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矿热炉低压无功补偿控制器的研制
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摘要
为了提高矿热炉供电系统的功率因数,本文研制了矿热炉低压无功补偿控制器。它能实时在线采集电网电压电流,计算出有功功率、无功功率、视在功率、电网频率、功率因数等参数,通过复合开关投切补偿电容器组实现无功功率的补偿。
     课题内容主要包括无功功率补偿相关理论分析、复合开关控制研究、控制器硬件设计和软件设计四部分。论文首先从理论上推导了各个电网电量参数的计算过程,分析了通过并联电容器来实现无功功率补偿基本原理,同时讨论了无功补偿三种方式的优缺点及无功补偿的控制依据。之后通过比较机械式投切开关、电力电子开关和复合开关的优缺点,得出复合开关是电容投切比较理想的开关。
     硬件电路设计采用ATmega48作为核心处理芯片,设计了电源模块电路、信号采样调理电路、投切控制电路、节点温度监控电路以及通讯模块电路等芯片外围电路,充分利用ATmega48内部集成的A/D、UART、定时计数器等嵌入式功能模块。设计了基于CAN工业通信总线和RS485总线,为现场监控与远程监测提供了方便,提高了控制器的适用性。
     在软件设计方面,编写了基于ATmega48的下位机程序,主要包括用统计算法来获得电量参数、智能化的投切控制程序设计及通信程序设计。电网参数采集程序主要是对电流电压进行AD采集,并计算出功率因数等参数。投切控制程序实现双向可控硅和真空接触器按照一定的投切顺序完成补偿电容器的投切。通信程序实现将实时参数传送至上位机,同时完成接收上位机的投切指令等功能。
     研制的控制器在实验室进行了关键参数的测试实验,各项技术参数都基本符合设计要求,控制器已经投入实际使用,实践结果表明:该控制器能动态快速的进行投切控制,及时对矿热炉无功功率进行补偿,各项功能发挥正常
In order to improve power factor of the smelting electric furnace, a low-voltage reactivepower compensation controller is developed in this thesis. The controller can adopt real-timecollection on the voltage and current of the network and calculate some parameters, such asactive power、reactive power、apparent power、grid frequency、power factor and so on.Through switching compound switch to compensate capacitor bank, the controller will realizereactive power compensation.
     The thesis mainly includes the analysis of the reactive power compensation theory,research on compound switch control, controller hardware design and software design. Aboveall, this thesis deduces calculation process of various network electric quantity theoreticallyand analyzes the fundamental principle of reactive power compensation achieved by parallelcapacitor. Meanwhile it discusses the advantages and disadvantages of three ways tocompensate reactive power and foundation based on reactive power compensation. Then bycomparing the strengths and weaknesses of mechanical switches, power electronic switchesand compound switch, a conclusion can be drawn that compound switch with capaciousconduction, low power consumption, small zero-crossing switch flow and free over-voltage isthe optimum one for switch capacitor.
     Hardware circuit design uses ATmega48 as the core processing chip and devises chipperipheral circuit like power modular circuit、signal sampling circuit、switching controlcircuit、node temperature monitoring circuit and communication modular circuit. It makes fulluse of functional module like A/D、UART、Timer which are internal integrated throughATmega48 to improve circuit integration level. In the communication module, CAN industrialcommunication bus and RS485 bus are designed for the convenience of on-site supervisionand remote monitoring. Besides, these will improve applicability of the controller.
     The software design mainly compiles client computer program based on ATmega48,including host programming, power grid data acquisition programming, switch controlprogramming, and communication programming. The main function of power gridprogramming is to collect current and voltage for AD conversion, and figure out power factorand other parameters. The switch control programming can realize bidirectional triodethyristor and vacuum contactor compensate switching of capacitor according to certainswitching order. The communication programming manages to convey real-time parameter tohost computer and receive instructions from the host computer at the same time.
     The practice result indicates that this controller can undergo fast dynamic switch control,compensate smelting electric furnace reactive power in time and function properly afterlong-term practical use.
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