基于声传播模型的信道模拟与应用
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摘要
由于上下界面的存在，浅海水声信道是强烈的相干多途信道。许多无线电中的信号处理技术移植到水声领域中时，效果都不甚理想。为了改进声纳系统在多途信道中性能，必须要对水声信道进行深入的研究。水声信道模拟技术是在实验室中模拟实际信道特性的一种方法。由于环境参数控制方便，信道模拟对研究信号处理方法在多途信道中的性能具有重要意义。本文从声传播的物理模型入手，对水声信道模拟技术进行深入研究，并将信道的模拟结果应用于声源定位和信号检测中。
声传播模型是水声信道模拟的数学基础。传统的信道模拟技术通常专注于传播损失这一宏观特性，进一步预报声纳系统的作用距离。本文以射线模型和简正波数值模型为基础，模拟计算信道的冲激响应这一微观特性，以便预报信号处理方法在模拟信道中的性能。按照水声信道的时变特性，可以将信道分为时不变信道、确定时变信道和随机时变信道三类。对于时不变信道，使用虚源法和射线数值模型求解本征声线，即可得到信道的冲激响应。此外，使用简正波数值模型和频率综合快速算法，也能快速计算时不变信道的冲激响应；对于确定时变信道，使用插值算法结合射线模型可以模拟计算声源或水听器运动时的接收信号。当水听器匀速运动时，使用多途在运动方向的投影和多普勒尺度变换可以高速模拟计算接收信号。同时使用ChirpZ变换算法可以大幅减小时间尺度变换时的运算量；对于随机时变信道，利用时变海面下的射线插值算法，可以实现对信道随机特性的模拟。使用时变海面的Kirchhoff近似，将海面散射等效为多个位于海面处的点声源可以大大提高时变信道模拟时的计算速度。
信道估计是从接收信号中提取信道特性的有效方法。使用凸集投影算法估计时不变信道时，可以获得理想的信道冲激响应估计结果。其分辨率优于传统最大似然估计器–匹配滤波器。将凸集投影算法推广至复数域时，可以正确估计由界面反射引起的相移。相移估计结果可以用于区分水面反射和水底反射。使用发射信号的多普勒频移样本作为凸集投影算法的参考信号，构建凸集投影算法滤波器组，可以实现对信道冲激响应在时延–频移平面上的二维估计。这种估计算法可以用于估计确定时变信道和随机时变信道的时变冲激响应。
对模拟信道的分析结果表明：时不变信道的冲激响应不随时间变化，没有频率偏移和频谱扩展；确定时变信道的冲激响应随时间发生确定性变化，频率偏移根据时延值规律变化；随机时变信道的冲激响应随时间随机变化，产生随机的频率偏移和频谱扩展。对模拟信道的冲激响应估计结果表明：确定时变信道的多普勒频移与多途反射的阶数成反比，低阶反射的频移接近水听器的运动速度，高阶反射的频移小于水听器的运动速度；随机时变信道的频率偏移和频谱扩展与多途反射阶数成正比，低阶反射几乎没有频率偏移和频谱扩展，高阶反射的频率偏移和频谱扩展则较大。
在浅海水声信道中，合理利用界面反射，即可使用单个水听器对脉冲声源进行定位。利用凸集投影算法对直达波、水面反射和水底反射的到达时刻进行估计。联合由虚源法得到的定位方程，即可解算得到声源位置。对定位方程的研究结果表明：直达波与水面反射的时延差确定了一条开口向下的双曲线，直达波与水底反射的时延差确定了一条开口向上的双曲线，这两条双曲线的交点就是声源位置。利用Rake接收机对水声信道的匹配特性，即可使用单水听器对脉冲声源进行匹配场定位。匹配场定位的模糊度平面同样具有双曲线形状。在双曲线附近，Rake接收机的输出峰值剧烈震荡。多个多途形成的双曲线相交于声源处。
对模拟信道中的声源定位结果表明：基于信道估计的定位方法可在一定信噪比条件下对单频脉冲声源进行定位，并且不受海面起伏引起的信道随机时变特性影响。使用Rake接收机的匹配场定位算法可在低信噪比条件下对宽带脉冲声源进行定位，其性能易受信道随机时变特性的影响。对实验数据的处理结果表明：这两种定位方法在实际环境中是可行的，具有结构简单，成本低廉的优点。
本文对水声信道的模拟结果可以广泛应用于声纳系统中，对信号处理方法和声纳系统进行快速有效的评估和测试。同时，基于信道模型的单水听器的定位方法可以应用于水声通信和水声定位系统中，改进其在多途信道中的性能。
Due to the presence of surface and floor, the shallow water acoustic channel is a strongmultipath channel. When many signal processing techniques of radio communication wereintroduced to underwater acoustics, the results were less than ideal. In order to improve thesonar system performance in the multipath channel, further studies on underwater acousticchannel properties are necessary.
The underwater acoustic channel simulation technique is a method to simulate the actualchannel characteristics in the laboratory. Because the environmental parameters are easy tocontrol, channel simulation is important to study on the signal processing performance inmultipath channel. In this paper, based on the physical model of sound propagation, theunderwater acoustic channel simulation techniques are studied. And the channel simulationresults are applied to source localization and signal detection.
The sound propagation model is the mathematical basis of underwater acoustic channelsimulation. The classical channel simulation techniques always focus on the macroscopicproperties such as transmission loss, in order to forecast the sonar detecting range. In this paper,based on ray model and wave model, the microscopic characteristics such as channel impulseresponse simulation techniques are studied. The simulation results are used to forecastperformance of signal processing methods. According to the time‐varying characteristics ofthe underwater acoustic channel, three channel models are defined, namely time invariantchannel, deterministic time variant channel and stochastic time variant channel. For thetime‐invariant channel, the image method and ray model are used to simulate the channelimpulse response. In addition, the fast algorithm based on normal mode model and Fouriersynthesis is discussed to simulate channel impulse response. When the hydrophone is inuniform motion, using the movement velocity component along the multipath arrival angle andtime scale transformation, the received signals can be simulated rapidly. Furthermore, usingChirpZ transform algorithm, the computation cost of time scale transformation can besignificantly reduced. For the stochastic time variant channel, the stochastic characteristic canbe simulated by using the time‐dependent ray interpolation algorithm. Based on Kirchhoffapproximation of time variant sea surface, the surface scatter can be replaced by the pointsources. Then the simulation speed of stochastic time variant channel can be greatly improved.
The channel estimation is an effective method to obtain channel characteristics from thereceived signal. The ideal channel impulse response can be obtained by using projections onto convex sets algorithm to estimate time invariant channel. Its resolution is better than thetraditional maximum likelihood estimator‐matched filter. The phase shift caused byboundary reflection can be estimated by expanding POCS algorithm to the complex domain.The phase shift estimation results can be used to distinguish between the surface and bottomreflection. Using the different Doppler shifted emitted signal as the reference signal of POCS toestimation array, the channel impulse response can be estimated in the delay‐frequency shiftplane. This estimation method can be used to estimate the impulse response of deterministicand stochastic time variant channel.
The simulated channel analysis results show that, time invariant channel impulse responsedoes not change over time. And there is no frequency shift or spectrum spread. Thedeterministic time variant channel impulse response changes over time in certainty. And thefrequency shift changes with the multipath time delay. The stochastic time variant channelimpulse response changes randomly. And the frequency shift and spectrum spread also changerandomly. The simulated channel estimated results show that, the Doppler shift is inverselyproportional to the multipath reflection number. The lower numbered paths frequency shift isclosed to hydrophone velocity, while the higher numbered paths frequency shift is smaller thanhydrophone velocity. The frequency shift and spectrum spread of the stochastic time variantchannel are proportional to the multipath reflection number. The lower numbered pathsfrequency shift and spectrum spread can be ignored, while the higher numbered pathsfrequency shift and spectrum spread are obvious.
In shallow water acoustic channel, the single hydrophone source localization method canbe obtained by using boundary reflection estimated results. Using the POCS algorithmestimated results of direct arrival, surface reflected arrival and bottom reflected arrival, basedon image method localization equation analysis results show that, a hyperbola that opens downis defined by the time delay between direct arrival and surface reflected arrival, while ahyperbola that opens up is defined by the time delay between direct arrival and bottom reflectedarrival. The intersection point of these two hyperbolas is the source location. Based on the Rakereceiver matching characteristics of the underwater acoustic channel, the single hydrophonematched field localization method can be obtained. The ambiguity plane of matched fieldlocalization has the same hyperbolic curves. The Rake receiver output peak changed rapidlynear the hyperbola. The intersection point of hyperbolas is the source location.
The source localization results in simulated channel show that based on channel estimationlocalization method can be used to locate single frequency impulsive source at a certain SNR.This method will not be affected by channel time‐varying characteristics. Based on Rake receiver, the matched field localization method can be used to locate wide band impulsivesource at a lower SNR. But the performance will be affected by channel time‐varyingcharacteristics. The experimental data processing results show that these two methods arefeasible in a real channel. And they have the advantages of simple structure and low cost.
The simulation results of the underwater acoustic channel can be widely used in sonarsystems. It can be used to evaluate and test signal processing method and sonar systems. Thelocalization method based on channel model can be used in underwater acousticcommunication and acoustic position systems, in order to improve their performance inmultipath channel.
声传播模型是水声信道模拟的数学基础。传统的信道模拟技术通常专注于传播损失这一宏观特性，进一步预报声纳系统的作用距离。本文以射线模型和简正波数值模型为基础，模拟计算信道的冲激响应这一微观特性，以便预报信号处理方法在模拟信道中的性能。按照水声信道的时变特性，可以将信道分为时不变信道、确定时变信道和随机时变信道三类。对于时不变信道，使用虚源法和射线数值模型求解本征声线，即可得到信道的冲激响应。此外，使用简正波数值模型和频率综合快速算法，也能快速计算时不变信道的冲激响应；对于确定时变信道，使用插值算法结合射线模型可以模拟计算声源或水听器运动时的接收信号。当水听器匀速运动时，使用多途在运动方向的投影和多普勒尺度变换可以高速模拟计算接收信号。同时使用ChirpZ变换算法可以大幅减小时间尺度变换时的运算量；对于随机时变信道，利用时变海面下的射线插值算法，可以实现对信道随机特性的模拟。使用时变海面的Kirchhoff近似，将海面散射等效为多个位于海面处的点声源可以大大提高时变信道模拟时的计算速度。
信道估计是从接收信号中提取信道特性的有效方法。使用凸集投影算法估计时不变信道时，可以获得理想的信道冲激响应估计结果。其分辨率优于传统最大似然估计器–匹配滤波器。将凸集投影算法推广至复数域时，可以正确估计由界面反射引起的相移。相移估计结果可以用于区分水面反射和水底反射。使用发射信号的多普勒频移样本作为凸集投影算法的参考信号，构建凸集投影算法滤波器组，可以实现对信道冲激响应在时延–频移平面上的二维估计。这种估计算法可以用于估计确定时变信道和随机时变信道的时变冲激响应。
对模拟信道的分析结果表明：时不变信道的冲激响应不随时间变化，没有频率偏移和频谱扩展；确定时变信道的冲激响应随时间发生确定性变化，频率偏移根据时延值规律变化；随机时变信道的冲激响应随时间随机变化，产生随机的频率偏移和频谱扩展。对模拟信道的冲激响应估计结果表明：确定时变信道的多普勒频移与多途反射的阶数成反比，低阶反射的频移接近水听器的运动速度，高阶反射的频移小于水听器的运动速度；随机时变信道的频率偏移和频谱扩展与多途反射阶数成正比，低阶反射几乎没有频率偏移和频谱扩展，高阶反射的频率偏移和频谱扩展则较大。
在浅海水声信道中，合理利用界面反射，即可使用单个水听器对脉冲声源进行定位。利用凸集投影算法对直达波、水面反射和水底反射的到达时刻进行估计。联合由虚源法得到的定位方程，即可解算得到声源位置。对定位方程的研究结果表明：直达波与水面反射的时延差确定了一条开口向下的双曲线，直达波与水底反射的时延差确定了一条开口向上的双曲线，这两条双曲线的交点就是声源位置。利用Rake接收机对水声信道的匹配特性，即可使用单水听器对脉冲声源进行匹配场定位。匹配场定位的模糊度平面同样具有双曲线形状。在双曲线附近，Rake接收机的输出峰值剧烈震荡。多个多途形成的双曲线相交于声源处。
对模拟信道中的声源定位结果表明：基于信道估计的定位方法可在一定信噪比条件下对单频脉冲声源进行定位，并且不受海面起伏引起的信道随机时变特性影响。使用Rake接收机的匹配场定位算法可在低信噪比条件下对宽带脉冲声源进行定位，其性能易受信道随机时变特性的影响。对实验数据的处理结果表明：这两种定位方法在实际环境中是可行的，具有结构简单，成本低廉的优点。
本文对水声信道的模拟结果可以广泛应用于声纳系统中，对信号处理方法和声纳系统进行快速有效的评估和测试。同时，基于信道模型的单水听器的定位方法可以应用于水声通信和水声定位系统中，改进其在多途信道中的性能。
Due to the presence of surface and floor, the shallow water acoustic channel is a strongmultipath channel. When many signal processing techniques of radio communication wereintroduced to underwater acoustics, the results were less than ideal. In order to improve thesonar system performance in the multipath channel, further studies on underwater acousticchannel properties are necessary.
The underwater acoustic channel simulation technique is a method to simulate the actualchannel characteristics in the laboratory. Because the environmental parameters are easy tocontrol, channel simulation is important to study on the signal processing performance inmultipath channel. In this paper, based on the physical model of sound propagation, theunderwater acoustic channel simulation techniques are studied. And the channel simulationresults are applied to source localization and signal detection.
The sound propagation model is the mathematical basis of underwater acoustic channelsimulation. The classical channel simulation techniques always focus on the macroscopicproperties such as transmission loss, in order to forecast the sonar detecting range. In this paper,based on ray model and wave model, the microscopic characteristics such as channel impulseresponse simulation techniques are studied. The simulation results are used to forecastperformance of signal processing methods. According to the time‐varying characteristics ofthe underwater acoustic channel, three channel models are defined, namely time invariantchannel, deterministic time variant channel and stochastic time variant channel. For thetime‐invariant channel, the image method and ray model are used to simulate the channelimpulse response. In addition, the fast algorithm based on normal mode model and Fouriersynthesis is discussed to simulate channel impulse response. When the hydrophone is inuniform motion, using the movement velocity component along the multipath arrival angle andtime scale transformation, the received signals can be simulated rapidly. Furthermore, usingChirpZ transform algorithm, the computation cost of time scale transformation can besignificantly reduced. For the stochastic time variant channel, the stochastic characteristic canbe simulated by using the time‐dependent ray interpolation algorithm. Based on Kirchhoffapproximation of time variant sea surface, the surface scatter can be replaced by the pointsources. Then the simulation speed of stochastic time variant channel can be greatly improved.
The channel estimation is an effective method to obtain channel characteristics from thereceived signal. The ideal channel impulse response can be obtained by using projections onto convex sets algorithm to estimate time invariant channel. Its resolution is better than thetraditional maximum likelihood estimator‐matched filter. The phase shift caused byboundary reflection can be estimated by expanding POCS algorithm to the complex domain.The phase shift estimation results can be used to distinguish between the surface and bottomreflection. Using the different Doppler shifted emitted signal as the reference signal of POCS toestimation array, the channel impulse response can be estimated in the delay‐frequency shiftplane. This estimation method can be used to estimate the impulse response of deterministicand stochastic time variant channel.
The simulated channel analysis results show that, time invariant channel impulse responsedoes not change over time. And there is no frequency shift or spectrum spread. Thedeterministic time variant channel impulse response changes over time in certainty. And thefrequency shift changes with the multipath time delay. The stochastic time variant channelimpulse response changes randomly. And the frequency shift and spectrum spread also changerandomly. The simulated channel estimated results show that, the Doppler shift is inverselyproportional to the multipath reflection number. The lower numbered paths frequency shift isclosed to hydrophone velocity, while the higher numbered paths frequency shift is smaller thanhydrophone velocity. The frequency shift and spectrum spread of the stochastic time variantchannel are proportional to the multipath reflection number. The lower numbered pathsfrequency shift and spectrum spread can be ignored, while the higher numbered pathsfrequency shift and spectrum spread are obvious.
In shallow water acoustic channel, the single hydrophone source localization method canbe obtained by using boundary reflection estimated results. Using the POCS algorithmestimated results of direct arrival, surface reflected arrival and bottom reflected arrival, basedon image method localization equation analysis results show that, a hyperbola that opens downis defined by the time delay between direct arrival and surface reflected arrival, while ahyperbola that opens up is defined by the time delay between direct arrival and bottom reflectedarrival. The intersection point of these two hyperbolas is the source location. Based on the Rakereceiver matching characteristics of the underwater acoustic channel, the single hydrophonematched field localization method can be obtained. The ambiguity plane of matched fieldlocalization has the same hyperbolic curves. The Rake receiver output peak changed rapidlynear the hyperbola. The intersection point of hyperbolas is the source location.
The source localization results in simulated channel show that based on channel estimationlocalization method can be used to locate single frequency impulsive source at a certain SNR.This method will not be affected by channel time‐varying characteristics. Based on Rake receiver, the matched field localization method can be used to locate wide band impulsivesource at a lower SNR. But the performance will be affected by channel time‐varyingcharacteristics. The experimental data processing results show that these two methods arefeasible in a real channel. And they have the advantages of simple structure and low cost.
The simulation results of the underwater acoustic channel can be widely used in sonarsystems. It can be used to evaluate and test signal processing method and sonar systems. Thelocalization method based on channel model can be used in underwater acousticcommunication and acoustic position systems, in order to improve their performance inmultipath channel.
引文
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