forming indication, expanding perspective targets.
With the theory of comparative methods of economic geology, based on field work and vast amount of related information and materials, worked over comparing sorts of rock, geochemical character of the body forming minerals, Re-Os isotope chronology, in addition to sulfide segregation experiments, the dissertation achieved progress in following aspect by using modern techniques such as LA-ICP-MS and EMPA, the in-situ probe analysis methods, comparing important deposits in China including Jinchuan (Gansu province), Hongqiling (Jiling province), Jianchaling (Shaanxi province) and Kalatongke, East Huangshan, Huangshan (Xinjiang province):
1. Systematically tested, analyzed and sorted out geochemical data of intrusion-related nickel
deposits in China, such as analysis of zonal structure of chrome spinels, micro-probe in situ analysis of single minerals incjude olivine and pyroxene by LA-ICP-MS, in which some of the research is the first time domestically. All above accumulated essential data for the research in this aspect, provided quantitative result for the research on differentiations and evolutions of the elements in genesis of the important nickel deposits in China.
2. Studied the characteristic and regularity of intrusion-related nickel deposits in China by
comparing the deposits domestically and abroad. The nickel deposits in China can be sort into three kinds, i.e. the ultra-basic related, ultrabasic-basic related, and neutral-basic related, of which present obvious specialty on magmatic origin and geochemistry.
3. Re-Os isotope chronology study suggesting the forming of Jinchuan nickel-copper deposit
which is magmatic dominanted and multi-mineralization attributed may lasting a long period of time. The age of Jinchuan body was estimated between 1300Ma~1500Ma;
period of time. The age of Jinchuan body was estimated between 1300Ma-1500Ma; disseminated ore is about ~1217Ma; sideronitic ore is about 960Ma and massive ore is about 911 Ma. The level of contaminants was increase in order of Jinchuan (Hongqiling) < Jianchaling < East Huangshan (Kalatongke). Proterozoic is important evolution period in forming of nickel-copper deposits.
4. the geologic, element and experimental study suggest the mechanism of small body, giant
deposit in Jinchuan is succeeding segregation whole magma chamber intruding from deep to emplace. The study is proof, supplementary and progress of the deep segregation, penetrating ore formation theory, which was advanced by Mr Tang Zhongli, the academician of china.
5. The perspective targets for deposit shooting is in deep facies of neutral-basic, basic,
altra-basic body and there complexes. There are dunite facies in the bottom and exsoluting gregorite in the chrome spinels.
本文依据比较矿床学的研究思路，以野外工作和国内外有关文献资料为基础，以含镍岩体的岩石类型、造岩矿物地球化学特征研究、Re-Os同位素年代学研究的比较为主线，结合岩浆硫化物不混溶模拟试验，应用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)及电子探针(EMPA)原位微区分析等测试手段及信息处理方法，通过对我国甘肃金川、吉林红旗岭、陕西煎茶岭及新疆喀拉通克、黄山东和黄山几个典型矿床的比较研究，取得的主要进展如下：
1．较系统地测试、分析和整理了我国与侵入岩有关的镍矿床主要地球化学特征资料，积累了基础数据。其中一些研究，如铬尖晶石环带的研究、橄榄石、辉石等单矿物的原位LA—ICP—MS分析等，在我国还是首次，为研究我国主要铜镍硫化物矿床成岩成矿过程中元素的分异和演化提供了定量结果。
2．通过国内外和国内各矿床的比较，研究了我国与侵入岩有关的镍矿床的特点和规律性。特别是将我国与侵入岩有关的镍矿床分为与超基性岩有关、与超基性—基性岩有关和与中性—基性岩有关的三类，表现出明显的岩浆岩成矿专属性和地球化学专属性。
3．Re—Os同位素地质年代学研究表明，以岩浆成矿作用为主但有多种成矿作用贡献的金川镍矿床的形成可能经历了长时期的演化过程。其成岩年龄可能在13亿年到15亿年之间；浸染状贫矿石主要形成年龄约1217Ma；海绵陨铁矿石主要形成年龄约960Ma；而块状矿石形成年龄911Ma左右。中国含铜镍硫化物矿床按受混染程度由弱到强排列为金川(红旗岭)＜煎茶岭＜黄山东(喀拉通克)。元古代为镍矿成矿作用的重要历史时期。
4.通过地质和地球化学比较研究，研究了我国金川超大型铜镍硫化物矿床的特点和规
律性。特别是通过铂族元素、稀土元素研究、实验地球化学研究及其与实际资料的
对比，提出了金川矿床成岩成矿是从深部到侵位持续熔离的新模式，论证、补充和
发展了汤中立院士提出的深部熔离成矿说。
5.通过地质地球化学比较研究，提出我国与侵入岩有关的铜镍硫化物矿床特别是金川
型矿床的找矿方向和找矿标志是在古陆边缘找寻元古代张性渐增的裂谷前期地质环
境，基性程度较高、下部有纯橄榄岩相、铬尖晶石中有钦铁矿出溶的岩体。
The main source of nickel and platinum metals in the world is the nickel-copper sulfide magmatic deposits related to basic-ultrabasic body, which provide half or more amount of the metals in the world. In China, it is more prominent, about 86% amount of nickel, 90% amount of platinum metals, 7.3% copper comes from nickel-copper sulfide magmatic deposits. To discuss geological mechanism of the forming of important nickel deposits and the control of converging and dispersing of the ore forming elements has theoretic and practical meaning in deepening the understanding of the genesis of this kind of deposit and summarizing the deposit forming indication, expanding perspective targets.
With the theory of comparative methods of economic geology, based on field work and vast amount of related information and materials, worked over comparing sorts of rock, geochemical character of the body forming minerals, Re-Os isotope chronology, in addition to sulfide segregation experiments, the dissertation achieved progress in following aspect by using modern techniques such as LA-ICP-MS and EMPA, the in-situ probe analysis methods, comparing important deposits in China including Jinchuan (Gansu province), Hongqiling (Jiling province), Jianchaling (Shaanxi province) and Kalatongke, East Huangshan, Huangshan (Xinjiang province):
1. Systematically tested, analyzed and sorted out geochemical data of intrusion-related nickel
deposits in China, such as analysis of zonal structure of chrome spinels, micro-probe in situ analysis of single minerals incjude olivine and pyroxene by LA-ICP-MS, in which some of the research is the first time domestically. All above accumulated essential data for the research in this aspect, provided quantitative result for the research on differentiations and evolutions of the elements in genesis of the important nickel deposits in China.
2. Studied the characteristic and regularity of intrusion-related nickel deposits in China by
comparing the deposits domestically and abroad. The nickel deposits in China can be sort into three kinds, i.e. the ultra-basic related, ultrabasic-basic related, and neutral-basic related, of which present obvious specialty on magmatic origin and geochemistry.
3. Re-Os isotope chronology study suggesting the forming of Jinchuan nickel-copper deposit
which is magmatic dominanted and multi-mineralization attributed may lasting a long period of time. The age of Jinchuan body was estimated between 1300Ma~1500Ma;
period of time. The age of Jinchuan body was estimated between 1300Ma-1500Ma; disseminated ore is about ~1217Ma; sideronitic ore is about 960Ma and massive ore is about 911 Ma. The level of contaminants was increase in order of Jinchuan (Hongqiling) < Jianchaling < East Huangshan (Kalatongke). Proterozoic is important evolution period in forming of nickel-copper deposits.
4. the geologic, element and experimental study suggest the mechanism of small body, giant
deposit in Jinchuan is succeeding segregation whole magma chamber intruding from deep to emplace. The study is proof, supplementary and progress of the deep segregation, penetrating ore formation theory, which was advanced by Mr Tang Zhongli, the academician of china.
5. The perspective targets for deposit shooting is in deep facies of neutral-basic, basic,
altra-basic body and there complexes. There are dunite facies in the bottom and exsoluting gregorite in the chrome spinels.
引文
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