污泥超声破解反应器工况优化与破解污泥中温厌氧消化能效分析
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摘要
污泥厌氧消化是实现污泥减量化和资源化的最佳途径,污泥超声破解能提高厌氧消化速率,增大生物气产率。但目前我国没有专门用于污泥破解的超声波反应器,实验室用的微生物细胞破壁超声波反应器或超声清洗器破解污泥时,最大缺陷是能耗高。为推动污泥超声破解技术在我国的应用,本文从减少反应器能耗的角度出发,对污泥超声破解反应器的工作原理、工况参数、能耗分析进行了探讨和研究。
以实验室小型静态和动态试验为手段,采用热敏探头法和染色法测量不同频率超声波在蒸馏水中和不同浓度污泥中的声场分布和空化场分布。同时,针对超声场参数(频率和功率)、污泥性质(浓度、pH值和初始温度)和试验条件(曝气和搅拌)等对超声破解效果的影响,以污泥溶解性化学需氧量增加值( )、污泥的破解度( )及污泥粒径分布等参数为评价指标,分析超声波频率、功率、污泥特性和试验条件对超声破解污泥效果的影响。SCOD+ DDSCOD
采用热敏探头法和染色法测量蒸馏水中三种频率(20kHz、28kHz和40kHz)超声波场和空化场分布。发现单一换能器作用时,任何频率超声波声强和空化强度沿换能器轴线成起伏状和葫芦状分布,且随距离增大而逐渐衰减,空化强度衰减较快;不同频率的声强大小和空化作用强弱各不相同,28kHz的声强和空化强度最强,40kHz次之,而20kHz最差;两个换能器同时作用时,超声波强度和空化强度沿换能器轴线变化趋势与单一换能器作用时相同,而沿两换能器中心线声强和空化强度在一定范围内都由于声波的干涉叠加原理有所增强,沿中心线的衰减速率减慢。综合分析,两个换能器同时作用时,反应器整体声场和空化场都比单一换能器的均匀。同时,采用热敏探头法测量不同频率超声波在污泥中的声场分布,发现超声波声强在换能器表面附近骤然降低,并沿换能器轴线随距离快速衰减。
分析评价超声波参数(频率和功率)对超声破解污泥效果影响。利用槽式超声反应器分析比较三种频率(20kHz、28kHz和40kHz)及频率组合对污泥破解效果的影响。发现比能耗相等时,单频率时,28kHz最佳;多频率组合时,换能器28kHz和40kHz平行相对布置效果最好。利用槽式超声波反应器和探头式超声波反应器分析多种功率(50W、400W、800W和1200W)及功率组合对污泥破解效果的影响。发现单功率作用,低功率长时间利于污泥超声破解,但速率较低,低功率组合可提高破解速率。组合功率模式中,低功率组合更利于污泥超声破解。另外,还发现污泥的初始温度、pH值和污泥浓度等参数污泥对破解效果有重要影响。增加间歇搅拌和曝气辅助条件也能增强污泥超声破解效果。
为进一步验证超声破解污泥的实际应用效果,进行动态试验研究。结果发现相同浓度,相同体积比能耗时,动态破解效果远比静态的好。在本试验时间范围内,无循环扰动时,超声破解连续流污泥反应相对于水力停留时间符合一级反应动力学规律。
在超声破解污泥中温厌氧消化的能量效益研究中,分析了不同挥发性有机物含量污泥不同溶出率时,日总能耗、日生物气能量和日净能量与超声破解时间的关系。比较超声破解污泥与未破解污泥在不同投配率时的日净能量、比净能量和周期净能量。发现任何方式破解污泥中温厌氧消化净能量都随着污泥挥发性有机物含量的增大而增大。污泥挥发性有机物含量较低时,不宜采用中温厌氧消化工艺,更不宜增加超声破解工艺。污泥挥发性有机物含量较高时,槽式动态破解污泥促进厌氧消化。
Anaerobic digestion is considered as the best way of decreasing and reusing waste activated sludge. Ultrasonic disintegration of waste activated sludge can accelerate anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge and increase biogas yield. But, at present, professional ultrasonic reactor in the field of disintegration of waste activated sludge is not found in China. Ultrasonic reactor of microbial cell lysing or ultrasonic cleaner is used in laboratory, and it is low efficient and high energy-consuming. In order to reduce the energy-consuming of ultrasonic reactor and help it to be used in waste activated sludge pretreatment field in China, the optimal analysis and study of ultrasonic reactor principle, work parameters and energy-consuming were completed in this dissertation.
The static experiment and dynamic experiment were finished in laboratory. Ultrasound field and ultrasonic cavitation field were measured by thermoelectric probe method and dyeing method. At same time, the effect of ultrasonic parameters (frequency and power), characters of waste activated sludge (concentration, pH and initial temperature), experimental conditions (stirring or blowing) on ultrasonic disintegration of waste activated sludge was analyzed with SCOD+, DDSCOD and flocs size of waste activated sludge.
Analyzing ultrasonic field and cavitation field of three kinds of frequency (20kHz, 28kHz and 40kHz), when one transducer is working, it is concluded that ultrasound intensity and cavitation intensity are fluctuant and liking cucurbits along the axes of transducer in distilled water, and reduce gradually with distance increase. But, cavitation intensity reduction is faster than ultrasound intensity. And ultrasound intensity and cavitation intensity of different frequency are different: ultrasound intensity and cavitation intensity of 28kHz are all strongest, and then 40kHz’s second place, finaly, 20kHz’s the weakest. When two transducers are working simultaneously, wave of ultrasound intensity and cavitation intensity along the axes of transducer are accordant with one transducer’s. The reduction of ultrasound intensity and cavitation intensity along the centre line of two transducers is lesser than that along the axes of transducer because of interference and overlap. And ultrasound field and cavitation field of two transducers are better-proportioned than one transducer’s. Another conclusion in waste activated sludge is obtained that ultrasonic intensity of any frequency reduces suddenly nearby transducer face and reduces quickly along the axes of transducer.
Effect of three kinds of frequency (20kHz, 28kHz and 40kHz) and frequency combination on ultrasonic disintegration of waste activated sludge by using ultrasonic bath was analyzed. At single frequency working, 28kHz is the best; at more frequencies working, disposal of transducers parallel and opposite of 28kHz and 40kHz is the best. Furthermore, analysis of more ultrasonic powers combination was carried out. Single power working, low power with long treatment time is advantaged, but with lower disintegration speed. Power combination working, low power combination can enhance efficiency. Another found proves that characters of waste activated sludge (concentration, pH and initial temperature) and experimental conditions (stirring or blowing) are also increase the efficiency of disintegration of waste activated sludge.
In addition, data of dynamic experiment indicates dynamic disintegration is better than static disintegration when the concentration and volume specific energy consume are the same value. And during experimental time, the reaction of ultrasonic disintegration of dynamic waste activated sludge is also accord with one-order reaction.
At the same time, analysis of energy benefit on mesophilic anaerobic digestion of ultrasonic treated waste activated sludge was finished. Compare of treated sludge and untreated sludge was also completed with, specific net energy and periodic net energy. It is found that net energy of ultrasonic disintegrated and untreated sludgy is increasing with percent of volatile solid increasing, and mesophilic anaerobic digestion technology is not fit for the sludge with low percent of volatile solid. Dynamic disintegration sludge with ultrasonic bath with proper time can accelerate anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge when percent of volatile solid is higher.
以实验室小型静态和动态试验为手段,采用热敏探头法和染色法测量不同频率超声波在蒸馏水中和不同浓度污泥中的声场分布和空化场分布。同时,针对超声场参数(频率和功率)、污泥性质(浓度、pH值和初始温度)和试验条件(曝气和搅拌)等对超声破解效果的影响,以污泥溶解性化学需氧量增加值( )、污泥的破解度( )及污泥粒径分布等参数为评价指标,分析超声波频率、功率、污泥特性和试验条件对超声破解污泥效果的影响。SCOD+ DDSCOD
采用热敏探头法和染色法测量蒸馏水中三种频率(20kHz、28kHz和40kHz)超声波场和空化场分布。发现单一换能器作用时,任何频率超声波声强和空化强度沿换能器轴线成起伏状和葫芦状分布,且随距离增大而逐渐衰减,空化强度衰减较快;不同频率的声强大小和空化作用强弱各不相同,28kHz的声强和空化强度最强,40kHz次之,而20kHz最差;两个换能器同时作用时,超声波强度和空化强度沿换能器轴线变化趋势与单一换能器作用时相同,而沿两换能器中心线声强和空化强度在一定范围内都由于声波的干涉叠加原理有所增强,沿中心线的衰减速率减慢。综合分析,两个换能器同时作用时,反应器整体声场和空化场都比单一换能器的均匀。同时,采用热敏探头法测量不同频率超声波在污泥中的声场分布,发现超声波声强在换能器表面附近骤然降低,并沿换能器轴线随距离快速衰减。
分析评价超声波参数(频率和功率)对超声破解污泥效果影响。利用槽式超声反应器分析比较三种频率(20kHz、28kHz和40kHz)及频率组合对污泥破解效果的影响。发现比能耗相等时,单频率时,28kHz最佳;多频率组合时,换能器28kHz和40kHz平行相对布置效果最好。利用槽式超声波反应器和探头式超声波反应器分析多种功率(50W、400W、800W和1200W)及功率组合对污泥破解效果的影响。发现单功率作用,低功率长时间利于污泥超声破解,但速率较低,低功率组合可提高破解速率。组合功率模式中,低功率组合更利于污泥超声破解。另外,还发现污泥的初始温度、pH值和污泥浓度等参数污泥对破解效果有重要影响。增加间歇搅拌和曝气辅助条件也能增强污泥超声破解效果。
为进一步验证超声破解污泥的实际应用效果,进行动态试验研究。结果发现相同浓度,相同体积比能耗时,动态破解效果远比静态的好。在本试验时间范围内,无循环扰动时,超声破解连续流污泥反应相对于水力停留时间符合一级反应动力学规律。
在超声破解污泥中温厌氧消化的能量效益研究中,分析了不同挥发性有机物含量污泥不同溶出率时,日总能耗、日生物气能量和日净能量与超声破解时间的关系。比较超声破解污泥与未破解污泥在不同投配率时的日净能量、比净能量和周期净能量。发现任何方式破解污泥中温厌氧消化净能量都随着污泥挥发性有机物含量的增大而增大。污泥挥发性有机物含量较低时,不宜采用中温厌氧消化工艺,更不宜增加超声破解工艺。污泥挥发性有机物含量较高时,槽式动态破解污泥促进厌氧消化。
Anaerobic digestion is considered as the best way of decreasing and reusing waste activated sludge. Ultrasonic disintegration of waste activated sludge can accelerate anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge and increase biogas yield. But, at present, professional ultrasonic reactor in the field of disintegration of waste activated sludge is not found in China. Ultrasonic reactor of microbial cell lysing or ultrasonic cleaner is used in laboratory, and it is low efficient and high energy-consuming. In order to reduce the energy-consuming of ultrasonic reactor and help it to be used in waste activated sludge pretreatment field in China, the optimal analysis and study of ultrasonic reactor principle, work parameters and energy-consuming were completed in this dissertation.
The static experiment and dynamic experiment were finished in laboratory. Ultrasound field and ultrasonic cavitation field were measured by thermoelectric probe method and dyeing method. At same time, the effect of ultrasonic parameters (frequency and power), characters of waste activated sludge (concentration, pH and initial temperature), experimental conditions (stirring or blowing) on ultrasonic disintegration of waste activated sludge was analyzed with SCOD+, DDSCOD and flocs size of waste activated sludge.
Analyzing ultrasonic field and cavitation field of three kinds of frequency (20kHz, 28kHz and 40kHz), when one transducer is working, it is concluded that ultrasound intensity and cavitation intensity are fluctuant and liking cucurbits along the axes of transducer in distilled water, and reduce gradually with distance increase. But, cavitation intensity reduction is faster than ultrasound intensity. And ultrasound intensity and cavitation intensity of different frequency are different: ultrasound intensity and cavitation intensity of 28kHz are all strongest, and then 40kHz’s second place, finaly, 20kHz’s the weakest. When two transducers are working simultaneously, wave of ultrasound intensity and cavitation intensity along the axes of transducer are accordant with one transducer’s. The reduction of ultrasound intensity and cavitation intensity along the centre line of two transducers is lesser than that along the axes of transducer because of interference and overlap. And ultrasound field and cavitation field of two transducers are better-proportioned than one transducer’s. Another conclusion in waste activated sludge is obtained that ultrasonic intensity of any frequency reduces suddenly nearby transducer face and reduces quickly along the axes of transducer.
Effect of three kinds of frequency (20kHz, 28kHz and 40kHz) and frequency combination on ultrasonic disintegration of waste activated sludge by using ultrasonic bath was analyzed. At single frequency working, 28kHz is the best; at more frequencies working, disposal of transducers parallel and opposite of 28kHz and 40kHz is the best. Furthermore, analysis of more ultrasonic powers combination was carried out. Single power working, low power with long treatment time is advantaged, but with lower disintegration speed. Power combination working, low power combination can enhance efficiency. Another found proves that characters of waste activated sludge (concentration, pH and initial temperature) and experimental conditions (stirring or blowing) are also increase the efficiency of disintegration of waste activated sludge.
In addition, data of dynamic experiment indicates dynamic disintegration is better than static disintegration when the concentration and volume specific energy consume are the same value. And during experimental time, the reaction of ultrasonic disintegration of dynamic waste activated sludge is also accord with one-order reaction.
At the same time, analysis of energy benefit on mesophilic anaerobic digestion of ultrasonic treated waste activated sludge was finished. Compare of treated sludge and untreated sludge was also completed with, specific net energy and periodic net energy. It is found that net energy of ultrasonic disintegrated and untreated sludgy is increasing with percent of volatile solid increasing, and mesophilic anaerobic digestion technology is not fit for the sludge with low percent of volatile solid. Dynamic disintegration sludge with ultrasonic bath with proper time can accelerate anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge when percent of volatile solid is higher.
引文
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