矿物材料/化学建材体系微观组构与性能研究
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摘要
近年来，我国城乡建设得到迅速发展，从而对建筑材料的需求带来广阔的空间。从20世纪90年代起，各种合成高分子树脂和建筑用化学品在门窗、管道、装饰、建筑防水、隔热保温等领域，越来越多地代替了传统建材，成为继钢材、木材、水泥三大建筑材料之后的第四大建筑材料——化学建材。
化学建材通常是指以合成高分子材料为主的新型建筑材料和建筑用化学品（用以改善材料性能和施工性能的各种建筑化学品），主要包括建筑塑料、建筑涂料、建筑防水密封材料、绝热保温材料、建筑胶粘剂、混凝土外加剂等几大类产品。一方面，化学建材可以替代钢材、木材、水泥、陶瓷等高耗能传统材料；另一方面，化学建材的生产成本低于传统建材，有着更好的性价比。此外，化学建材在防腐、装饰效果以及使用寿命方面更是具有显著的优越性，因而有利于节约能源、减少资源消耗和保护生态环境。由于高分子材料本身的缺陷（如硬度、耐温、强度等），通常加入不同的矿物材料以改善性能并降低成本。化学建材实际上是矿物材料与高分子材料构成的复合体系。国内外对化学建材的研究与开发，主要重在产品的使用功能、物理性能、经济指标等方面，而矿物材料的加入，对其组成、结构与性能影响的研究报导甚少，尤其在矿物材料/化学建材体系的微观组构研究方面。
论文以四川省内常用化学建材产品为研究对象，系统研究了各大类化学建材主要品种的性能，利用XRD和SEM等现代分析技术，查明所添加矿物材料成分、微观结构与化学建材产品性能关系。同时根据各类化学建材产品的工艺环节，采取分步取样（或添加不同矿物材料）的方法，进行了矿物材料/化学建材体系微观组构及其性能研究。
论文概述了主要化学建材产品类型、基本性能和特征，讨论了常用矿物材料在化学建材中的分类和作用，分析了国内外矿物材料、矿物材料/化学建材研究现状及存在问题，研究了几种主要矿物材料/化学建材体系微观组构及其性能。
建筑塑料方面：研究了碳酸钙/PVC塑料管材体系和碳酸钙/PVC塑料门窗型材体系的微观组构及其性能。结果表明，性能优异的PVC塑料管材和PVC塑料门窗型材制品，其微观组构显示出矿物材料（碳酸钙）与基质树脂的结合断口形貌呈蜂窝状、丝状、絮状等，两相界面模糊。反之，体系性能低劣。
建筑涂料方面：开展了煅烧高岭土、云母、硫酸钡、滑石粉、硅灰石/建筑涂料不同体系的微观组构与性能研究。结果表明，添加不同的矿物材料，由于矿物材料其自身的结构、化学组成不同，从而对外墙乳胶漆的性能带来影响，尤其是在涂料的对比率和施工性能方面。添加煅烧高岭土、硫酸钡、硅灰石，其体系微观组构显示该矿物材料与基体胶结良好，两相界面模糊，矿物材料颗粒能够被基体树脂很好地包覆，胶体呈丝状结构的特征，表现出体系具有良好的综合性能。对于片状集合体的矿物材料因其矿物自身特点，可赋予乳胶漆特定的性能，如云母在涂膜中呈现平行、定向排列，可赋予涂膜良好的耐老化性和较高的对比率，但在乳胶漆中要获得良好的综合性能，尚需对矿物材料进行特定的表面处理。
建筑防水材料方面：国内外对改性沥青和SBS改性沥青防水卷材的微观研究，多集中在研究聚合物或其它改性材料在沥青中的分散情况，采用的技术手段多为荧光显微镜、TEM等。论文利用SEM技术查明了改性沥青防水卷材性能检测试验中出现沥青涂盖层与胎基分离现象的直接原因——改性沥青未浸渍透胎基，胎基中间透空。膨润土类防水材料是靠矿物材料的晶层间吸附水产生膨胀从而堵住缝隙处水流通道而防水的一种特殊防水材料。论文利用SEM技术，对其吸水膨胀的微观组构进行了研究。论文研究了不同矿物材料在丙烯酸防水涂料中的微观组构及性能。分析了针状形态的硅灰石、片状形态的伊利石、粒状形态的沉淀硫酸钡，分别对丙烯酸防水涂料体系的不同影响：针状矿物材料在丙烯酸防水涂料中表现出明显的增强作用：片状矿物材料在丙烯酸防水涂料中有一定的增强作用：粒状矿物材料在丙烯酸防水涂料中增加产品的柔韧性。针对我国目前厨卫间大量使用的新型建筑防水材料——聚合物水泥防水涂料，研究了矿物材料在聚合物水泥防水涂料体系中的微观组构及性能。矿物材料的加入，使水泥水化产物与基体胶结良好，胶体呈丝状结构，韧性增强，从而使产品的性能得到全面提高。
建筑绝热材料方面：论文针对我国目前建筑绝热方面大量应用的无机轻质矿物材料——玻化微珠，深入研究了玻化微珠和传统绝热材料膨胀珍珠岩的微观组构及性能。膨胀珍珠岩和玻化微珠，其化学组成相同，内部特征均呈蜂巢状结构，但由于利用珍珠岩生产膨胀珍珠岩和玻化微珠的生产工艺不同，玻化微珠的外观更为接近球形颗粒，且表面玻璃质壳体明显增厚、增强，从而导致两种产品的性能差异。胶粉聚苯颗粒外墙保温是国内目前常用的一种建筑节能保温做法。水泥基复合膨胀玻化微珠为外墙保温后起之秀。论文针对这两种同样是以保温砂浆形式出现在建筑保温中的产品，比较了其微观组构及性能：两种保温砂浆的轻骨料都提供了蜂窝状的保温结构，但从轻骨料与水泥砂浆的结合情况看，玻化微珠轻骨料与基体水泥结合良好，从而使保温砂浆产品的综合性能得到提高。
In recent years, with the rapid development of Urban and rural construction, The vast space of demand for building materials has arised. Since the1990s, more and more synthetic polymer resins and construction chemicals have taken the place of traditional building materials in the field of doors and windows, pipe, decoration, building waterproofing, thermal insulation. Chemical building materials have become the fourth largest building materials after steel, wood and cement.
Chemical building materials usually refers to new building materials and construction chemicals Mainly composed of synthetic polymer material(all kinds of construction chemicals to ameliorate the performance of materials and construction performance), Mainly Including several categories of products such as building plastic, building coatings, building waterproof sealing materials, insulation materials, building adhesives, concrete admixtures. On the one hand, the chemical building materials can replace the traditional materials such as steel, wood, cement, ceramics, which consume large amount of energy; Mainly Including several categories of products such as building plastic, building coatings, building waterproof sealing materials, insulation materials, building adhesives, concrete admixtures. On the one hand, the chemical building materials can replace the traditional materials such as steel, On the other hand,the production cost of the chemical building materials is less than the production cost of the traditional materials. the chemical building materials have a better cost-effective. Additionally, the chemical building materials have significant advantages in the fields of anti-corrosion、decoration and the service life. Industry can conduce to energy saving、reduction of the consumption of resources and the protection of the ecological environment. Owing to the defects of the polymer material(as hardness, heat resistance, strength, etc), many kinds of mineral material are added to improve the performance,meanwhile, reduce the production cost. Chemical building materials is actually a composite system of mineral materials and polymer materials. The research and development of chemical building materials at home and abroad is mainly focused on use of the product function, physical performance, economic indicators. However, the research of composition, structure and performance changes of chemical building materials is reported seldom after mineral materials added, especially in the research field of the microscopic fabric between mineral material system and chemical building material system.
The commonly used chemical building materials in Sichuan Province is the the research object in this paper. The performance of the main varieties of major categories of chemical building materials is researched Systematically. The relationship between added mineral material composition, microscopic fabric and performance of chemical building materials is found out by using modern modern analytical technologies as XRD and SEM, etc. At the same time, According to the process links of all kinds of chemical building materials, The microscopic fabric and performance of mineral materials/chemical building materials syestem is researched by taking a step-by-step sampling(or adding a variety of mineral materials)
The main type of chemical building materials,key properties and characteristics are summarized. the classification and function of mineral materials commonly used in the chemical building materials is discussed. The research status and problems about mineral materials and mineral materials/chemical building materials is analyzed, the microscopic fabric and performance of several major kinds of system composed by mineral materials and chemical building materials.
In the field of building plastic, the microscopic fabric and performance of system of Calcium carbonate/PVC plastic pipe and Calcium carbonate/PVC plastic window profiles is studied. The result reveals that microscopic fabric of PVC plastic pipe and PVC plastic window profiles with excellent performance show the combination fracture morphology of the mineral material(Calcium carbonate)and the matrix resin is honeycomb, filamentous, flocculent, that the Interface of two phase is indistinct. On the contrary, the system has poor quality.
In the field of buliding coatings, the microscopic fabric and performance of several kinds of systems composed of calcined kaolin, mica, barium sulfate, talc, wollastonite and buliding coatings. The result reveals that the performance of the exterior latex paint is affected, especially to the performance of contradistinction and construction,due to the variety of structure and chemical composition of mineral materials. The microscopic fabric of the systems added calcined kaolin, barium sulfate, wollastonite shows that cementation of the mineral materials and the substrate is good, that the mineral material particles can be coated well by the matrix resin, that the colloid shows the filaments characteristic,that the system has good comprehensive performance. The mineral materials with sheet aggregates can endue specific performance to latex paint because of the nature of the mineral materials. For example, parallel and directional array of mica in coatings can endue excellent resistance to aging and high contradistinction. However,the mineral materials need special surface treatment to obtain good overall performance in latex paint.
In the field of building waterproof materials, the micro-study of modified asphalt and SBS modified bitumen membrane at home and abroad is mainly concentrated on either Polymer or dispersion of other modified materials in asphalt. The technical means is mostly fluorescence microscopy, TEM,etc. the direct reason of separation phenomenon between asphalt coated cover and fetal base in performance testing is that the modified asphalt does not impregnate through the fetal base and that the middle of the fetal base is empty through SEM technology. The bentonite waterproof material is a kind of special waterproof material that depending on crystal layer adsorption water expansion blocking passageway of crevice water flow. The microscopic fabric of the adsorption water expansion of the bentonite is studied by the SEM technology in this pape The microscopic fabric and performance of acrylic waterproof coating added a variety of mineral materials is studied in this paper. The effect of needle-like wollastonite、flake form illite、granular form of precipitated barium sulfate on acrylic waterproof coating system is analyzed in this paper. The needle-like mineral materials in acrylic waterproof coatings show the function of significant enhancement; The flake form mineral materials in acrylic waterproof coatings produce the function of enhancement to a certain extent, the granular form mineral materials in acrylic waterproof coatings increase the flexibility. The microscopic fabric and performance of polymer cement waterproof coating system, widely used in kitchen and toilet in our country currently,added mineral materials, is researched in this paper. The cementation between cement hydration product and fetal base is good,the colloid is filamentous structure, the toughness is strengthened, the performance of the product is improved overally through adding mineral materials.
In the field of materials. The microscopic fabric and performance of glass beads which is widely used in building insulation as inorganic light mineral material in our country,and traditional insulation materials expanded perlite is studied in this paper. The chemical composition of expanded perlite and glass beads is similar. The internal characteristics of expanded perlite and glass beads show the same honeycomb-like structure, because the process of producing expanded perlite and glass beads through perlite is different. the appearance of glass beads approaches spherical particles more. The surface glassy shell becomes more thicken and strong,then leading to the performance difference between two product. The thermal insulating rendering systems made of mortar with mineral binder and using expanding polystyrene granule as aggregate is a commonly used building energy-saving insulation practices. Cement-based mixed with expanded and vitrified small balls is a rising star of thermal insulating rendering systems. The microscopic fabric of the two kinds of thermal insulating product in the form of insulation mortar are compared in this paper:the lightweight aggregate of the two kinds of thermal insulation mortar provides a honeycomb thermal insulating structure. Viewed from the combination between the lighter aggregate and the cement mortar. the vitrified small balls attaches the cement mortar more closely. So that the overall performance of insulation mortar products is improved.
化学建材通常是指以合成高分子材料为主的新型建筑材料和建筑用化学品（用以改善材料性能和施工性能的各种建筑化学品），主要包括建筑塑料、建筑涂料、建筑防水密封材料、绝热保温材料、建筑胶粘剂、混凝土外加剂等几大类产品。一方面，化学建材可以替代钢材、木材、水泥、陶瓷等高耗能传统材料；另一方面，化学建材的生产成本低于传统建材，有着更好的性价比。此外，化学建材在防腐、装饰效果以及使用寿命方面更是具有显著的优越性，因而有利于节约能源、减少资源消耗和保护生态环境。由于高分子材料本身的缺陷（如硬度、耐温、强度等），通常加入不同的矿物材料以改善性能并降低成本。化学建材实际上是矿物材料与高分子材料构成的复合体系。国内外对化学建材的研究与开发，主要重在产品的使用功能、物理性能、经济指标等方面，而矿物材料的加入，对其组成、结构与性能影响的研究报导甚少，尤其在矿物材料/化学建材体系的微观组构研究方面。
论文以四川省内常用化学建材产品为研究对象，系统研究了各大类化学建材主要品种的性能，利用XRD和SEM等现代分析技术，查明所添加矿物材料成分、微观结构与化学建材产品性能关系。同时根据各类化学建材产品的工艺环节，采取分步取样（或添加不同矿物材料）的方法，进行了矿物材料/化学建材体系微观组构及其性能研究。
论文概述了主要化学建材产品类型、基本性能和特征，讨论了常用矿物材料在化学建材中的分类和作用，分析了国内外矿物材料、矿物材料/化学建材研究现状及存在问题，研究了几种主要矿物材料/化学建材体系微观组构及其性能。
建筑塑料方面：研究了碳酸钙/PVC塑料管材体系和碳酸钙/PVC塑料门窗型材体系的微观组构及其性能。结果表明，性能优异的PVC塑料管材和PVC塑料门窗型材制品，其微观组构显示出矿物材料（碳酸钙）与基质树脂的结合断口形貌呈蜂窝状、丝状、絮状等，两相界面模糊。反之，体系性能低劣。
建筑涂料方面：开展了煅烧高岭土、云母、硫酸钡、滑石粉、硅灰石/建筑涂料不同体系的微观组构与性能研究。结果表明，添加不同的矿物材料，由于矿物材料其自身的结构、化学组成不同，从而对外墙乳胶漆的性能带来影响，尤其是在涂料的对比率和施工性能方面。添加煅烧高岭土、硫酸钡、硅灰石，其体系微观组构显示该矿物材料与基体胶结良好，两相界面模糊，矿物材料颗粒能够被基体树脂很好地包覆，胶体呈丝状结构的特征，表现出体系具有良好的综合性能。对于片状集合体的矿物材料因其矿物自身特点，可赋予乳胶漆特定的性能，如云母在涂膜中呈现平行、定向排列，可赋予涂膜良好的耐老化性和较高的对比率，但在乳胶漆中要获得良好的综合性能，尚需对矿物材料进行特定的表面处理。
建筑防水材料方面：国内外对改性沥青和SBS改性沥青防水卷材的微观研究，多集中在研究聚合物或其它改性材料在沥青中的分散情况，采用的技术手段多为荧光显微镜、TEM等。论文利用SEM技术查明了改性沥青防水卷材性能检测试验中出现沥青涂盖层与胎基分离现象的直接原因——改性沥青未浸渍透胎基，胎基中间透空。膨润土类防水材料是靠矿物材料的晶层间吸附水产生膨胀从而堵住缝隙处水流通道而防水的一种特殊防水材料。论文利用SEM技术，对其吸水膨胀的微观组构进行了研究。论文研究了不同矿物材料在丙烯酸防水涂料中的微观组构及性能。分析了针状形态的硅灰石、片状形态的伊利石、粒状形态的沉淀硫酸钡，分别对丙烯酸防水涂料体系的不同影响：针状矿物材料在丙烯酸防水涂料中表现出明显的增强作用：片状矿物材料在丙烯酸防水涂料中有一定的增强作用：粒状矿物材料在丙烯酸防水涂料中增加产品的柔韧性。针对我国目前厨卫间大量使用的新型建筑防水材料——聚合物水泥防水涂料，研究了矿物材料在聚合物水泥防水涂料体系中的微观组构及性能。矿物材料的加入，使水泥水化产物与基体胶结良好，胶体呈丝状结构，韧性增强，从而使产品的性能得到全面提高。
建筑绝热材料方面：论文针对我国目前建筑绝热方面大量应用的无机轻质矿物材料——玻化微珠，深入研究了玻化微珠和传统绝热材料膨胀珍珠岩的微观组构及性能。膨胀珍珠岩和玻化微珠，其化学组成相同，内部特征均呈蜂巢状结构，但由于利用珍珠岩生产膨胀珍珠岩和玻化微珠的生产工艺不同，玻化微珠的外观更为接近球形颗粒，且表面玻璃质壳体明显增厚、增强，从而导致两种产品的性能差异。胶粉聚苯颗粒外墙保温是国内目前常用的一种建筑节能保温做法。水泥基复合膨胀玻化微珠为外墙保温后起之秀。论文针对这两种同样是以保温砂浆形式出现在建筑保温中的产品，比较了其微观组构及性能：两种保温砂浆的轻骨料都提供了蜂窝状的保温结构，但从轻骨料与水泥砂浆的结合情况看，玻化微珠轻骨料与基体水泥结合良好，从而使保温砂浆产品的综合性能得到提高。
In recent years, with the rapid development of Urban and rural construction, The vast space of demand for building materials has arised. Since the1990s, more and more synthetic polymer resins and construction chemicals have taken the place of traditional building materials in the field of doors and windows, pipe, decoration, building waterproofing, thermal insulation. Chemical building materials have become the fourth largest building materials after steel, wood and cement.
Chemical building materials usually refers to new building materials and construction chemicals Mainly composed of synthetic polymer material(all kinds of construction chemicals to ameliorate the performance of materials and construction performance), Mainly Including several categories of products such as building plastic, building coatings, building waterproof sealing materials, insulation materials, building adhesives, concrete admixtures. On the one hand, the chemical building materials can replace the traditional materials such as steel, wood, cement, ceramics, which consume large amount of energy; Mainly Including several categories of products such as building plastic, building coatings, building waterproof sealing materials, insulation materials, building adhesives, concrete admixtures. On the one hand, the chemical building materials can replace the traditional materials such as steel, On the other hand,the production cost of the chemical building materials is less than the production cost of the traditional materials. the chemical building materials have a better cost-effective. Additionally, the chemical building materials have significant advantages in the fields of anti-corrosion、decoration and the service life. Industry can conduce to energy saving、reduction of the consumption of resources and the protection of the ecological environment. Owing to the defects of the polymer material(as hardness, heat resistance, strength, etc), many kinds of mineral material are added to improve the performance,meanwhile, reduce the production cost. Chemical building materials is actually a composite system of mineral materials and polymer materials. The research and development of chemical building materials at home and abroad is mainly focused on use of the product function, physical performance, economic indicators. However, the research of composition, structure and performance changes of chemical building materials is reported seldom after mineral materials added, especially in the research field of the microscopic fabric between mineral material system and chemical building material system.
The commonly used chemical building materials in Sichuan Province is the the research object in this paper. The performance of the main varieties of major categories of chemical building materials is researched Systematically. The relationship between added mineral material composition, microscopic fabric and performance of chemical building materials is found out by using modern modern analytical technologies as XRD and SEM, etc. At the same time, According to the process links of all kinds of chemical building materials, The microscopic fabric and performance of mineral materials/chemical building materials syestem is researched by taking a step-by-step sampling(or adding a variety of mineral materials)
The main type of chemical building materials,key properties and characteristics are summarized. the classification and function of mineral materials commonly used in the chemical building materials is discussed. The research status and problems about mineral materials and mineral materials/chemical building materials is analyzed, the microscopic fabric and performance of several major kinds of system composed by mineral materials and chemical building materials.
In the field of building plastic, the microscopic fabric and performance of system of Calcium carbonate/PVC plastic pipe and Calcium carbonate/PVC plastic window profiles is studied. The result reveals that microscopic fabric of PVC plastic pipe and PVC plastic window profiles with excellent performance show the combination fracture morphology of the mineral material(Calcium carbonate)and the matrix resin is honeycomb, filamentous, flocculent, that the Interface of two phase is indistinct. On the contrary, the system has poor quality.
In the field of buliding coatings, the microscopic fabric and performance of several kinds of systems composed of calcined kaolin, mica, barium sulfate, talc, wollastonite and buliding coatings. The result reveals that the performance of the exterior latex paint is affected, especially to the performance of contradistinction and construction,due to the variety of structure and chemical composition of mineral materials. The microscopic fabric of the systems added calcined kaolin, barium sulfate, wollastonite shows that cementation of the mineral materials and the substrate is good, that the mineral material particles can be coated well by the matrix resin, that the colloid shows the filaments characteristic,that the system has good comprehensive performance. The mineral materials with sheet aggregates can endue specific performance to latex paint because of the nature of the mineral materials. For example, parallel and directional array of mica in coatings can endue excellent resistance to aging and high contradistinction. However,the mineral materials need special surface treatment to obtain good overall performance in latex paint.
In the field of building waterproof materials, the micro-study of modified asphalt and SBS modified bitumen membrane at home and abroad is mainly concentrated on either Polymer or dispersion of other modified materials in asphalt. The technical means is mostly fluorescence microscopy, TEM,etc. the direct reason of separation phenomenon between asphalt coated cover and fetal base in performance testing is that the modified asphalt does not impregnate through the fetal base and that the middle of the fetal base is empty through SEM technology. The bentonite waterproof material is a kind of special waterproof material that depending on crystal layer adsorption water expansion blocking passageway of crevice water flow. The microscopic fabric of the adsorption water expansion of the bentonite is studied by the SEM technology in this pape The microscopic fabric and performance of acrylic waterproof coating added a variety of mineral materials is studied in this paper. The effect of needle-like wollastonite、flake form illite、granular form of precipitated barium sulfate on acrylic waterproof coating system is analyzed in this paper. The needle-like mineral materials in acrylic waterproof coatings show the function of significant enhancement; The flake form mineral materials in acrylic waterproof coatings produce the function of enhancement to a certain extent, the granular form mineral materials in acrylic waterproof coatings increase the flexibility. The microscopic fabric and performance of polymer cement waterproof coating system, widely used in kitchen and toilet in our country currently,added mineral materials, is researched in this paper. The cementation between cement hydration product and fetal base is good,the colloid is filamentous structure, the toughness is strengthened, the performance of the product is improved overally through adding mineral materials.
In the field of materials. The microscopic fabric and performance of glass beads which is widely used in building insulation as inorganic light mineral material in our country,and traditional insulation materials expanded perlite is studied in this paper. The chemical composition of expanded perlite and glass beads is similar. The internal characteristics of expanded perlite and glass beads show the same honeycomb-like structure, because the process of producing expanded perlite and glass beads through perlite is different. the appearance of glass beads approaches spherical particles more. The surface glassy shell becomes more thicken and strong,then leading to the performance difference between two product. The thermal insulating rendering systems made of mortar with mineral binder and using expanding polystyrene granule as aggregate is a commonly used building energy-saving insulation practices. Cement-based mixed with expanded and vitrified small balls is a rising star of thermal insulating rendering systems. The microscopic fabric of the two kinds of thermal insulating product in the form of insulation mortar are compared in this paper:the lightweight aggregate of the two kinds of thermal insulation mortar provides a honeycomb thermal insulating structure. Viewed from the combination between the lighter aggregate and the cement mortar. the vitrified small balls attaches the cement mortar more closely. So that the overall performance of insulation mortar products is improved.
引文
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