香烟烟雾对雄性大鼠性激素、精浆生化的影响研究
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摘要
研究背景：不育症是一个全球性的医学和社会学重要问题,是影响夫妻双方及家庭和睦的重要因素。世界卫生组织规定,夫妇同居1年以上,未采用任何避孕措施,由于男方因素造成女方不孕者称为男性不育。男性不育不是一种独立的疾病,而是多种疾病或多种因素造成的结果。影响男性不育的因素主要有：①精液异常；②睾丸异常；③内分泌因素；④遗传因素；⑤免疫因素；⑥生殖器官感染；⑦环境影响等。
吸烟是人们生活中常见的一种不良生活习惯,生育期男性更是吸烟的主要人群。据统计,全球有13亿烟民,其中9亿人在发展中国家,我国烟民已达3.2亿。世界卫生组织指出,烟草的使用与死亡和日益蔓延全球的疾病流行高度相关。香烟燃烧的烟雾中主要的有毒复合物包括一氧化碳、尼古丁和焦油,这些物质通过呼吸进入人体可造成多系统的损害。香烟的成分复杂,含有4700多种化合物,其中3000多种已得到确认,并已证明香烟烟雾中许多物质具有致癌、致畸和致突变作用。吸烟对人们身体有着多方面的影响,它可以引起高血压、冠心病、脑卒中、肺癌等多种疾病。香烟烟雾对男性生殖系统产生影响的机制目前尚不清楚。香烟烟雾对血清性激素的影响研究国内外文献已有相关报道,但结果不一；对精浆生化的影响研究报道较少。香烟烟雾对雄性大鼠性激素及精浆生化的联合研究未见相关报道。
目的：1.研究香烟烟雾对雄性大鼠性激素(睾酮T、卵泡刺激素FSH、黄体生成素LH)的影响。
2.研究香烟烟雾对雄性大鼠精浆生化(果糖、锌)的影响。
方法：1.将30只8周龄雄性SD大鼠按体重随机分为吸烟组、戒烟组、对照组,每组各10只。
2.实验前各组统一采血检测性激素含量。
3.吸烟组10只与对照组5只,8周后采血检测性激素含量；剖取精囊液及前列腺液检测精浆果糖、锌含量；剖取左侧睾丸行睾丸HE染色。戒烟组10只与对照组5只,12周后按上述方法进行相关检测。
4.采用放免法检测血清中睾酮、卵泡刺激素、黄体生成素含量；采用紫外分光法检测精浆中果糖含量；采用比色法检测精浆中锌含量。
结果：1.性激素检测结果：实验前所测各组间T、FSH、LH含量均无明显差异。吸烟组T、FSH、LH含量均低于实验前吸烟组且差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),吸烟组T、FSH、LH含量均低于8周对照组且差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)；戒烟组T、FSH、LH含量均低于实验前戒烟组且差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),戒烟组T、FSH、LH含量均低于12周对照组且差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。实验前对照组与8周对照组、12周对照组T、FSH、LH含量均无明显差异。
2.精浆生化检测结果：吸烟组精浆果糖、锌含量均较8周对照组下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。戒烟组精浆果糖、锌含量均较12周对照组下降,精浆果糖含量与12周对照组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)；精浆锌含量与12周对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。8周对照组与12周对照组精浆果糖、锌含量均无明显差异。
3.睾丸HE染色结果：8周与12周对照组睾丸组织中生精上皮基膜完整,各级生精细胞排列有序,层次清楚。戒烟组睾丸生精上皮基膜变薄,各级生精细胞较对照组减少,结构稀疏,层次变薄,小管间隙变宽,间质细胞减少。吸烟组生精上皮基膜破裂溶解,各级生精细胞排列紊乱、数量减少,细胞间隙增大,细胞体积缩小,间质水肿,间质细胞进一步减少。
结论：1.香烟烟雾可导致雄性大鼠血清睾酮、卵泡刺激素、黄体生成素含量降低,提示：可能会干扰下丘脑-垂体-睾丸性腺轴的功能,影响睾丸的生精作用。
2.香烟烟雾可导致雄性大鼠精浆果糖、锌含量降低,可能对精液质量、密度等产生一定影响。
3.本研究可为香烟烟雾导致男性不育症的病因诊断提供一定的佐证。
Background:Infertility is a global medical and sociology important problem, is to influence both sides of husband and wife and family harmony of important factor. The world health organization regulation, couples cohabiting over one year, without using any contraceptives, because the man factors is the male sterility sweetheart infertility. Male infertility is not an independent disease, but many diseases or the result of many factors. The major factors that affect the male sterility are:①Sperm abnormalities;②Testicular abnormal;③Endocrine factors;④Genetic factors;⑤Immune factors;⑥Reproductive organs infection;⑦Environmental impact etc.
Smoking is common in people life a bad living habits, growth is the main crowd male smoking. According to statistics, global thirteen million smokers, including nine million people in developing countries, China has reached 3.2 million smokers. The world health organization says tobacco use and death and the growing global epidemic disease spread highly correlated. The smoke cigarette burning main toxic compounds including carbon monoxide, nicotine and tar, these substances through breath enter human body can cause multi-system damage. Cigarettes, complicated composition containing 4,700 compounds, including more than 3000 kinds have been recognized in cigarette smoke and has proved with many substances to cause cancer, birth defects and mutation role.Smoking on people with various influence body, it can cause high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer and other diseases. Cigarette smoke on the male reproductive system influence mechanism is unclear. Cigarette smoke exposure to the influence of serum study of domestic and foreign literature Associated Press, but the result has different; The influence of seminal plasma biochemical research reports for less. Cigarette smoke exposure on male rats and seminal plasma biochemical joint research did not see related reports.
Purpose:1.Research on male rats cigarette smoke the influence of sex hormones (testosterone、Follicle-stimulating hormone、luteinizing hormone)
2. Research on male rats cigarette smoke the influence of pure pulp biochemistry (fructose、zinc)
Methods:1.August 30 ZhouLing only by weight of male SD rats were randomly divided into smoking group, quit smoking group, the control group, each group of each 10 only.
2. Prior to the content of each unified picks detection sex hormones.
3. Smoking only with the control group of five only 10, after eight weeks, blood testing sex hormones content Dissection of seminal fluid and take the prostatic secretion of pure berries sugar, detection zinc content; Take the left testis line profile HE dyed. Testicles. Stop smoking group only with the control group 5 only 10,12 weeks according to the above methods related inspection.
4.Adopt radioimmunoassay detection serum follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone, eery corpus luteum content; Using uv-colorimetry method in detecting seminal plasma sugar contents; By colorimetric method to detect seminal plasma zinc content.
Results:1.Sex hormones detection results:experiment measured before each group T, FSH and LH, content are there were no obvious difference. Smoking group T, FSH, LH content before were lower than that of the experimental group are smoking and differences statistical significance (P< 0.05), Smoking group T, FSH and LH content t-shirts were lower than the control group and eight weeks are statistically significant differences (P< 0.05); Stop smoking group T, FSH, LH content are below experiment smoking group before there were no statistically significant and differences(P> 0.05), Stop smoking group T, FSH, LH content were lower than that of the control group 12 weeks there were no statistically significant and differences (P> 0.05). Eight weeks prior to the control group and control group,12 weeks, FSH and LH content t-shirts were no obvious difference.
2. Seminal plasma biochemical tests results:pure berries sugar, smoking set zinc content are relatively 8 weeks controls are down, differences statistical significance (P < 0.05). Pure berries sugar, smoking set zinc content than 12 weeks are pure berries group drop, sugar content and 12 weeks are statistically significant differences in the control group (P<0.05); Seminal plasma zinc content and 12 weeks was not statistically significant differences in the control group (P> 0.05).8 weeks of control group and control group 12 weeks of pure berries sugar, zinc content were not significantly different.
3. Testicular HE dyeing results:eight weeks group with 12 weeks was testicular tissue pure epithelial polyimides complete, various born orderly sperm cells, administrative levels clear. Stop smoking group testicular pure epithelial polyimides born thinning, born at all levels than the control group reduce sperm cells, structure, hierarchy variable thin sparsely, tubular gap grows wider, mesenchymal cells decreases. Smoking group pure epithelial polyimides born at various levels broken dissolve, born disordered arrangement sperm cells, cells, the decrease in the number of smaller gap increases, cells, edema, mesenchymal cells further reduce.
Conclusion:1. Cigarette smoke can lead to male rats serum follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone, progesterone levels are low, tip:may interfere with hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis function, testicular gonad born of the testes of pure role influence.
2. Cigarette smoke can lead to male rats pure berries sugar, zinc content low, semen quality, likely to impact density, etc.
3. This study is caused cigarette smoke causes of male infertility provide certain evidence diagnosis.
吸烟是人们生活中常见的一种不良生活习惯,生育期男性更是吸烟的主要人群。据统计,全球有13亿烟民,其中9亿人在发展中国家,我国烟民已达3.2亿。世界卫生组织指出,烟草的使用与死亡和日益蔓延全球的疾病流行高度相关。香烟燃烧的烟雾中主要的有毒复合物包括一氧化碳、尼古丁和焦油,这些物质通过呼吸进入人体可造成多系统的损害。香烟的成分复杂,含有4700多种化合物,其中3000多种已得到确认,并已证明香烟烟雾中许多物质具有致癌、致畸和致突变作用。吸烟对人们身体有着多方面的影响,它可以引起高血压、冠心病、脑卒中、肺癌等多种疾病。香烟烟雾对男性生殖系统产生影响的机制目前尚不清楚。香烟烟雾对血清性激素的影响研究国内外文献已有相关报道,但结果不一；对精浆生化的影响研究报道较少。香烟烟雾对雄性大鼠性激素及精浆生化的联合研究未见相关报道。
目的：1.研究香烟烟雾对雄性大鼠性激素(睾酮T、卵泡刺激素FSH、黄体生成素LH)的影响。
2.研究香烟烟雾对雄性大鼠精浆生化(果糖、锌)的影响。
方法：1.将30只8周龄雄性SD大鼠按体重随机分为吸烟组、戒烟组、对照组,每组各10只。
2.实验前各组统一采血检测性激素含量。
3.吸烟组10只与对照组5只,8周后采血检测性激素含量；剖取精囊液及前列腺液检测精浆果糖、锌含量；剖取左侧睾丸行睾丸HE染色。戒烟组10只与对照组5只,12周后按上述方法进行相关检测。
4.采用放免法检测血清中睾酮、卵泡刺激素、黄体生成素含量；采用紫外分光法检测精浆中果糖含量；采用比色法检测精浆中锌含量。
结果：1.性激素检测结果：实验前所测各组间T、FSH、LH含量均无明显差异。吸烟组T、FSH、LH含量均低于实验前吸烟组且差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),吸烟组T、FSH、LH含量均低于8周对照组且差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)；戒烟组T、FSH、LH含量均低于实验前戒烟组且差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),戒烟组T、FSH、LH含量均低于12周对照组且差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。实验前对照组与8周对照组、12周对照组T、FSH、LH含量均无明显差异。
2.精浆生化检测结果：吸烟组精浆果糖、锌含量均较8周对照组下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。戒烟组精浆果糖、锌含量均较12周对照组下降,精浆果糖含量与12周对照组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)；精浆锌含量与12周对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。8周对照组与12周对照组精浆果糖、锌含量均无明显差异。
3.睾丸HE染色结果：8周与12周对照组睾丸组织中生精上皮基膜完整,各级生精细胞排列有序,层次清楚。戒烟组睾丸生精上皮基膜变薄,各级生精细胞较对照组减少,结构稀疏,层次变薄,小管间隙变宽,间质细胞减少。吸烟组生精上皮基膜破裂溶解,各级生精细胞排列紊乱、数量减少,细胞间隙增大,细胞体积缩小,间质水肿,间质细胞进一步减少。
结论：1.香烟烟雾可导致雄性大鼠血清睾酮、卵泡刺激素、黄体生成素含量降低,提示：可能会干扰下丘脑-垂体-睾丸性腺轴的功能,影响睾丸的生精作用。
2.香烟烟雾可导致雄性大鼠精浆果糖、锌含量降低,可能对精液质量、密度等产生一定影响。
3.本研究可为香烟烟雾导致男性不育症的病因诊断提供一定的佐证。
Background:Infertility is a global medical and sociology important problem, is to influence both sides of husband and wife and family harmony of important factor. The world health organization regulation, couples cohabiting over one year, without using any contraceptives, because the man factors is the male sterility sweetheart infertility. Male infertility is not an independent disease, but many diseases or the result of many factors. The major factors that affect the male sterility are:①Sperm abnormalities;②Testicular abnormal;③Endocrine factors;④Genetic factors;⑤Immune factors;⑥Reproductive organs infection;⑦Environmental impact etc.
Smoking is common in people life a bad living habits, growth is the main crowd male smoking. According to statistics, global thirteen million smokers, including nine million people in developing countries, China has reached 3.2 million smokers. The world health organization says tobacco use and death and the growing global epidemic disease spread highly correlated. The smoke cigarette burning main toxic compounds including carbon monoxide, nicotine and tar, these substances through breath enter human body can cause multi-system damage. Cigarettes, complicated composition containing 4,700 compounds, including more than 3000 kinds have been recognized in cigarette smoke and has proved with many substances to cause cancer, birth defects and mutation role.Smoking on people with various influence body, it can cause high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer and other diseases. Cigarette smoke on the male reproductive system influence mechanism is unclear. Cigarette smoke exposure to the influence of serum study of domestic and foreign literature Associated Press, but the result has different; The influence of seminal plasma biochemical research reports for less. Cigarette smoke exposure on male rats and seminal plasma biochemical joint research did not see related reports.
Purpose:1.Research on male rats cigarette smoke the influence of sex hormones (testosterone、Follicle-stimulating hormone、luteinizing hormone)
2. Research on male rats cigarette smoke the influence of pure pulp biochemistry (fructose、zinc)
Methods:1.August 30 ZhouLing only by weight of male SD rats were randomly divided into smoking group, quit smoking group, the control group, each group of each 10 only.
2. Prior to the content of each unified picks detection sex hormones.
3. Smoking only with the control group of five only 10, after eight weeks, blood testing sex hormones content Dissection of seminal fluid and take the prostatic secretion of pure berries sugar, detection zinc content; Take the left testis line profile HE dyed. Testicles. Stop smoking group only with the control group 5 only 10,12 weeks according to the above methods related inspection.
4.Adopt radioimmunoassay detection serum follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone, eery corpus luteum content; Using uv-colorimetry method in detecting seminal plasma sugar contents; By colorimetric method to detect seminal plasma zinc content.
Results:1.Sex hormones detection results:experiment measured before each group T, FSH and LH, content are there were no obvious difference. Smoking group T, FSH, LH content before were lower than that of the experimental group are smoking and differences statistical significance (P< 0.05), Smoking group T, FSH and LH content t-shirts were lower than the control group and eight weeks are statistically significant differences (P< 0.05); Stop smoking group T, FSH, LH content are below experiment smoking group before there were no statistically significant and differences(P> 0.05), Stop smoking group T, FSH, LH content were lower than that of the control group 12 weeks there were no statistically significant and differences (P> 0.05). Eight weeks prior to the control group and control group,12 weeks, FSH and LH content t-shirts were no obvious difference.
2. Seminal plasma biochemical tests results:pure berries sugar, smoking set zinc content are relatively 8 weeks controls are down, differences statistical significance (P < 0.05). Pure berries sugar, smoking set zinc content than 12 weeks are pure berries group drop, sugar content and 12 weeks are statistically significant differences in the control group (P<0.05); Seminal plasma zinc content and 12 weeks was not statistically significant differences in the control group (P> 0.05).8 weeks of control group and control group 12 weeks of pure berries sugar, zinc content were not significantly different.
3. Testicular HE dyeing results:eight weeks group with 12 weeks was testicular tissue pure epithelial polyimides complete, various born orderly sperm cells, administrative levels clear. Stop smoking group testicular pure epithelial polyimides born thinning, born at all levels than the control group reduce sperm cells, structure, hierarchy variable thin sparsely, tubular gap grows wider, mesenchymal cells decreases. Smoking group pure epithelial polyimides born at various levels broken dissolve, born disordered arrangement sperm cells, cells, the decrease in the number of smaller gap increases, cells, edema, mesenchymal cells further reduce.
Conclusion:1. Cigarette smoke can lead to male rats serum follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone, progesterone levels are low, tip:may interfere with hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis function, testicular gonad born of the testes of pure role influence.
2. Cigarette smoke can lead to male rats pure berries sugar, zinc content low, semen quality, likely to impact density, etc.
3. This study is caused cigarette smoke causes of male infertility provide certain evidence diagnosis.
引文
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[1]林洪,吴发源,于临枫1吸烟对健康人体肺功能的影响1中国病理生理杂志,1996,12：7821
[2]刘世伟,樊希承,于鹭佳,等1吸烟影响红细胞变形能力的实验观察1中国慢性病预防与控制,1996,4：1061
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[4]杨麦贵,郝晓柯,郑善銮,等.精液FSH、L H、PRL和T水平与精子质量关系的研究[J].中国男科学杂志,2007,21(5)：11214.
[5]郭应禄,辛钟成.男子生殖医学[M].北京：北京医科大学出版社,2002：124～125.
[6]肖祥熊,等。放射免疫分析,上海；同济大学出版社1986；126
[7]赵琳,等。放射免疫学杂志,1995；8(2)：108
[8]钱悦,曾甫清.雌激素与男性生殖[J].中华泌尿外科杂志,2003,24(7)：4992501.
[9]Anawalt BD, Bebb RA, Matsumoto AM, et al. Serum inhibin Blevels reflect Sertoli cell function in normalmen and men with testicular dysfunction[J]. J Clin EndocrinolMetab,1996,81 (9):3341-3345.
[10]马乐,潘柏年,陈宝英,等.男性不育与辅助生殖技术[M].第1版.北京：人民卫生出版社,2002.1442149.
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[12]Sofikitis N, Miyagawa I, Dimit riadis D, et al. Effects of smoking on testicular function, semen quality and sperm fertilizing capacity[J]. J Urol, 1995,154 (3):1030-1034.
[13]Yamamoto Y, Isoyama E, Sofikitis N, et al. Effect s of smoking on testicular function and fertilizing potential in rats [J].Urology,1998,26 (1):45-48.
[14]魏莎莉,周生建,王瑶,等.吸烟对男性精液参数、精子功能及睾酮影响的研究[J].中国男科学杂志,2000,14(4)：237-239.
[15]Trummer H, Habermann H, Hass J, et al. The impact of cigaret te smoking on human semen parameters and hormones[J]. Hum Reprod,2002,17 (6):1554-1559.
[16]Kat herine ME, Peter J P, Helen P, et al. Effect of cigaret tesmoking on levels of bioavailable testosterone in healt hy men[J]. Clin Sci (Lond), 2001,100(6):661-665.
[17]Fraser L, Wysocki P, Ciereszko A, et al. Application of biochemical markers for identification of biological properties of animal semen[J]. Reprod Biol,2006, suppl 1:5-20.
[18]Dieudonne 0, Godin PA, Van-Langendonckt A, et al. Biochemical analysis of the spermand infertility[J]. Clin Chem Lab Med,2001,39(5):455-457.
[19]Gonzales GF. Function of seminal vesicles and their role on male fertility[J].Asian JAndrol,2001,3(4):251-258
[20]Hunt CD, Johnson PE, Herbel J, et al. Effects of dietary zincdep letion on seminal volume and zinc loss, serum testosteroneconcentrations, and sperm morphology in young men [J]. Am JClin Nutr,1992,56 (1):1482157.
[21]Eggert-Kruse W, Zwick EM, Batschulat K, et al. Arezinc levels in seminal plasma associated with seminal leukocytes and other determinants of semen quality? Fertil Steril 2002; 77 (2):260-269
[22]Chia SE, Ong CN, Chua LH, et al. Comparison of zinc concentrations in blood and seminal plasma and the various sperm parameters between fertile and infertile men[J].J
Androl,2000,21(1):53-57.
[23]Ali H, Baig M, Rana MF, et al. Relationship of serum and seminal plasma zinc levels and serum testosterone in oligospermic and azoospermic infertile men[J]. J Coll
Physicians Surg Pak,2005,15(11):671-673.
[24]Lopez S, Jurisicova A, Sun JG, et al. Reactive oxygen species:potential cause forDNA fragmentation in human spermatozoa[J].Hum Rep rod,1998,13 (4) 8962900.
[25]Vine MF, Hulka BS, Margolin BH, et al. Cotinine concentrations in semen, urine, and blood of smokers and nonsmokers, [J]. Am J Pub Health,1993,83 (9) 133521338.
[26]Saleh RA, Agarwal A, Nada EA, et al. Negative effects of increased sperm DNA damage in relation to seminal oxidative stress in men with idiopathic and male factor infertility[J]. Fertil Steril,2003,79 (Supp 13):159721605.
[27]Zavos PM, Correa JR, Antypas S, et al. Effects of seminal p lasma from cigarette smokers on sperm viability and longevity [J]. Fertil Steril,1998,69 (3):4252429.
[28]Klinefelter GR, Hess RA. Toxicology of the male external ducts and accessory sex glands. In:Rep roductive and developmental toxicology[M]. Korach KS ed, New York:Marcel ekker,1998.2322591.
[2]Robert MD, Michael D, Mueller MD, et al. Semen quality of male smokers and nonsmokers in infertile couples [J]. Fertil Steril,2003,79 (2):2872291.
[3]林洪,吴发源,于临枫1吸烟对健康人体肺功能的影响1中国病理生理杂志,1996,12：7821
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[5]关志宝,翁立满.吸烟对男性生殖能力的影响.中国误诊学杂志,2005,5(2)：242-3.
[6]Ochedalski T, Lachowicz 0 A, Dec W, et al. Examining the effects of tobacco smoking on levels of certain hormones in serum of young men. Ginekol Pol,1994, 65(2):87-93.
[7]Sofikitis N, Miyagawa I, Dimit riadis D, et al. Effects of smoking on testicular function, semen quality and sperm fertilizing capacity[J]. J Urol 1995,154 (3):1030-1034.
[8]Tapping R, Tobias P. Soluble CD14-mediate cellular response toipopolysaccharide[J]. Chem Immunol,2000,74:108～121.
[9]Fraser L, Wysocki P, Ciereszko A,et al. Application of biochemical markers for identification of biological properties of animal semen[J]. Reprod Biol,2006,suppl 1:5-20.
[10]Dieudonne 0, Godin PA, Van-Langendonckt A, et al. Biochemical analysis of the spermand infertility[J]. Clin Chem Lab Med,2001,39(5):455-457.
[11]Gonzales GF. Function of seminal vesicles and their role on male fertility[J].Asian JAndrol,2001,3(4):251-258
[12]Eggert-Kruse W, Zwick EM, Batschulat K, et al. Arezinc levels in seminal plasma associated with seminal leukocytes and other determinants of semen quality? Fertil Steril 2002; 77 (2):260-269
[13]Chia SE, Ong CN, Chua LH, et al. Comparison of zinc concentrations in blood and seminal plasma and the various sperm parameters between fertile and infertile men[J].J
Androl,2000,21(1):53-57.
[14]Ali H, Baig M, Rana MF, et al. Relationship of serum and seminal plasma zinc levels and serum testosterone in oligospermic and azoospermic infertile men[J]. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak,2005,15(11):671-673.
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[16]Kat herine ME, Peter J P, Helen P, et al. Effect of cigarette smoking on levels of bioavailable testosterone in healthy men[J].Clin Sci(Lond),2001,100(6):661-665.
[17]Wong WY, Thomas CM, Merkus HM, et al. Cigarette smoking and the risk of male factor subfertility:minor association between cotinine in seminal plasma and semen morphology[J]. Fertil Steril,2000,74(5):930-935.
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[21]Lopez S, Jurisicova A, Sun JG, et al. Reactive oxygen species:potential cause forDNA fragmentation in human spermatozoa[J].Hum Rep rod,1998,13 (4): 8962900.
[22]Vine MF, Hulka BS, Margolin BH, et al. Cotinine concentrations in semen, urine, and blood of smokers and nonsmokers, [J]. Am J Pub Health,1993,83 (9) 133521338.
[23]Klinefelter GR, Hess RA. Toxicology of the male external ducts and accessory sex glands. In:Rep roductive and developmental toxicology[M]. Korach KS ed, New York:Marcel ekker,1998.2322591.
[1]林洪,吴发源,于临枫1吸烟对健康人体肺功能的影响1中国病理生理杂志,1996,12：7821
[2]刘世伟,樊希承,于鹭佳,等1吸烟影响红细胞变形能力的实验观察1中国慢性病预防与控制,1996,4：1061
[3]吴阶平.吴阶平泌尿外科学.第2版.济南：山东科学技术出版社,2004
[4]杨麦贵,郝晓柯,郑善銮,等.精液FSH、L H、PRL和T水平与精子质量关系的研究[J].中国男科学杂志,2007,21(5)：11214.
[5]郭应禄,辛钟成.男子生殖医学[M].北京：北京医科大学出版社,2002：124～125.
[6]肖祥熊,等。放射免疫分析,上海；同济大学出版社1986；126
[7]赵琳,等。放射免疫学杂志,1995；8(2)：108
[8]钱悦,曾甫清.雌激素与男性生殖[J].中华泌尿外科杂志,2003,24(7)：4992501.
[9]Anawalt BD, Bebb RA, Matsumoto AM, et al. Serum inhibin Blevels reflect Sertoli cell function in normalmen and men with testicular dysfunction[J]. J Clin EndocrinolMetab,1996,81 (9):3341-3345.
[10]马乐,潘柏年,陈宝英,等.男性不育与辅助生殖技术[M].第1版.北京：人民卫生出版社,2002.1442149.
[11]何家超.男性不育209例病因分析[J].男性学杂志,1997,11(2)：92294.
[12]Sofikitis N, Miyagawa I, Dimit riadis D, et al. Effects of smoking on testicular function, semen quality and sperm fertilizing capacity[J]. J Urol, 1995,154 (3):1030-1034.
[13]Yamamoto Y, Isoyama E, Sofikitis N, et al. Effect s of smoking on testicular function and fertilizing potential in rats [J].Urology,1998,26 (1):45-48.
[14]魏莎莉,周生建,王瑶,等.吸烟对男性精液参数、精子功能及睾酮影响的研究[J].中国男科学杂志,2000,14(4)：237-239.
[15]Trummer H, Habermann H, Hass J, et al. The impact of cigaret te smoking on human semen parameters and hormones[J]. Hum Reprod,2002,17 (6):1554-1559.
[16]Kat herine ME, Peter J P, Helen P, et al. Effect of cigaret tesmoking on levels of bioavailable testosterone in healt hy men[J]. Clin Sci (Lond), 2001,100(6):661-665.
[17]Fraser L, Wysocki P, Ciereszko A, et al. Application of biochemical markers for identification of biological properties of animal semen[J]. Reprod Biol,2006, suppl 1:5-20.
[18]Dieudonne 0, Godin PA, Van-Langendonckt A, et al. Biochemical analysis of the spermand infertility[J]. Clin Chem Lab Med,2001,39(5):455-457.
[19]Gonzales GF. Function of seminal vesicles and their role on male fertility[J].Asian JAndrol,2001,3(4):251-258
[20]Hunt CD, Johnson PE, Herbel J, et al. Effects of dietary zincdep letion on seminal volume and zinc loss, serum testosteroneconcentrations, and sperm morphology in young men [J]. Am JClin Nutr,1992,56 (1):1482157.
[21]Eggert-Kruse W, Zwick EM, Batschulat K, et al. Arezinc levels in seminal plasma associated with seminal leukocytes and other determinants of semen quality? Fertil Steril 2002; 77 (2):260-269
[22]Chia SE, Ong CN, Chua LH, et al. Comparison of zinc concentrations in blood and seminal plasma and the various sperm parameters between fertile and infertile men[J].J
Androl,2000,21(1):53-57.
[23]Ali H, Baig M, Rana MF, et al. Relationship of serum and seminal plasma zinc levels and serum testosterone in oligospermic and azoospermic infertile men[J]. J Coll
Physicians Surg Pak,2005,15(11):671-673.
[24]Lopez S, Jurisicova A, Sun JG, et al. Reactive oxygen species:potential cause forDNA fragmentation in human spermatozoa[J].Hum Rep rod,1998,13 (4) 8962900.
[25]Vine MF, Hulka BS, Margolin BH, et al. Cotinine concentrations in semen, urine, and blood of smokers and nonsmokers, [J]. Am J Pub Health,1993,83 (9) 133521338.
[26]Saleh RA, Agarwal A, Nada EA, et al. Negative effects of increased sperm DNA damage in relation to seminal oxidative stress in men with idiopathic and male factor infertility[J]. Fertil Steril,2003,79 (Supp 13):159721605.
[27]Zavos PM, Correa JR, Antypas S, et al. Effects of seminal p lasma from cigarette smokers on sperm viability and longevity [J]. Fertil Steril,1998,69 (3):4252429.
[28]Klinefelter GR, Hess RA. Toxicology of the male external ducts and accessory sex glands. In:Rep roductive and developmental toxicology[M]. Korach KS ed, New York:Marcel ekker,1998.2322591.