巨项目组织联盟合作协调机制研究
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摘要
巨项目是指对区域经济、国民经济、全球经济能够产生重大深远影响,对国防建设、重大科技探索、社会稳定、生态环境保护具有决定性意义的特大型工程项目。当前,巨项目的建设发展不仅对于实现国民经济的健康协调发展具有十分重要的现实意义,而且已成为一个国家产业升级和经济增长的重要推动力量。鉴于巨项目建设管理涉及数量众多、种类繁杂的投资主体、管理主体和利益主体,导致巨项目组织结构及其利益群体的协调关系变得十分复杂,并且巨项目组织管理的核心就在于合作协调,因而巨项目的组织协调和合作管理显得至关重要。
文章旨在设计巨项目新型空间组织结构形式,构建巨项目组织联盟合作伙伴的评价模型,分析巨项目组织联盟合作协调机理,设计促进巨项目组织联盟合作协调的机制,以期为巨项目组织协调管理提供理论依据和方法借鉴。基于系统分析的思维理念,坚持系统集成和系统优化的观点,综合运用系统工程、经济学、管理学、项目管理、组织理论、机制设计理论、合作博弈理论、动态联盟理论,以及行为科学、管理决策、控制论等相关理论;采用定性分析与定量分析相结合、规范分析与实证分析相结合、系统科学与行为科学相结合的综合集成研究方法开展巨项目组织联盟合作协调机制研究,并力图实现概念创新、理论创新和方法创新。论文的主要研究成果和创新之处主要有以下几个层面:
①基于二八定律的思想,分析了巨项目关键组织和关键组织链的内涵,探讨了关键组织的有效划分标准,提出了基于甘特图的巨项目关键组织链的逻辑表达方式;论述了巨项目组织粘结的原理,分析了巨项目组织粘结的方法(平面粘结法和空间粘结法);进而阐述了巨项目“任氏”组织结构形式设计的基本思想,构建了基于多级关键组织的巨项目空间组织结构形态(巨项目“任氏”组织结构形式),并分别从理论层面和实践层面予以有效性分析,以期为巨项目组织联盟的合作协调提供组织支撑。
②鉴于巨项目组织联盟潜在合作伙伴评价的模糊性、随机性特征,在设计巨项目组织联盟合作伙伴评价指标体系(包括3个一级指标,12个二级指标)的基础上,按照“组合评价”的研究思路,组合运用云模型理论和灰色系统理论,构建了基于云模型和灰色关联度法的巨项目组织联盟合作伙伴评价模型,并通过实例分析验证了该评价模型的有效性和可行性。
③巨项目组织各个参与主体之间的联盟属于典型的合作博弈关系。针对巨项目有效大系统和独立要素之间、独立要素与独立要素之间的合作协调等非系统性问题,基于合作博弈的思维,运用合作博弈理论构建了巨项目组织联盟的合作博弈分析模型,阐释了合作博弈模型的三种求解方法:核心、Shapley值、核仁,并从定量的角度对巨项目独立主体的贡献和效益加以刻画,进而开创性提出了巨项目效益贡献合理分配理论(TRABC理论)及其合作博弈机理。合作博弈机理分析显示:一是参加巨项目组织联盟的各合作伙伴效益的提高,至少要等于由于参加合作而引起的各伙伴的直接效益损失;二是巨项目组织联盟合作博弈的核心非空,并且合作带来的收益的分配方案位于该博弈的核心中;三是在合作中获益较多的伙伴应给获益较少的伙伴一定量的补偿,只有这样才能有望达成合作协议,同时获益伙伴在补偿受损伙伴后的获益应该仍然比参加合作前有所提高。研究结果表明巨项目组织联盟的合作博弈分析模型不仅为定量解决巨项目组织联盟的合作协调问题提供了新思维、新理论和新方法,亦为巨项目组织管理决策起到了有益的参考借鉴作用。
④鉴于巨项目组织联盟各参与主体利益诉求点的冲突性和矛盾性特征,本研究探索性地提出了巨项目组织联盟利益均沾的理念(寻求各参与主体“共同把握的最大公约数”)及其数量刻画(利益主体的最大共同利益效用函数),原创性地提出了利益均沾理念下巨项目组织联盟利益协调的平行四边形矢量合成法则,构建了基于Shapley值法和投入风险因子组合分析法的巨项目组织联盟利益博弈修正模型。实例分析结果表明:在利益均沾理念与统筹公平效率的原则下,基于Shapley值法与投入风险因子的组合修正模型对于巨项目组织联盟的利益分配是公平合理的。实例分析表明该模型计算结果较为客观可靠,具有较强的有效性。
⑤基于合作博弈分析模型的启示,运用机制设计理论设计了巨项目组织联盟的分配机制、合作机制(主要包括建立巨项目组织联盟中合作伙伴的有效磋商机制、公平合理的效益贡献分配机制,以及促进巨项目组织联盟合作实现优势互补);进而从利益约束、利益分配、利益激励、利益表达四个维度来构建巨项目组织联盟的利益协调机制;最后从五个层面探讨了巨项目组织联盟合作协调的实现机制,以期为促进巨项目组织联盟的持续高效运行起到有力的组织保障作用。
总之,本研究基于系统与非系统相结合的思维视角,运用定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法,采用多学科理论深入探究巨项目组织联盟的合作协调机理及合作协调机制,不仅有助于挖掘巨项目组织合作协调的内在规律,亦可为巨项目组织管理提供有益的理论依据和基础方法,从而促使巨项目组织管理在认识论和方法论层面上实现质的飞跃。
A mega project is an extremely large-scale project which has significant impact on the regional economy, national economy, and global economy. Also, a mega project is of decisive significance on national defense, major scientific and technological exploration, social stability and ecological environment protection. Currently, the development of mega projects is not only of remarkably practical significance for the coordinated development of national economy, but also has become a major driving force of national industrial upgrading and economic growth. Given that the construction management of mega projects involves large numbers and wide variety of investors, management groups, and stakeholders, the organization structure of mega projects and the coordinated relationship between different benefit groups become very complex, and the key part of organization management in mega projects is cooperation and coordination. As a result, the organization, coordination, cooperation and management in mega projects are of crucial importance.
This paper aims to design the integrated structure and the pattern of cooperation and coordination for organization coalition of the mega project based on virtual organization, to set up a organization coalition partner selection model of the mega project, to analyze the nature of cooperation and coordination of the mega project organization coalition, to design the mechanism of promoting cooperation and coordination of the mega project organization coalition. To sum up, it aims to provide theoretical basis and method reference for the organization, coordination and management of the mega project. Based on the systematic analysis concept and adhere to the systematic integration and optimization, a comprehensive integrated research method is used to develop the research of the mechanism of cooperation and coordination of the mega project organization coalition by the use of systematic engineering, economics, management, project management, organization theory, mechanism design theory, cooperative game theory, dynamic alliance theory, behavioral science, management decision-making theory, control theory and other theories,and adopting qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, specification analysis and empirical analysis, the systematic science and behavioral science. Then it is sought to achieve innovation on concepts, theories and methods. The main research results and innovations are mainly the following aspects:
①Base on the idea of Pareto Principle, this paper analyzes the connotation of the mega project critical organization and critical organization chain, discusses the valid criteria for classifying the critical organization, proposes the logic mode of expression for the mega project critical organizational chain based on the Gantt chart; demonstrates the theory of the mega project organization bonding, analyzes the method of the mega project organization bonding (the plane bonding law and the interspace bonding law); furtherly elaborates the basic idea of the mega project Ren’s organizational structure design, builds the spatial organization form of the mega project based on the multi-level critical organization (the mega project Ren’s organizational structure), and respectively conducts the validity analysis from the theoretical and practical aspects ,in order to provide organizational support for cooperation and coordination of organization coalition of the mega project.
②Given that the fuzziness and randomness feature in the evaluation of potential cooperative partners of the mega project organization coalition, in the basis of designing the evaluation index system of cooperative partners (including 3 first-level indicators, 12 second-level indicators). In accordance with‘combinative evaluation’research thinking, using cloud model theory and gray system theory, evaluation model of cooperative partners of the mega project organization coalition is constructed based on cloud model and the gray correlation analysis. Feasibility and effectiveness of the evaluation model are verified though example analysis.
③The coalition between participating subjects in mega projects is a typical cooperative game relationship. Focus on the non-systemic cooperation and coordination problems happened between effective large system and independent elements, and between independent elements themselves, and based on cooperative game thinking, the cooperative game analysis model of mega project organization coalition is constructed using cooperative game theory, which explains three ways to solve the model: the core, Shapley value, nucleolus. After that, this research characterize the contributions and benefits of the independent subjects involved in the project from a quantitative point of view. And then the paper propose an original rational contribution allocation theory (TRABC Theory) of mega project and its cooperation mechanism. The results of the cooperative game model show that: Firstly, in organization coalition of the mega project, the improved efficiency for organization partners at least equal to the loss of direct benefit caused by the participation of cooperation. Secondly, the core of the cooperative game of mega project organization coalition is not empty, and the benefit distribution scheme of the cooperation is located in the core of the game. Thirdly, cooperation partners who benefit more should give a certain amount of compensation to partners who benefit fewer. Becuase only in this way can the cooperation agreement be reached, while the partners who give the compensation to other partners can still make more benefit than before.The results show that the cooperative game analysis model of the mega project organization coalition not only provides a new thinking, new theories and new methods for the quantitative analysis of the problem, but also plays a useful reference role in the management and decision-making of mega projects.
④Due to the conflict and contradiction characteristics of the demand point of the participating subjects in mega projects, this research is exploring to puting forward the concept of equitable distribution of benefits (for the participating subject "to seize the greatest common divisor") and depicting the number of it (the function of the largest common benefit of the stakeholders). Besides, original concept--law of parallelogram vector synthetic of equitable distribution of benefits in the mega project organization coalition is proposed. Then, based on shapley value method and risking factor combination method, a benefit game modified model for the organization coalition are put forward. Example results show that: in the concept of equitable distribution of benefits and under the principle of fairness and efficiency, based on shapley value method and risking factor combination method, the modified model is fair and reasonable to the distribution of benefits. Example shows that the results of the model are objective, reliable, and with strong validity.
⑤Based on cooperative game analysis model, imputation mechanism and cooperation mechanism of mega project organization coalition are designed by employing mechanism design theory (mainly including the establishment of effective consultation mechanism for the partners and benefits distribution mechanism considering fairness and reasons, and the promotion of complement in the mega projects). Furthermore, benefit coordination mechanism is constructed considering benefit constraints, benefits distribution, incentive motivation, and expression of benefits. At last, the cooperation and coordination implementation mechanism of mega projects is discussed from five aspects, so as to playing a strong continued support role in promoting the operation of mega project organization coalition.
In summary, this research is based on the combination of system and non-system thinking perspective, using qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis method, and adopting in-depth and multi-disciplinary theories, to discuss the nature and the mechanism of cooperation and coordination for the mega project organization coalition. As a result, it will not only help to dig the mechanism of cooperation and coordination of the coalition, but also provide a useful theoretical basis and fundamental methods of this issue. Thus, this paper is willing to achieve a qualitative leap of the organization and management of mega projects in both the level of epistemology and methodology.
文章旨在设计巨项目新型空间组织结构形式,构建巨项目组织联盟合作伙伴的评价模型,分析巨项目组织联盟合作协调机理,设计促进巨项目组织联盟合作协调的机制,以期为巨项目组织协调管理提供理论依据和方法借鉴。基于系统分析的思维理念,坚持系统集成和系统优化的观点,综合运用系统工程、经济学、管理学、项目管理、组织理论、机制设计理论、合作博弈理论、动态联盟理论,以及行为科学、管理决策、控制论等相关理论;采用定性分析与定量分析相结合、规范分析与实证分析相结合、系统科学与行为科学相结合的综合集成研究方法开展巨项目组织联盟合作协调机制研究,并力图实现概念创新、理论创新和方法创新。论文的主要研究成果和创新之处主要有以下几个层面:
①基于二八定律的思想,分析了巨项目关键组织和关键组织链的内涵,探讨了关键组织的有效划分标准,提出了基于甘特图的巨项目关键组织链的逻辑表达方式;论述了巨项目组织粘结的原理,分析了巨项目组织粘结的方法(平面粘结法和空间粘结法);进而阐述了巨项目“任氏”组织结构形式设计的基本思想,构建了基于多级关键组织的巨项目空间组织结构形态(巨项目“任氏”组织结构形式),并分别从理论层面和实践层面予以有效性分析,以期为巨项目组织联盟的合作协调提供组织支撑。
②鉴于巨项目组织联盟潜在合作伙伴评价的模糊性、随机性特征,在设计巨项目组织联盟合作伙伴评价指标体系(包括3个一级指标,12个二级指标)的基础上,按照“组合评价”的研究思路,组合运用云模型理论和灰色系统理论,构建了基于云模型和灰色关联度法的巨项目组织联盟合作伙伴评价模型,并通过实例分析验证了该评价模型的有效性和可行性。
③巨项目组织各个参与主体之间的联盟属于典型的合作博弈关系。针对巨项目有效大系统和独立要素之间、独立要素与独立要素之间的合作协调等非系统性问题,基于合作博弈的思维,运用合作博弈理论构建了巨项目组织联盟的合作博弈分析模型,阐释了合作博弈模型的三种求解方法:核心、Shapley值、核仁,并从定量的角度对巨项目独立主体的贡献和效益加以刻画,进而开创性提出了巨项目效益贡献合理分配理论(TRABC理论)及其合作博弈机理。合作博弈机理分析显示:一是参加巨项目组织联盟的各合作伙伴效益的提高,至少要等于由于参加合作而引起的各伙伴的直接效益损失;二是巨项目组织联盟合作博弈的核心非空,并且合作带来的收益的分配方案位于该博弈的核心中;三是在合作中获益较多的伙伴应给获益较少的伙伴一定量的补偿,只有这样才能有望达成合作协议,同时获益伙伴在补偿受损伙伴后的获益应该仍然比参加合作前有所提高。研究结果表明巨项目组织联盟的合作博弈分析模型不仅为定量解决巨项目组织联盟的合作协调问题提供了新思维、新理论和新方法,亦为巨项目组织管理决策起到了有益的参考借鉴作用。
④鉴于巨项目组织联盟各参与主体利益诉求点的冲突性和矛盾性特征,本研究探索性地提出了巨项目组织联盟利益均沾的理念(寻求各参与主体“共同把握的最大公约数”)及其数量刻画(利益主体的最大共同利益效用函数),原创性地提出了利益均沾理念下巨项目组织联盟利益协调的平行四边形矢量合成法则,构建了基于Shapley值法和投入风险因子组合分析法的巨项目组织联盟利益博弈修正模型。实例分析结果表明:在利益均沾理念与统筹公平效率的原则下,基于Shapley值法与投入风险因子的组合修正模型对于巨项目组织联盟的利益分配是公平合理的。实例分析表明该模型计算结果较为客观可靠,具有较强的有效性。
⑤基于合作博弈分析模型的启示,运用机制设计理论设计了巨项目组织联盟的分配机制、合作机制(主要包括建立巨项目组织联盟中合作伙伴的有效磋商机制、公平合理的效益贡献分配机制,以及促进巨项目组织联盟合作实现优势互补);进而从利益约束、利益分配、利益激励、利益表达四个维度来构建巨项目组织联盟的利益协调机制;最后从五个层面探讨了巨项目组织联盟合作协调的实现机制,以期为促进巨项目组织联盟的持续高效运行起到有力的组织保障作用。
总之,本研究基于系统与非系统相结合的思维视角,运用定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法,采用多学科理论深入探究巨项目组织联盟的合作协调机理及合作协调机制,不仅有助于挖掘巨项目组织合作协调的内在规律,亦可为巨项目组织管理提供有益的理论依据和基础方法,从而促使巨项目组织管理在认识论和方法论层面上实现质的飞跃。
A mega project is an extremely large-scale project which has significant impact on the regional economy, national economy, and global economy. Also, a mega project is of decisive significance on national defense, major scientific and technological exploration, social stability and ecological environment protection. Currently, the development of mega projects is not only of remarkably practical significance for the coordinated development of national economy, but also has become a major driving force of national industrial upgrading and economic growth. Given that the construction management of mega projects involves large numbers and wide variety of investors, management groups, and stakeholders, the organization structure of mega projects and the coordinated relationship between different benefit groups become very complex, and the key part of organization management in mega projects is cooperation and coordination. As a result, the organization, coordination, cooperation and management in mega projects are of crucial importance.
This paper aims to design the integrated structure and the pattern of cooperation and coordination for organization coalition of the mega project based on virtual organization, to set up a organization coalition partner selection model of the mega project, to analyze the nature of cooperation and coordination of the mega project organization coalition, to design the mechanism of promoting cooperation and coordination of the mega project organization coalition. To sum up, it aims to provide theoretical basis and method reference for the organization, coordination and management of the mega project. Based on the systematic analysis concept and adhere to the systematic integration and optimization, a comprehensive integrated research method is used to develop the research of the mechanism of cooperation and coordination of the mega project organization coalition by the use of systematic engineering, economics, management, project management, organization theory, mechanism design theory, cooperative game theory, dynamic alliance theory, behavioral science, management decision-making theory, control theory and other theories,and adopting qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, specification analysis and empirical analysis, the systematic science and behavioral science. Then it is sought to achieve innovation on concepts, theories and methods. The main research results and innovations are mainly the following aspects:
①Base on the idea of Pareto Principle, this paper analyzes the connotation of the mega project critical organization and critical organization chain, discusses the valid criteria for classifying the critical organization, proposes the logic mode of expression for the mega project critical organizational chain based on the Gantt chart; demonstrates the theory of the mega project organization bonding, analyzes the method of the mega project organization bonding (the plane bonding law and the interspace bonding law); furtherly elaborates the basic idea of the mega project Ren’s organizational structure design, builds the spatial organization form of the mega project based on the multi-level critical organization (the mega project Ren’s organizational structure), and respectively conducts the validity analysis from the theoretical and practical aspects ,in order to provide organizational support for cooperation and coordination of organization coalition of the mega project.
②Given that the fuzziness and randomness feature in the evaluation of potential cooperative partners of the mega project organization coalition, in the basis of designing the evaluation index system of cooperative partners (including 3 first-level indicators, 12 second-level indicators). In accordance with‘combinative evaluation’research thinking, using cloud model theory and gray system theory, evaluation model of cooperative partners of the mega project organization coalition is constructed based on cloud model and the gray correlation analysis. Feasibility and effectiveness of the evaluation model are verified though example analysis.
③The coalition between participating subjects in mega projects is a typical cooperative game relationship. Focus on the non-systemic cooperation and coordination problems happened between effective large system and independent elements, and between independent elements themselves, and based on cooperative game thinking, the cooperative game analysis model of mega project organization coalition is constructed using cooperative game theory, which explains three ways to solve the model: the core, Shapley value, nucleolus. After that, this research characterize the contributions and benefits of the independent subjects involved in the project from a quantitative point of view. And then the paper propose an original rational contribution allocation theory (TRABC Theory) of mega project and its cooperation mechanism. The results of the cooperative game model show that: Firstly, in organization coalition of the mega project, the improved efficiency for organization partners at least equal to the loss of direct benefit caused by the participation of cooperation. Secondly, the core of the cooperative game of mega project organization coalition is not empty, and the benefit distribution scheme of the cooperation is located in the core of the game. Thirdly, cooperation partners who benefit more should give a certain amount of compensation to partners who benefit fewer. Becuase only in this way can the cooperation agreement be reached, while the partners who give the compensation to other partners can still make more benefit than before.The results show that the cooperative game analysis model of the mega project organization coalition not only provides a new thinking, new theories and new methods for the quantitative analysis of the problem, but also plays a useful reference role in the management and decision-making of mega projects.
④Due to the conflict and contradiction characteristics of the demand point of the participating subjects in mega projects, this research is exploring to puting forward the concept of equitable distribution of benefits (for the participating subject "to seize the greatest common divisor") and depicting the number of it (the function of the largest common benefit of the stakeholders). Besides, original concept--law of parallelogram vector synthetic of equitable distribution of benefits in the mega project organization coalition is proposed. Then, based on shapley value method and risking factor combination method, a benefit game modified model for the organization coalition are put forward. Example results show that: in the concept of equitable distribution of benefits and under the principle of fairness and efficiency, based on shapley value method and risking factor combination method, the modified model is fair and reasonable to the distribution of benefits. Example shows that the results of the model are objective, reliable, and with strong validity.
⑤Based on cooperative game analysis model, imputation mechanism and cooperation mechanism of mega project organization coalition are designed by employing mechanism design theory (mainly including the establishment of effective consultation mechanism for the partners and benefits distribution mechanism considering fairness and reasons, and the promotion of complement in the mega projects). Furthermore, benefit coordination mechanism is constructed considering benefit constraints, benefits distribution, incentive motivation, and expression of benefits. At last, the cooperation and coordination implementation mechanism of mega projects is discussed from five aspects, so as to playing a strong continued support role in promoting the operation of mega project organization coalition.
In summary, this research is based on the combination of system and non-system thinking perspective, using qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis method, and adopting in-depth and multi-disciplinary theories, to discuss the nature and the mechanism of cooperation and coordination for the mega project organization coalition. As a result, it will not only help to dig the mechanism of cooperation and coordination of the coalition, but also provide a useful theoretical basis and fundamental methods of this issue. Thus, this paper is willing to achieve a qualitative leap of the organization and management of mega projects in both the level of epistemology and methodology.
引文
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