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小麦纹枯病菌的多样性和分子检测
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摘要
2001年春从江苏省13个市的65个县(市)采集到的小麦纹枯病典型症状病株上共分离到171株丝核菌,其中双核丝核菌169株,占98.83%,多核丝核菌2株,占1.17%。双核丝核菌中CAG1融合群(禾谷丝核菌,Rhizoctonia cerealis Vander Hoeven)158株,占93.49%,其它融合群共11株,占6.51%。两株多核丝核菌属于立枯丝核菌(R.solani Kühn)的AG2融合群。
     对这171株丝核菌进行了室内和室外3个小麦品种的致病力测定,结果表明:菌株间致病力强弱存在明显差异;双核丝核菌的致病力水平显著高于立枯丝核菌;双核丝核菌间不同融合群菌株致病力无明显差异;全省13个市的菌株间致病力差异明显,以无锡、连云港、泰州、苏州、盐城地区菌株致病力最强,南通、常州最弱。
     在这171株丝核菌中选取7株代表性菌株,经PD液体培养提取病菌DNA,采用通用引物ITS1(TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG G)和ITS4(TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC),对病菌rDNA的内转录区(ITS)进行PCR扩增,测序,从NCBI(美国国立生物信息中心)中搜索得到与这些菌株亲缘关系最近的菌株序列,明确了病原菌的分类地位,对这些菌株序列进行Alignment分析,探明了双核丝核菌与立枯丝核菌之间、双核丝核菌中CAG1融合群与非CAG1融合群之间、CAG1融合群中致病力强弱菌株间遗传多样性关系,绘制了病原菌亲缘关系系统树。本文通过分子生物学手段分析了江苏省小麦纹枯病菌的复杂性和多样性,有助于病菌生态学和病害流行学研究。
     根据禾谷丝核病菌(R.cerealis)与立枯丝核菌(R.solani)、长蠕孢菌(Helminthosporium spp.)、交链孢菌(Alternaria spp.)、小麦全蚀病菌(Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici)、禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)rDNA ITS区序列差异,设计合成了2对特异性引物:DNF77:5′-cac ctg tgc acc tgt tta gac g-3′,DNR554:5′-gtt cat cca tga atc cgg cca c-3′和DNF81:5′-tgt gca cct gtt tag acg gt-3′,DNR564:5′-gtt aga agc ggt tca tcc at-3′。用两对特异性引物分别扩增能引引起小麦茎基部病害的各病菌,结果表明:设计合成的引物能够对小麦纹枯病菌扩增到约480bp特异性分子片段,可用于小麦纹枯病菌鉴定和病菌分类研究。
     用两对特异性引物也能够从感染小麦纹枯病菌的植株茎基部DNA中扩增到约480bp特异性分子片段,对小麦纹枯病的早期、快速诊断及对病害的监测和预测预报有实际应用价值。
171 Rhizoctonia isolates were obtained from sheath of infected wheat, which were collected from different areas of Jiangsu province in 2001, and the identification results revealed that, among these isolates, 169 isolates were binucleat Rhizoctonia, the percentage was 98.83%, 2 isolates were multinucleat Rhizoctonia. Among the binucleat Rhizoctonia, 158 isolates were CAG1 anastomosis group (Rhizoctonia cerealis Vander Hoeven), and the other 11 isolates were other anastomosis groups. The 2 isolates of multinucleat Rhizoctonia were AG2 anastomosis group of Rhizoctonia solani K hn.
    The pathegeniciry of all the isolates were evaluated in three wheat varieties with artificial inoculation method. The results showed that virulence of all these isolates were significantly different. The virulence of binucleat Rhizoctonia isolates was higher than R. solani, while no significant difference were observed among different anastomosis groups of binucleat Rhizoctonia. Isolates from 13 cities differed significantly in their virulence. Isolates from Wuxi , Lianyungang , Taizhou, Suzhom Yancheng were highest, while isolates from Nantong, Changzhou were among the lowest.
    The sequence of rDNA internal transcribed spacer ( ITS ) of seven representative isolates were amplified by PCR using universal primers ITS1( TCC GTA GGT GAA CCT GCG G ) and ITS4( TCC TCC GCT TAT TGA TAT GC ) and were sequenced. The alignment of the isolates tested showed great intraspecific variation in rDNA ITS1-5.8s-ITS2 sequence. Phylogenetic tree was obtained. This dissertation analysised the complexity and diversity of the pathogene caused sharp eyesport in wheat, and helped to study ecology and epidemicology of R. cerealis.
    According to the difference of rDNA ITS sequence among R. cerealis and R. solani, Helminthosporium spp. , Alternaria spp, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. trifici, Fusarium nivale, 2 pairs of primers were designed for identifying: DNF77: 5' -cac ctg tgc ace tgt tta gac g-3' , DNR5 54: 5' -gtt cat cca tga ate egg cca c-3' and DNF81: tgt gca cct gtt tag acg gt, DNR564: gtt aga age ggt tea tec at. The results showed that a sequence about 480bp could be amplified by PCR from pure cultured Rhizoctonia isolates and infected sheath of wheat by Rhizoctonia isolates, which could be used to develop a rapid PCR-based diagnose test to the sharp eyespot disease at early stage of R.
    cerealis infesting wheat, and could be applied for inspection and forecast.
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