潮湿环境下砖石类文物风化机理与保护方法研究
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摘要
本文对潮湿地区露天环境下砖石质文物的保护进行了研究,潮湿环境下砖石质文物的保护一直是国内外公认的技术难题。本文的研究对象都为潮湿环境下露天不可移动砖石质文物。构成砖石类文物的质地种类繁多,有砂岩、砾岩、石灰岩、大理石、汉白玉、板岩、页岩、凝灰岩、安山岩、花岗岩、伟晶岩、流纹岩、玄武岩等,而且所处自然环境复杂多变,决定了砖石质文物的保护方法也要因地制宜,如露天的与室内的环境不同,保护的方法应不全相同;潮湿温暖的环境与干燥寒冷的环境相差悬殊的情况,相应的保护方法及选用的防护材料就不能一样;处于海边多盐潮湿空气下的文物,保护工作就要首先去除内部的盐分;墓葬内的砖石类文物建筑还要考虑通风、阻止毛细水、凝结水的侵蚀及避免干湿度的急剧变化,防止霉变等,同一质地的文物如果分别处于潮湿温暖地区与干旱寒冷差异悬殊的地区则病害状况也不尽相同,砖石内文物保护一定要考虑到环境的差异性,不能是一个模式和配方,需因地制宜,采用相应的保护方法、材料和工艺。
本文试图从分析研究潮湿地区砖石质文物风化现状及病害机理的角度出发,以《中国文物古迹保护准则》为原则,按照《中华人民共和国文物保护法》(2002)、《中国人民共和国文物保护法实施条例》(2003)、《文物保护工程管理办法》(2003)的有关要求;采用地质学、岩土工程学、岩石学、环境学等相关学科的理论和方法,应用先进的科学仪器,以文物保护的新理念作指导,对高句丽石质文物、西安城墙砖石文物、麟游慈善寺风化石刻、大足石刻、澳门郑家大屋等五处砖石类文物的保存现状、赋存环境、砖石质类型和特点、病害机理及特征进行了全面的调查、分析,重点在于对潮湿环境下的砖石质文物的风化病害的现状调查,并分别分析探讨了五处砖石文物的风化机理。从潮湿环境的气象特征的诸因素中,水包括地下水、地面水、雨水加之温暖潮湿的环境是引起砖石类文物风化等损害的最主要因素,各种病害都是水的参与而产生或加剧,由此依据ASTM标准(American Society for Testing and Materials系美国材料与试验协会的英文缩写)选取了几种防水加固材料对现场收集的样品进行保护材料的室内老化试验和文物现场保护试验,并提出针对生物微生物的生长而相应采取的生物防治对策,首先针对潮湿环境的特殊气候特征而研发了一种复合防腐防霉杀菌剂并通过抑菌圈实验证实了其有效的防治效果,对于潮湿环境的砖石类文物的保护治理总结出可行性保护研究思路。
首次提出针对典型潮湿环境下砖石类文物的可行性保护研究思路,对于易受自然因素风化的典型潮湿地区的砖石类文物的保护,提出一种合理可行性的保护方法,迄今为止,各国学者都是以单一对象的砖石类文物保护为研究目标,而未有人将保护方法归类总结,我们试图寻找可适用于潮湿环境下砖石类文物的可行性保护研究方法。
本文通过文献和实际调查相结合的方法,研究内容包括文物价值调查、文物环境调查、病害分析、保护材料选择以及遗址保护的综合手段设计。主要选用的分析仪器是荷兰Philip-FEI公司的quanta2000环境电子扫描电镜、日本理学株式会社D/Max-RA型X射线分析仪,对砖石类样品进行分析,结合以往的研究成果,揭示砖石类文物产生病害的微观及宏观原因,探讨病害产生的机理。
本文的研究对象砖石质文物都属于不可移动文物遗存,一般体积较大,还都处于户外露天环境下,不能或不宜整体移动,不能像其他馆藏文物一样可以收藏于馆内并轻易移动。但是我们仍然可以通过采取一定的预防性保护方法如制定控制文物保存区域周边的污染物排放、有害气体排放、地面水监管以及游客人数控制、灾害规划等,并加强日常定期的保护工作给予砖石类文物一定的预防性保护措施。
用化学材料加固保护易碎、断裂、塌落的岩石类文物已有一百多年的历史了,罗马时期就用化学材料来保护石雕。根据国内外砖石质文物化学保护的经验,并根据砖石质文物保护的需要进行筛选,选择了若干常用的加固与防水材料,这些保护材料主要为有机硅和丙烯酸树脂,通过室内试验以多种指标(颜色变化、接触角、吸水率、耐水、耐冻融、耐盐、耐酸等)对加固和防水材料进行了初步保护效果检测,给潮湿环境下砖石质文物保护工程的规划和制定提供一定的实验数据支持。国内外现阶段对于砖石质文物加固封护材料效果的检测一般都是采用非文物样品进行老化实验,而对非文物样品封护加固的实验结果并不能直接引入对于真实文物样品的保护中,而本文首次大量引用5处不同环境不同岩性的砖石质文物样品开展大量的检测试验,通过对砂岩、花岗岩、砖质等真实文物的加固封护保护研究,全面系统的通过对孔隙度、毛细吸水率、外观颜色、裂缝等参数的测定来检测冻融、冷热循环、酸碱腐蚀、可溶盐侵蚀等老化实验对加固封护保护材料的耐候性等方面的影响,从微观及宏观角度了解不同加固封护材料对砖石类文物的保护效果,对所选材料如有机硅等对潮湿地区砖石质文物保护的可行性和效果进行研究。
现场应用研究:将实验筛选出的加固封护材料应用于国家级砖石质文物的现场保护研究,主要应用于宝鸡麟游慈善寺、高句丽遗存、西安城墙等文物的保护研究中,其中选取部分通过吸水量、颜色、结壳、润湿角变化等参数来评估保护效果。
选取的五处露天砖石质文物所处的环境具有高湿度、降雨量大等特点,给各种生物体生长繁衍提供了适宜的条件,由此造成的破坏作用不可忽视,这些生命体主要有菌类及低等植物如苔藓、藻类、地衣等,它们常以共生复合体的形式存在,不仅在砖石质文物表面形成各种色斑,严重影响文物原貌,而且还会使砖石质文物发生严重的生物风化,本文试图了解潮湿地区的砖石质文物的病害机理和风化机理,通过对其表面产生生物风化的生物样品进行采集、分离、鉴定后从中选取部分,照顾种群类别,并考虑代谢产物可能有害的菌种,选取了15种菌类,通过科学的配比配制了一种高效、低毒的复合防腐防霉杀菌剂,采用了生物防治实验中最常用的方法——抑菌圈,验证了复合防腐防霉杀菌剂的杀菌抑菌效果,并提出了对砖石文物生物风化的的防治保护方法。
展望:潮湿环境下砖石类文物保护仍然是文物保护领域的难点,该部分的研究还需进一步的完善,未来的工作重点包括以下两个方面:1、对潮湿地区砖石类文物风化保护材料的性能进行更为深入的研究。2、通过更多的实验数据调查,对本文所选取的五处潮湿环境的砖石质文物的现场实验区域的保护效果进行考证。
Due to complicated environment factors ,these brick and stone cultural heritage, which are widely distributed in the nature including sandstone, conglomerate, limestone, marble, white marble, slate, shale, tuff, andesite, granite, basalt, ,are subject to serious degradation .take moist and arid environment for example, we should adjust conservation treatments and materials. when it comes to the stone cultural heritage by the sea, first of all we should remove the water-soluble salts .when it comes to the stone cultural heritage inside the tombs ,we should take drafty and restraints of capillary water and condensation water, avoiding the sudden changes of humidity and biodeterioration.we should adjust measures to local conditions and take the differences of environment into granted while exerting appropriate materials and skills to conserve these stone cultural heritages.
From the viewpoint of rescue protection according to the law of the people’s Repubic of china on the protection of cultural relics (2002)and Principles for the Conservation of Heritage Sites in china (2004),field investigation and geotechnical tests are conducted for the present conservation condition, architectural techniques ,the lodging environment. In this study different efflorescence of historic stones (physical weathering, chemical weathering and biological weathering) and the efflorescence mechanism of the stone cultural heritage in moisture circumstances were measured ,we choose Gaogouli’s Stone cultural heritage、Xi’an city wall、linyou’s carved stone、DaZu’carved stone、Macao’stone cultural heritage as the inspection targets. ,and some results were concluded, Water ,including underground water、surface water、rainfall and moist environment are the key element which generate serious degradation .
The investigation of a lot of parameters about treated sandstone, brick with several water repellent and consolidant materials has been carried out , mainly according to ASTM standard and the combination of international methods together with general technological. The protection mechanism was analyzed on the understanding of these results. Finally we analyse the feasibility of these materials in the reinforcing of true cultural object protect. And due to the serious biodeterioration in moisture circumstances, and we put forward the prevention and cure for the biological degradation of Stone cultural heritage in these moisture circumstances.
When confronted with decaying stonework, we always aim at individual conservation target and never summarizing in category the experience for these brick and stone cultural heritage in moisture circumstances. This paper discusses necessity, feasibility, and basic methods of the conservation of typical brick and stone cultural heritage in moisture circumstances .
Although these stonework and brickwork are outside in moisture circumstances, we still can do something to the environment , which embrace a very wide range of topics legislation to protect individual stonework, pollution control, traffic control, control of ground water, visitor management and disaster planning.
One hundred years ago we have found some materials to penetrate the decayed stone , with evidence for Roman use of pastes applied to recently sculpted stone, which binding it together and securing it onto the sound stone beneath. Organic silicon, which was widely used in stone conservation, was selected as surface protectant . Some common stone were used as protected objects, such as sandstone, tuff, dolomite, marble and granite. A series of artificial weathering experiments, which included single or cooperative effect of major ruinous factors-dry-wet cycle, salt crystallization, freezing and heating were simulated and researched.
Based on investigation and the actual survey work, The research includes value assessment, environmental influence factors, causes of deterioration, choice of chemical treatments by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and other testing methods , the results help us to draw all kinds of mechanism of degradation formation ,such as porosity ,capillary absorption and penetration coefficient ,water uptake, warming-cooling cycles, the influence of salts crystallization, acid and base, and UV aging and so on, in order to better understand the protection effects and utilization possibility of two fluorinated polymers.
And due to the serious biodeterioration in moisture circumstances ,many organisms contribute to the deterioration of stone and brick such as colorful lichens, mildew and creepers, we choose one composite fungicide which can prevent the growth of microorganisms from the site were identified, And also, we conduct the experiment of Zones of inhibition and put forward the Preventive and remedial methods for Stone cultural heritage in these moisture circumstances. The conservation of typical brick and stone cultural heritage in moisture circumstances is the difficult point , we should make a deeper research into the conservation materials, select most appropriate material from a wider range of choices; and we should move forward a single step into the trial results.
本文试图从分析研究潮湿地区砖石质文物风化现状及病害机理的角度出发,以《中国文物古迹保护准则》为原则,按照《中华人民共和国文物保护法》(2002)、《中国人民共和国文物保护法实施条例》(2003)、《文物保护工程管理办法》(2003)的有关要求;采用地质学、岩土工程学、岩石学、环境学等相关学科的理论和方法,应用先进的科学仪器,以文物保护的新理念作指导,对高句丽石质文物、西安城墙砖石文物、麟游慈善寺风化石刻、大足石刻、澳门郑家大屋等五处砖石类文物的保存现状、赋存环境、砖石质类型和特点、病害机理及特征进行了全面的调查、分析,重点在于对潮湿环境下的砖石质文物的风化病害的现状调查,并分别分析探讨了五处砖石文物的风化机理。从潮湿环境的气象特征的诸因素中,水包括地下水、地面水、雨水加之温暖潮湿的环境是引起砖石类文物风化等损害的最主要因素,各种病害都是水的参与而产生或加剧,由此依据ASTM标准(American Society for Testing and Materials系美国材料与试验协会的英文缩写)选取了几种防水加固材料对现场收集的样品进行保护材料的室内老化试验和文物现场保护试验,并提出针对生物微生物的生长而相应采取的生物防治对策,首先针对潮湿环境的特殊气候特征而研发了一种复合防腐防霉杀菌剂并通过抑菌圈实验证实了其有效的防治效果,对于潮湿环境的砖石类文物的保护治理总结出可行性保护研究思路。
首次提出针对典型潮湿环境下砖石类文物的可行性保护研究思路,对于易受自然因素风化的典型潮湿地区的砖石类文物的保护,提出一种合理可行性的保护方法,迄今为止,各国学者都是以单一对象的砖石类文物保护为研究目标,而未有人将保护方法归类总结,我们试图寻找可适用于潮湿环境下砖石类文物的可行性保护研究方法。
本文通过文献和实际调查相结合的方法,研究内容包括文物价值调查、文物环境调查、病害分析、保护材料选择以及遗址保护的综合手段设计。主要选用的分析仪器是荷兰Philip-FEI公司的quanta2000环境电子扫描电镜、日本理学株式会社D/Max-RA型X射线分析仪,对砖石类样品进行分析,结合以往的研究成果,揭示砖石类文物产生病害的微观及宏观原因,探讨病害产生的机理。
本文的研究对象砖石质文物都属于不可移动文物遗存,一般体积较大,还都处于户外露天环境下,不能或不宜整体移动,不能像其他馆藏文物一样可以收藏于馆内并轻易移动。但是我们仍然可以通过采取一定的预防性保护方法如制定控制文物保存区域周边的污染物排放、有害气体排放、地面水监管以及游客人数控制、灾害规划等,并加强日常定期的保护工作给予砖石类文物一定的预防性保护措施。
用化学材料加固保护易碎、断裂、塌落的岩石类文物已有一百多年的历史了,罗马时期就用化学材料来保护石雕。根据国内外砖石质文物化学保护的经验,并根据砖石质文物保护的需要进行筛选,选择了若干常用的加固与防水材料,这些保护材料主要为有机硅和丙烯酸树脂,通过室内试验以多种指标(颜色变化、接触角、吸水率、耐水、耐冻融、耐盐、耐酸等)对加固和防水材料进行了初步保护效果检测,给潮湿环境下砖石质文物保护工程的规划和制定提供一定的实验数据支持。国内外现阶段对于砖石质文物加固封护材料效果的检测一般都是采用非文物样品进行老化实验,而对非文物样品封护加固的实验结果并不能直接引入对于真实文物样品的保护中,而本文首次大量引用5处不同环境不同岩性的砖石质文物样品开展大量的检测试验,通过对砂岩、花岗岩、砖质等真实文物的加固封护保护研究,全面系统的通过对孔隙度、毛细吸水率、外观颜色、裂缝等参数的测定来检测冻融、冷热循环、酸碱腐蚀、可溶盐侵蚀等老化实验对加固封护保护材料的耐候性等方面的影响,从微观及宏观角度了解不同加固封护材料对砖石类文物的保护效果,对所选材料如有机硅等对潮湿地区砖石质文物保护的可行性和效果进行研究。
现场应用研究:将实验筛选出的加固封护材料应用于国家级砖石质文物的现场保护研究,主要应用于宝鸡麟游慈善寺、高句丽遗存、西安城墙等文物的保护研究中,其中选取部分通过吸水量、颜色、结壳、润湿角变化等参数来评估保护效果。
选取的五处露天砖石质文物所处的环境具有高湿度、降雨量大等特点,给各种生物体生长繁衍提供了适宜的条件,由此造成的破坏作用不可忽视,这些生命体主要有菌类及低等植物如苔藓、藻类、地衣等,它们常以共生复合体的形式存在,不仅在砖石质文物表面形成各种色斑,严重影响文物原貌,而且还会使砖石质文物发生严重的生物风化,本文试图了解潮湿地区的砖石质文物的病害机理和风化机理,通过对其表面产生生物风化的生物样品进行采集、分离、鉴定后从中选取部分,照顾种群类别,并考虑代谢产物可能有害的菌种,选取了15种菌类,通过科学的配比配制了一种高效、低毒的复合防腐防霉杀菌剂,采用了生物防治实验中最常用的方法——抑菌圈,验证了复合防腐防霉杀菌剂的杀菌抑菌效果,并提出了对砖石文物生物风化的的防治保护方法。
展望:潮湿环境下砖石类文物保护仍然是文物保护领域的难点,该部分的研究还需进一步的完善,未来的工作重点包括以下两个方面:1、对潮湿地区砖石类文物风化保护材料的性能进行更为深入的研究。2、通过更多的实验数据调查,对本文所选取的五处潮湿环境的砖石质文物的现场实验区域的保护效果进行考证。
Due to complicated environment factors ,these brick and stone cultural heritage, which are widely distributed in the nature including sandstone, conglomerate, limestone, marble, white marble, slate, shale, tuff, andesite, granite, basalt, ,are subject to serious degradation .take moist and arid environment for example, we should adjust conservation treatments and materials. when it comes to the stone cultural heritage by the sea, first of all we should remove the water-soluble salts .when it comes to the stone cultural heritage inside the tombs ,we should take drafty and restraints of capillary water and condensation water, avoiding the sudden changes of humidity and biodeterioration.we should adjust measures to local conditions and take the differences of environment into granted while exerting appropriate materials and skills to conserve these stone cultural heritages.
From the viewpoint of rescue protection according to the law of the people’s Repubic of china on the protection of cultural relics (2002)and Principles for the Conservation of Heritage Sites in china (2004),field investigation and geotechnical tests are conducted for the present conservation condition, architectural techniques ,the lodging environment. In this study different efflorescence of historic stones (physical weathering, chemical weathering and biological weathering) and the efflorescence mechanism of the stone cultural heritage in moisture circumstances were measured ,we choose Gaogouli’s Stone cultural heritage、Xi’an city wall、linyou’s carved stone、DaZu’carved stone、Macao’stone cultural heritage as the inspection targets. ,and some results were concluded, Water ,including underground water、surface water、rainfall and moist environment are the key element which generate serious degradation .
The investigation of a lot of parameters about treated sandstone, brick with several water repellent and consolidant materials has been carried out , mainly according to ASTM standard and the combination of international methods together with general technological. The protection mechanism was analyzed on the understanding of these results. Finally we analyse the feasibility of these materials in the reinforcing of true cultural object protect. And due to the serious biodeterioration in moisture circumstances, and we put forward the prevention and cure for the biological degradation of Stone cultural heritage in these moisture circumstances.
When confronted with decaying stonework, we always aim at individual conservation target and never summarizing in category the experience for these brick and stone cultural heritage in moisture circumstances. This paper discusses necessity, feasibility, and basic methods of the conservation of typical brick and stone cultural heritage in moisture circumstances .
Although these stonework and brickwork are outside in moisture circumstances, we still can do something to the environment , which embrace a very wide range of topics legislation to protect individual stonework, pollution control, traffic control, control of ground water, visitor management and disaster planning.
One hundred years ago we have found some materials to penetrate the decayed stone , with evidence for Roman use of pastes applied to recently sculpted stone, which binding it together and securing it onto the sound stone beneath. Organic silicon, which was widely used in stone conservation, was selected as surface protectant . Some common stone were used as protected objects, such as sandstone, tuff, dolomite, marble and granite. A series of artificial weathering experiments, which included single or cooperative effect of major ruinous factors-dry-wet cycle, salt crystallization, freezing and heating were simulated and researched.
Based on investigation and the actual survey work, The research includes value assessment, environmental influence factors, causes of deterioration, choice of chemical treatments by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and other testing methods , the results help us to draw all kinds of mechanism of degradation formation ,such as porosity ,capillary absorption and penetration coefficient ,water uptake, warming-cooling cycles, the influence of salts crystallization, acid and base, and UV aging and so on, in order to better understand the protection effects and utilization possibility of two fluorinated polymers.
And due to the serious biodeterioration in moisture circumstances ,many organisms contribute to the deterioration of stone and brick such as colorful lichens, mildew and creepers, we choose one composite fungicide which can prevent the growth of microorganisms from the site were identified, And also, we conduct the experiment of Zones of inhibition and put forward the Preventive and remedial methods for Stone cultural heritage in these moisture circumstances. The conservation of typical brick and stone cultural heritage in moisture circumstances is the difficult point , we should make a deeper research into the conservation materials, select most appropriate material from a wider range of choices; and we should move forward a single step into the trial results.
引文
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