吡啶羧酸铬对笼养重产蛋鸭生产性能及生化指标影响的研究
|
摘要
本试验选用休产后重新开产前体重相近的金定鸭90只，在笼养条件下，随机分为五组，每组三个重复，每个重复6只试鸭。研究日粮中添加不同水平吡啶羧酸铬对笼养重产蛋鸭生产性能、营养物质利用率、血清生化指标以及组织矿物元素的影响。日粮中添加铬水平分别为0、100、200、400、800μg/kg。试验期为六周。
饲养试验结果表明，日粮中添加吡啶羧酸铬200μg/kg和400μg/kg有促进重产蛋鸭早期开产的趋势，提高产蛋率、平均蛋重和蛋壳品质。日粮中添加铬400μg/kg能够显著降低重产蛋鸭血清葡萄糖水平(P<0.05)，提高血清碱性磷酸酶水平，提高重产蛋鸭的繁殖机能。重产蛋鸭日粮适宜铬水平为200~400μg/kg，过高或过低的铬水平均不能最佳发挥重产蛋鸭的生产性能。
代谢试验结果表明，日粮中添加吡啶羧酸铬对蛋鸭的能量、粗蛋白、钙、磷、钾、镁、铁的利用率无显著影响（P>0.05）。补铬200μg/kg有提高能量、粗蛋白、钙、磷、镁、铁利用率的趋势。补铬800μg/kg与补铬200μg/kg相比，显著降低了锌的吸收（P<0.05），但钠的利用率显著高于补铬200μg/kg组（P<0.05）。从营养物质利用率分析，笼养重产蛋鸭日粮铬适宜添加水平为200μg/kg。
采血试验结果表明，日粮中补铬400μg/kg能够显著降低重产蛋鸭血清葡萄糖和血清阳离子间隙水平(P<0.05)。日粮中补铬对重产蛋鸭血清甘油三脂、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、血清蛋白、血清酶和无机离子的含量以及血清渗透压均无显著影响(P>0.05)。与对照组相比，补铬100μg/kg和800μg/kg能够显著降低血清中肌酐的含量(P<0.05)；补铬100μg/kg组血清尿素氮与肌酐的比值显著高于对照组和补铬800μg/kg组(P<0.05)。
屠宰试验结果表明，肺脏、肾脏和脾脏中各种矿物元素的含量差异均不显著（P>0.05），补铬200μg/kg组心脏钙的含量显著高于补铬100μg/kg、400μg/kg和800μg/kg组（P<0.05）；补铬200μg/kg和400μg/kg组肝脏中磷的含量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。补铬200μg/kg和400μg/kg组蛋黄中铁的含量显著高于对照组（P<0.05），与补铬100μg/kg组差异显著（P<0.05）；补铬100μg/kg组蛋黄中镁的含量显著低于对照组（P<0.05），对照组蛋壳中锌的含量显著高于补铬100μg/kg组（P<0.05），其它组间差异不显著(P>.05)；补铬100μg/kg组蛋壳中钾和钠的含量都显著高于补铬400μg/kg 和800μg/kg组（P<0.05）。
The experiment was conducted to study the effect of Chromium Picolinate on resuming laying ducks in cage. In the experiment, 90 Jin Ding ducks, which resumed to lay eggs after stopping laying, were used to evaluate the effect of different dietary chromium picolinate level on the laying performance, nutrient efficiency, blood serum bicochemical traits and mineral element in tissue. Diet was respectively supplemented with 0、100、200、400、800μg/kg chromium picolinate for 6 weeks.
The results of feeding experiment showed that chromium picolinate at 200~400μg/kg tend to promote resuming laying ducks to lay eggs earlier, enhance egg productive ratio, mean egg weight and quality of egg shell. Diet supplemented with 400μg/kg chromium picolinate could decrease GLU concentration in blood significantly(P<0.05), increase ALP concentration and enhance the productive performance of resuming laying ducks. The results suggested that the appropriate chromium level is 200~400μg/kg, more or less chromium level couldn’t develop the productivity of resuming laying ducks well.
The results of metabolic experiment showed that chromium picolinate couldn’t significantly influence the efficiency of ME, CP, Ca, P, K, Mg and Fe(P>0.05). Diet supplemented with 200μg/kg tend to promote the efficiency of ME, CP, Ca, P, Mg, Fe. Supplemental Cr at 200μg/kg significantly reduced the absorption of Zn compared to supplemental Cr at 800μg/kg (P<0.05). But the efficiency of Na was higher than supplemental Cr at 200μg/kg significantly (P<0.05). The results suggested that the appropriate chromium level is 200μg/kg.
The results of blood sampling experiment showed that chromium picolinate at 400μg/kg could significantly decrease the contents of GLU and AG in blood(P<0.05). Diet supplemented chromium picolinate couldn’t significantly influence TG, CHOL, HDL, Serum protein, anions and cations, enzymes and OSM in blood(P>0.05). Supplemental Cr at 100μg/kg and 800μg/kg significantly reduced the content of serum CRE compared to control(P<0.05). (B:C) of ducks supplemented with 100μg/kg Cr were higher than control and supplemental Cr at 800μg/kg (P<0.05).
The results of slaughter experiment showed that chromium picolinate couldn’t significantly influence the content of mineral elements in lung,kidney and spleen(P>0.05). The content of Ca in heart of ducks supplemented with 200μg/kg Cr were higher than supplemental Cr at 100μg/kg, 400μg/kg and 800μg/kg(P<0.05). The content of P in liver of ducks supplemented with 200μg/kg and 400μg/kg Cr were higher than control(P<0.05). The content
of Fe in yolk of ducks supplemented with 200μg/kg and 400μg/kg Cr were higher than control and supplemental Cr at 100μg/kg(P<0.05). The content of Mg in yolk of ducks supplemented with 100μg/kg Cr were lower than control(P<0.05). The content of Zn in eggshell of control were higher than supplemental Cr at 100μg/kg(P<0.05). The content of K and Na in eggshell of ducks supplemented with 100μg/kg Cr were higher than supplemental Cr at 400μg/kg and 800μg/kg (P<0.05).
Master candidate: Zhang Dalei Major: Animal Nutrition and Feed Science
Supervisor: Prof. Wang An
饲养试验结果表明，日粮中添加吡啶羧酸铬200μg/kg和400μg/kg有促进重产蛋鸭早期开产的趋势，提高产蛋率、平均蛋重和蛋壳品质。日粮中添加铬400μg/kg能够显著降低重产蛋鸭血清葡萄糖水平(P<0.05)，提高血清碱性磷酸酶水平，提高重产蛋鸭的繁殖机能。重产蛋鸭日粮适宜铬水平为200~400μg/kg，过高或过低的铬水平均不能最佳发挥重产蛋鸭的生产性能。
代谢试验结果表明，日粮中添加吡啶羧酸铬对蛋鸭的能量、粗蛋白、钙、磷、钾、镁、铁的利用率无显著影响（P>0.05）。补铬200μg/kg有提高能量、粗蛋白、钙、磷、镁、铁利用率的趋势。补铬800μg/kg与补铬200μg/kg相比，显著降低了锌的吸收（P<0.05），但钠的利用率显著高于补铬200μg/kg组（P<0.05）。从营养物质利用率分析，笼养重产蛋鸭日粮铬适宜添加水平为200μg/kg。
采血试验结果表明，日粮中补铬400μg/kg能够显著降低重产蛋鸭血清葡萄糖和血清阳离子间隙水平(P<0.05)。日粮中补铬对重产蛋鸭血清甘油三脂、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、血清蛋白、血清酶和无机离子的含量以及血清渗透压均无显著影响(P>0.05)。与对照组相比，补铬100μg/kg和800μg/kg能够显著降低血清中肌酐的含量(P<0.05)；补铬100μg/kg组血清尿素氮与肌酐的比值显著高于对照组和补铬800μg/kg组(P<0.05)。
屠宰试验结果表明，肺脏、肾脏和脾脏中各种矿物元素的含量差异均不显著（P>0.05），补铬200μg/kg组心脏钙的含量显著高于补铬100μg/kg、400μg/kg和800μg/kg组（P<0.05）；补铬200μg/kg和400μg/kg组肝脏中磷的含量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。补铬200μg/kg和400μg/kg组蛋黄中铁的含量显著高于对照组（P<0.05），与补铬100μg/kg组差异显著（P<0.05）；补铬100μg/kg组蛋黄中镁的含量显著低于对照组（P<0.05），对照组蛋壳中锌的含量显著高于补铬100μg/kg组（P<0.05），其它组间差异不显著(P>.05)；补铬100μg/kg组蛋壳中钾和钠的含量都显著高于补铬400μg/kg 和800μg/kg组（P<0.05）。
The experiment was conducted to study the effect of Chromium Picolinate on resuming laying ducks in cage. In the experiment, 90 Jin Ding ducks, which resumed to lay eggs after stopping laying, were used to evaluate the effect of different dietary chromium picolinate level on the laying performance, nutrient efficiency, blood serum bicochemical traits and mineral element in tissue. Diet was respectively supplemented with 0、100、200、400、800μg/kg chromium picolinate for 6 weeks.
The results of feeding experiment showed that chromium picolinate at 200~400μg/kg tend to promote resuming laying ducks to lay eggs earlier, enhance egg productive ratio, mean egg weight and quality of egg shell. Diet supplemented with 400μg/kg chromium picolinate could decrease GLU concentration in blood significantly(P<0.05), increase ALP concentration and enhance the productive performance of resuming laying ducks. The results suggested that the appropriate chromium level is 200~400μg/kg, more or less chromium level couldn’t develop the productivity of resuming laying ducks well.
The results of metabolic experiment showed that chromium picolinate couldn’t significantly influence the efficiency of ME, CP, Ca, P, K, Mg and Fe(P>0.05). Diet supplemented with 200μg/kg tend to promote the efficiency of ME, CP, Ca, P, Mg, Fe. Supplemental Cr at 200μg/kg significantly reduced the absorption of Zn compared to supplemental Cr at 800μg/kg (P<0.05). But the efficiency of Na was higher than supplemental Cr at 200μg/kg significantly (P<0.05). The results suggested that the appropriate chromium level is 200μg/kg.
The results of blood sampling experiment showed that chromium picolinate at 400μg/kg could significantly decrease the contents of GLU and AG in blood(P<0.05). Diet supplemented chromium picolinate couldn’t significantly influence TG, CHOL, HDL, Serum protein, anions and cations, enzymes and OSM in blood(P>0.05). Supplemental Cr at 100μg/kg and 800μg/kg significantly reduced the content of serum CRE compared to control(P<0.05). (B:C) of ducks supplemented with 100μg/kg Cr were higher than control and supplemental Cr at 800μg/kg (P<0.05).
The results of slaughter experiment showed that chromium picolinate couldn’t significantly influence the content of mineral elements in lung,kidney and spleen(P>0.05). The content of Ca in heart of ducks supplemented with 200μg/kg Cr were higher than supplemental Cr at 100μg/kg, 400μg/kg and 800μg/kg(P<0.05). The content of P in liver of ducks supplemented with 200μg/kg and 400μg/kg Cr were higher than control(P<0.05). The content
of Fe in yolk of ducks supplemented with 200μg/kg and 400μg/kg Cr were higher than control and supplemental Cr at 100μg/kg(P<0.05). The content of Mg in yolk of ducks supplemented with 100μg/kg Cr were lower than control(P<0.05). The content of Zn in eggshell of control were higher than supplemental Cr at 100μg/kg(P<0.05). The content of K and Na in eggshell of ducks supplemented with 100μg/kg Cr were higher than supplemental Cr at 400μg/kg and 800μg/kg (P<0.05).
Master candidate: Zhang Dalei Major: Animal Nutrition and Feed Science
Supervisor: Prof. Wang An
引文
1 陈勇编译.有机铬对家禽代谢胴体组成和禽蛋营养成分的影响.国外畜牧学—饲料.1999(3)：36~43
2 陈敏章，蒋朱明. 临床水与电解质平衡. 第二版.人民卫生出版社，2000
3 董晓惠，陈靖华，滕冰，韩友文. 2001. 不同形式铬对肉用仔鸡生产性能、营养物质代谢和器官重的影响.动物营养学报.13（2）：46
4 方根华.蛋鸭营养需要及日粮配制技术探讨.江西饲料.1998(1)：18 ~19
5 呙于明等.高温应激对肉仔鸡的影响及补铬的效果研究.畜牧兽医学报.1998(4)：339~344
郭艳丽等.畜禽铬营养作用的研究进展.国外畜牧科技.1996,23(6)：9~13
蒋春茂等.养鸭业可持续发展的障碍及其对策.中国家禽.2000,12(6)：6~7
梁巍.蛋鸭笼养与放牧效益探讨.四川畜禽.1997(9)：16
刘平祥等.铬对产蛋鸡生产性能的影响及其在体内的分布.江西农业大学学报.1999，21(4)：564~568
10 刘平祥等.铬对产蛋鸡生殖激素分泌的影响.江西农业大学学报.2001,22(4)：69~72
11 刘彩霓等.酵母铬对肉仔鸡脂类代谢及生产性能影响的研究.动物营养学报.1997 (4)：24~30
李海峰，龚启斌.蛋鸡生产期日粮补铬试验研究.饲料研究.1999,10：28~30
李丽立等.酵母铬对肉鸭生产性能和生化指标的影响.饲料研究.2001(1)：30~32
罗绪刚等.饲粮铬对热应激产蛋鸡产蛋性能，蛋品质，血清生化特性及免疫功能的影响.畜牧兽医学报.2002,33(4)：313~320
15 彭秀丽等.日粮补铬对肉仔鸡血清胆固醇及腹脂率的影响.中国家禽.1999(11)：31
16 史清河.家禽三价铬的研究进展.饲料博览.1999(4)：9~11
17 田晓华等.富铬酵母降低高血脂作用的研究.营养学报.1994,16(2)：126
18 王安等.笼养蛋鸭综合养殖技术.第一版.黑龙江科学技术出版社,2003：1~8
19 王丹莉等.日粮铬水平对肉鸡生长性能、免役机能及胴体脂肪含量的影响.动物营养学报.1999(2)：19~23
20 汪汉华译.蛋鸭的营养需要.国外畜牧学.猪与禽.2000(5):15~18
21 许怀让.铬酵母对肉用仔鸡生产性能的效应.国外畜牧科技.1999(4)：35~37
22 翟桂玉.动物营养中重要的微量元素—铬.国外畜牧—饲料.1992(1)：18~27
23 张伟，韩友文.铬的营养及应用研究进展.饲料工业.1998,19(11)：17~21
24 张伟等.铬对肉仔鸡日粮中能量、粗蛋白与粗脂肪表观代谢率的影响.中国畜牧兽医学会动物营养学分会论文集.黑龙江人民出版社.2000：125 ~ 130
25 张伟.鸭的营养需要特点.畜禽业.1998(8):22~23
26 赵丽军.浅谈蛋鸭笼养及发展潜力.中国家禽.1999,21(1)：18~19
27 郑丽祯等.立体笼养蛋鸭生产性能的观察.福建畜牧兽医.1999,21(4):3~4
28 赵红霞等.胰岛素样生长因子–I研究与应用.畜牧与兽医.2002,34（6）：36~38
29 Abraham A S, B A Brooks,U Eylath. The Action of Chromium on Serum Lipids and on Atherosclerosis in Cholesterol–fed Rabbits. Atherosclerosis.1982(42)：185
30 Burton J L, B A Mallard, D N Mowat. Effects of Supple Mental Chromium on Immune Responsives of Periparturient and Early Lactation Dairy Cows. J Anim Sci.1993(71)：1532~1539
31 Chang X, Mowat D N. Supple Mental Chromium for Stressed and Growing Feeder Calves. J Anim Sci.1992(70)：559~565
32 Jensen L S, Maurice D V, Murray M W. Evidence for A New Biological Function of Chromium. Fed Proc.1978(37)：404
33 Kim Y. H. et al. Effects of Dietary Excessive Chromium Picolinate on Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilizability and Serum Traits in Broiler Chicks. Asian–Australasian J. Anim. Sci.1995(9)：349~354
34 Kornegay E. T，Z Wang，C. M. Wood,M. D. Lindemann. Supplemental Chromium Picolinate Influences Nitrogen Balance, Dry Matter Digestibility, and Carcass Traits in Growing- finishing Pigs. J. Anim. Sci.1975(75)：1319~1323
35 Lindemann M D, C M Wood, A F Harper, E T Kornegay. Chromium Picolinate Additions Diets of Growing – finishing Pigs. J Anim. Sci.1993, 71(Suppl.1)：14(Abstr.)
36 Lindemann M D, C M Wood, A F Harper, E T Kornegay, R A Anderson.Dietary Chromium Picolinate Additions Improve Gain:Feed and Carcass Characteristics in Growing–finishing Pigs and Increase Litter Size in Reproducing Sows. J Anim. Sci. 1995(73)：457~465
37 Mertz W. Chromium in Human Nutrition:A Review. J Nutr.1993(123)：626
38 Michatle et al. Chromium and Vanadium Effects Glucose Metabolusm and Lipid Synthesis in The Chick. Poultry Science.1987(66)：120
39 Moss B W. Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes. Clinical Chemistry, 1982(28)：2207~2216
40 Page T G, L L Southern, T L Ward, D L Thompson. Effect to Chromium Picolinate on Growth and Serum and Carcass Traits of Growing Finishing Pigs. J Anim . Sci.1993(71)：656~662
41 Schrauzer G N, Shrestha K P, Molenaar T B,Mead S. Effects of Cr Supple Mentation on Feed Energy Utilization and The Trace Element Composition in The Liver and Heart of Glucose–exposed Young Mice. Biol. Trace Elem. Res.1986(9)：79
42 Siegel H S,Van Kanmpan M. Energy Relationships in Growing Chickens Given Daily Injections of Corticosterone. British Poultry Science.1984(25)：471~485
43 Steele N C, Rosebrough R W. Trivalent Chromium and Nicotinic Acid Supple Mentation for The Turkey Poult. Poultry Science.1979(58)：983
44 Word T. L，L. L. Southern，S. S. Boleman. Effect of Dietary Chromium Picolinate on Growth, Nitrogen Balance and Body Composition of Growing Broiler Chicks. Poult. Sci.
1993,72(Suppl. 1)：37
45 Yanjie Sun, Kavita Mallya, Juliet Ramirez, J. B. Vincent. The Biomimetic 〔Cr3O(O2CCH2CH3)6(H2O)3〕+ Decreases Plasma Cholesterol and Tyiglycerides in Rat:Towards Chromium-containing Therapeutics. Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry.1999(6)：838~845
2 陈敏章，蒋朱明. 临床水与电解质平衡. 第二版.人民卫生出版社，2000
3 董晓惠，陈靖华，滕冰，韩友文. 2001. 不同形式铬对肉用仔鸡生产性能、营养物质代谢和器官重的影响.动物营养学报.13（2）：46
4 方根华.蛋鸭营养需要及日粮配制技术探讨.江西饲料.1998(1)：18 ~19
5 呙于明等.高温应激对肉仔鸡的影响及补铬的效果研究.畜牧兽医学报.1998(4)：339~344
郭艳丽等.畜禽铬营养作用的研究进展.国外畜牧科技.1996,23(6)：9~13
蒋春茂等.养鸭业可持续发展的障碍及其对策.中国家禽.2000,12(6)：6~7
梁巍.蛋鸭笼养与放牧效益探讨.四川畜禽.1997(9)：16
刘平祥等.铬对产蛋鸡生产性能的影响及其在体内的分布.江西农业大学学报.1999，21(4)：564~568
10 刘平祥等.铬对产蛋鸡生殖激素分泌的影响.江西农业大学学报.2001,22(4)：69~72
11 刘彩霓等.酵母铬对肉仔鸡脂类代谢及生产性能影响的研究.动物营养学报.1997 (4)：24~30
李海峰，龚启斌.蛋鸡生产期日粮补铬试验研究.饲料研究.1999,10：28~30
李丽立等.酵母铬对肉鸭生产性能和生化指标的影响.饲料研究.2001(1)：30~32
罗绪刚等.饲粮铬对热应激产蛋鸡产蛋性能，蛋品质，血清生化特性及免疫功能的影响.畜牧兽医学报.2002,33(4)：313~320
15 彭秀丽等.日粮补铬对肉仔鸡血清胆固醇及腹脂率的影响.中国家禽.1999(11)：31
16 史清河.家禽三价铬的研究进展.饲料博览.1999(4)：9~11
17 田晓华等.富铬酵母降低高血脂作用的研究.营养学报.1994,16(2)：126
18 王安等.笼养蛋鸭综合养殖技术.第一版.黑龙江科学技术出版社,2003：1~8
19 王丹莉等.日粮铬水平对肉鸡生长性能、免役机能及胴体脂肪含量的影响.动物营养学报.1999(2)：19~23
20 汪汉华译.蛋鸭的营养需要.国外畜牧学.猪与禽.2000(5):15~18
21 许怀让.铬酵母对肉用仔鸡生产性能的效应.国外畜牧科技.1999(4)：35~37
22 翟桂玉.动物营养中重要的微量元素—铬.国外畜牧—饲料.1992(1)：18~27
23 张伟，韩友文.铬的营养及应用研究进展.饲料工业.1998,19(11)：17~21
24 张伟等.铬对肉仔鸡日粮中能量、粗蛋白与粗脂肪表观代谢率的影响.中国畜牧兽医学会动物营养学分会论文集.黑龙江人民出版社.2000：125 ~ 130
25 张伟.鸭的营养需要特点.畜禽业.1998(8):22~23
26 赵丽军.浅谈蛋鸭笼养及发展潜力.中国家禽.1999,21(1)：18~19
27 郑丽祯等.立体笼养蛋鸭生产性能的观察.福建畜牧兽医.1999,21(4):3~4
28 赵红霞等.胰岛素样生长因子–I研究与应用.畜牧与兽医.2002,34（6）：36~38
29 Abraham A S, B A Brooks,U Eylath. The Action of Chromium on Serum Lipids and on Atherosclerosis in Cholesterol–fed Rabbits. Atherosclerosis.1982(42)：185
30 Burton J L, B A Mallard, D N Mowat. Effects of Supple Mental Chromium on Immune Responsives of Periparturient and Early Lactation Dairy Cows. J Anim Sci.1993(71)：1532~1539
31 Chang X, Mowat D N. Supple Mental Chromium for Stressed and Growing Feeder Calves. J Anim Sci.1992(70)：559~565
32 Jensen L S, Maurice D V, Murray M W. Evidence for A New Biological Function of Chromium. Fed Proc.1978(37)：404
33 Kim Y. H. et al. Effects of Dietary Excessive Chromium Picolinate on Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilizability and Serum Traits in Broiler Chicks. Asian–Australasian J. Anim. Sci.1995(9)：349~354
34 Kornegay E. T，Z Wang，C. M. Wood,M. D. Lindemann. Supplemental Chromium Picolinate Influences Nitrogen Balance, Dry Matter Digestibility, and Carcass Traits in Growing- finishing Pigs. J. Anim. Sci.1975(75)：1319~1323
35 Lindemann M D, C M Wood, A F Harper, E T Kornegay. Chromium Picolinate Additions Diets of Growing – finishing Pigs. J Anim. Sci.1993, 71(Suppl.1)：14(Abstr.)
36 Lindemann M D, C M Wood, A F Harper, E T Kornegay, R A Anderson.Dietary Chromium Picolinate Additions Improve Gain:Feed and Carcass Characteristics in Growing–finishing Pigs and Increase Litter Size in Reproducing Sows. J Anim. Sci. 1995(73)：457~465
37 Mertz W. Chromium in Human Nutrition:A Review. J Nutr.1993(123)：626
38 Michatle et al. Chromium and Vanadium Effects Glucose Metabolusm and Lipid Synthesis in The Chick. Poultry Science.1987(66)：120
39 Moss B W. Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes. Clinical Chemistry, 1982(28)：2207~2216
40 Page T G, L L Southern, T L Ward, D L Thompson. Effect to Chromium Picolinate on Growth and Serum and Carcass Traits of Growing Finishing Pigs. J Anim . Sci.1993(71)：656~662
41 Schrauzer G N, Shrestha K P, Molenaar T B,Mead S. Effects of Cr Supple Mentation on Feed Energy Utilization and The Trace Element Composition in The Liver and Heart of Glucose–exposed Young Mice. Biol. Trace Elem. Res.1986(9)：79
42 Siegel H S,Van Kanmpan M. Energy Relationships in Growing Chickens Given Daily Injections of Corticosterone. British Poultry Science.1984(25)：471~485
43 Steele N C, Rosebrough R W. Trivalent Chromium and Nicotinic Acid Supple Mentation for The Turkey Poult. Poultry Science.1979(58)：983
44 Word T. L，L. L. Southern，S. S. Boleman. Effect of Dietary Chromium Picolinate on Growth, Nitrogen Balance and Body Composition of Growing Broiler Chicks. Poult. Sci.
1993,72(Suppl. 1)：37
45 Yanjie Sun, Kavita Mallya, Juliet Ramirez, J. B. Vincent. The Biomimetic 〔Cr3O(O2CCH2CH3)6(H2O)3〕+ Decreases Plasma Cholesterol and Tyiglycerides in Rat:Towards Chromium-containing Therapeutics. Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry.1999(6)：838~845