餐厨垃圾的综合处理工艺及应用研究
|
摘要
本研究以餐厨垃圾为对象,采用高温蒸馏分离技术对餐厨垃圾进行脱油、消毒处理,将其分离为油相、固相和液相三部分。确定了废弃油脂通过脱酸、脱色后制备生物柴油的最佳工艺条件;餐厨垃圾固体成分采用黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger)、热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)和枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)为混合菌剂发酵生产生物蛋白饲料,以粗蛋白含量为标准,研究了接种量、混合菌剂配比、发酵时间、发酵温度、氮源种类及其加入量对微生物发酵工艺的影响,通过正交实验确定了最佳工艺条件,并在银川某畜禽养殖场进行喂养实验,验证了生物蛋白饲料对育成猪的增重效果;餐厨垃圾废液采用假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)和解脂假丝酵母(Candidalipolytica)为混合菌剂发酵生产液体菌肥,根据混合菌种发酵实验,确定了混合菌剂的最佳配比、接种量、发酵时间、发酵温度、氮源种类及其加入量。
研究结果表明,餐厨垃圾通过100℃高温蒸馏、消毒、热水喷淋后,可将其中游离油脂分离进入液相,然后经油水分离,即可将餐厨垃圾分离为油相、固相和液相三部分。废弃油脂制备生物柴油的最佳工艺为:废弃油脂在60℃反应3h脱酸、脱色后,添加适量的甲醇和NaOH,在60℃反应40min,所得生物柴油产率达85.9%;餐厨垃圾固体成分发酵生物蛋白饲料的最佳工艺为:含水量70%,黑曲霉、热带假丝酵母、枯草芽孢杆菌混合菌剂的最佳配比为2:2:1,接种量1%,添加1.5%尿素,在30℃发酵48h。喂养实验结果显示,微生物发酵生产的生物蛋白饲料对育成猪有明显的增重效果,每头猪每月平均比对照组增重6～7公斤,经济效益显著;以餐厨垃圾废液为原料,发酵生产液体菌肥的最佳发酵工艺为:假单胞菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、解脂假丝酵母混合菌剂的最佳配比为1:1:1,接入量2%,添加1%尿素,在30℃反应72h,所得液体菌肥活菌数保持在10~8个/ml。
本研究以工业化生产为目的,不仅解决了餐厨垃圾对环境的污染,为工农业提供各类产品,同时带来巨大的社会效益和经济效益。该工艺操作简单可行,易于操作,具有广阔的应用前景。
In the experiment, the food waste was distilled and disinfected by high temperature and distillation and divided into oil、solid and liquid. After deacide,the best method of producing biodiesel by oil was confirmed. Aspergillus niger，Candida tropicalis, Bacillus subtilis were used to produce the protein feed.The effect of the ratio and inoculation of mixed strains, time and temperature of fermentation,sort and inoculation of nitrogen on content of crude protein was studied. The technology of the fermentation was confirmed through orthogonal test. The result of feeding experiment proved that fermented feed could result in increasing weight of pigs. Pseudomonas, Bacillus megaterium, Candida lipolytica were used to produce the liquid feed. The ratio and inoculation of mixed strains,time and temperature of fermentation, sort and inoculation of nitrogen were confirmed through the zymolytic experiment of mixed strains.
The result showed that oil could be distilled and disinfected by high temperature and distillation, the food waste could be divided into oik solid and liquid; Under 60℃the oil reacted 3 hours to decolor and deacid and under 60℃reacted 40 minutes ,appending carbinol and NaOH,to produce biodiesel,the content of biodiesel reached 85.9%.The best condition of fermenting protein feed was that moisture was 70%,the ratio of Aspergillus niger,Candida tropicalis and Bacillus subtilis was 2:2:1, inoculation 1%, ureal 1.5%, temperature 30℃, cultivate time 48 hours.The result of feeding experiment showed that protein feed could not only raise pigs but also bring significant profits; The best condition of fermenting liquid feed was that the ratio of Pseudomonas, Bacillus megaterium and Candida lipolytica was 1:1:1,inoculation was 2%,ureal 1%, temperature 30℃,cultivate time 72 hours,the total number of the mixtue bacteria reached 10~8/ml.
This experiment not only solve the the problem of environmental pollution and provide diversified manufacture,but also bring significant profits.Besides,the technique was simple and practical to oprate.
研究结果表明,餐厨垃圾通过100℃高温蒸馏、消毒、热水喷淋后,可将其中游离油脂分离进入液相,然后经油水分离,即可将餐厨垃圾分离为油相、固相和液相三部分。废弃油脂制备生物柴油的最佳工艺为:废弃油脂在60℃反应3h脱酸、脱色后,添加适量的甲醇和NaOH,在60℃反应40min,所得生物柴油产率达85.9%;餐厨垃圾固体成分发酵生物蛋白饲料的最佳工艺为:含水量70%,黑曲霉、热带假丝酵母、枯草芽孢杆菌混合菌剂的最佳配比为2:2:1,接种量1%,添加1.5%尿素,在30℃发酵48h。喂养实验结果显示,微生物发酵生产的生物蛋白饲料对育成猪有明显的增重效果,每头猪每月平均比对照组增重6～7公斤,经济效益显著;以餐厨垃圾废液为原料,发酵生产液体菌肥的最佳发酵工艺为:假单胞菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、解脂假丝酵母混合菌剂的最佳配比为1:1:1,接入量2%,添加1%尿素,在30℃反应72h,所得液体菌肥活菌数保持在10~8个/ml。
本研究以工业化生产为目的,不仅解决了餐厨垃圾对环境的污染,为工农业提供各类产品,同时带来巨大的社会效益和经济效益。该工艺操作简单可行,易于操作,具有广阔的应用前景。
In the experiment, the food waste was distilled and disinfected by high temperature and distillation and divided into oil、solid and liquid. After deacide,the best method of producing biodiesel by oil was confirmed. Aspergillus niger，Candida tropicalis, Bacillus subtilis were used to produce the protein feed.The effect of the ratio and inoculation of mixed strains, time and temperature of fermentation,sort and inoculation of nitrogen on content of crude protein was studied. The technology of the fermentation was confirmed through orthogonal test. The result of feeding experiment proved that fermented feed could result in increasing weight of pigs. Pseudomonas, Bacillus megaterium, Candida lipolytica were used to produce the liquid feed. The ratio and inoculation of mixed strains,time and temperature of fermentation, sort and inoculation of nitrogen were confirmed through the zymolytic experiment of mixed strains.
The result showed that oil could be distilled and disinfected by high temperature and distillation, the food waste could be divided into oik solid and liquid; Under 60℃the oil reacted 3 hours to decolor and deacid and under 60℃reacted 40 minutes ,appending carbinol and NaOH,to produce biodiesel,the content of biodiesel reached 85.9%.The best condition of fermenting protein feed was that moisture was 70%,the ratio of Aspergillus niger,Candida tropicalis and Bacillus subtilis was 2:2:1, inoculation 1%, ureal 1.5%, temperature 30℃, cultivate time 48 hours.The result of feeding experiment showed that protein feed could not only raise pigs but also bring significant profits; The best condition of fermenting liquid feed was that the ratio of Pseudomonas, Bacillus megaterium and Candida lipolytica was 1:1:1,inoculation was 2%,ureal 1%, temperature 30℃,cultivate time 72 hours,the total number of the mixtue bacteria reached 10~8/ml.
This experiment not only solve the the problem of environmental pollution and provide diversified manufacture,but also bring significant profits.Besides,the technique was simple and practical to oprate.
引文
[1]吕凡,何晶晶,邵立明等.易腐性有机垃圾的产生与处理技术途径比较[J].环境污染治理与设备,2003,4(8):46-50.
[2]刘会友,王俊辉,赵定国.厌氧消化处理餐厨垃圾的工艺研究[J].能源技术,2005,26(4):150-154.
[3]夏越清,周迎艳.上海是餐厨垃圾管理[J].环境卫生工程,2003,3(1):43-45
[4]上海市废弃物管理处.上海市餐厨垃圾处置和管理宣传手册.2002:1-2.
[5]孙向军,冯蒂,吴冰丝等.上海市泔脚垃圾的处理及管理[J].环境卫生工程,2002,(9):130-132.
[6]王星,王德汉,徐菲,等.餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的工艺比选研究[J].能源工程,2005,(5):27-31.
[7]沈雪海,俞凯觎.餐厨垃圾的管理与处置[J].今日科技.2003,(10):43.
[8]吉林省环境信息网.
[9]迎先,李坚.城市生活垃圾的几种处理方法[J].环境保护科学,1996,第4期.
[10]赵由才,朱青山主编.城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场技术与管理手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1999年9月.
[11]刘存芳等.德国垃圾卫生填埋场建设和安全运行中的环境安全措施[J].安全与环境学报.2004,4(增刊):72-75.
[12]A.I.Zacharof,A.P.Butler.Stochastic modelling of land.processes incorporating waste heterogeneity and data uncertainty[J].Waste Management,24(2004)241-250
[13]李爱玲.浅谈城市垃圾焚烧技术现状及发展趋势[J].科技情报开发与经济,2003,13(2):115-116.
[14]张峥,李得翔.论适合我国国情的城市垃圾处理技术.污染防治,1997(10):3,161-163.
[15]王学江,华路,范海荣等.城市垃圾资源化利用首都师范大学学报,2004,25(2):80-84.
[16]颜丽辉,吴银彪.城市生活垃圾处理带来的二次污染问题.中国环保产业CEPI,2003,(4):17-17.
[17]陈德喜.我国城市生活垃圾焚烧厂建设模式的探讨[J].调查研究,2004,48-51.
[18]杨再鹏等.我国建立大型焚烧装置之拙见[J].化工环保,2004,24(4):259-261.
[19]Y.B.Yang,Y.R.Goh,R.Zakaria,V.Nasserzadeh,J.Swithenbank.Mathematical modelling of MSW incineration on a travelling bed[J].Waste Management,22(2002)369-380.
[20]张益,赵由才主编.生活垃圾焚烧技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2000年8月.
[21]M.Fehr,M.S.M.V.Castro.A practical solution to the problem of household waste management in Brazil[J].Resources,Conservation and Recycling,30(2000)245-257.
[22]绿色广州环保公众网.
[23]新华网.
[24]陶民强.真空油炸[J].食品工业,1996,(5):50-51.
[25]李国学,张福锁.固体废物堆肥化与有机复混肥生产[M].北京:化学工业出版社出版,2001年1月.
[26]Mohammed Mohaibes.Aerobic thermophilic treatment of farm slurry and food wastes[J].Biorcsourcc Technology,95(2004)245-254.
[27]Ycoung Sang Yun.High rote slurry phase decomposition of food wastes:indirect performance estimation from dissolved oxygen[J].Process Biochemistry,40(2005)1301-1306.
[28]周少奇.有机垃圾好氧堆肥法的生化反应机理[J].环境保护,1999,3:30-32.
[29]曹萍,陈绍伟.高温好氧处理厨余的工艺研究[J]环境卫生工程,1996,(4):14-19.
[30]席北斗等.生活垃圾堆肥接种技术[J].环境学,2003,24(1):157-160.
[31]Yun Ycoung-Sang.Treatmcnt of food wastes using slurry-phase dccomposition[J].Bioresource Technology,2000,73:21-27.
[32]Jong Ik Park,Yun Ycoung-Sang,Jong MoonPark.Long-term operation of slurry biorcactor for decomposition of food wastes[J].Bioresource Technology,2002,84:101-104.
[33]钱泽澍,闵航.沼气发酵微生物学[M].杭州:浙江科学技术出版社,1986年4月.
[34]JB.Richordson.Removal of Heavy Metals and Pathogens during Biphasic Fermentation of Solid Wastes.Proceedings of the 1998 Conference on Hazardous[J]Waste Research,363-373.
[35]Jac Kyoung Cho.Biochemical Methane Potential and Solid State Anaerobic Digestion of Korean Food Wastcs[J].Bioresource Technology,52(1995)245-253.
[36]Sun Kee Han.Biohydrogen production by anaerobic fermentation of food waste[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,29(2004)569-577.
[37]V.A.Vavilin.Modeling solid waste decomposition[J].Bioresource Technology,94(2004)69-81.
[38]李俊涛,钱小青,赵由才.泔脚的厌氧消化处理可行性研究[J]上海环境科学,2002,22,:(9),646-648.
[39]Lay Jiunn-Jyi,Fan Kuo-Shuh,Chang James-I,et al.Influence of chemical nature of organic wastes on their conversion to hydrongen by heat-shock digested sludge[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2003,28(12):1361-1367.
[40]邬苏焕,宋兴福,李够生.双菌固态发酵处理餐厨垃圾[J].食品与发酵工业,2004,30(5):63-68.
[41]陈金钟,邬苏焕,宋兴福.泔脚与秸杆混合发酵法生产蛋白饲料的新工艺流程[J].上海环境科学,2003,22,(12):998-1000.
[42]Harun Koku.Aspects of the metabolism of hydrogen production by Rhodobacter sphaeroides[J].Hydrogen Energy,2002,27:1315-1329.
[43]吴玉萍,董锁成.当代城市生活垃圾处理技术现状与展望[J].城市环境与城市生态,2001,14(1):33-36.
[44]席北斗,刘鸿亮,孟伟.厨余垃圾堆肥蓬松剂技术研究[J].安全与环境学报,2003,3(3):41-45.
[45]路葵.城市生活垃圾生物处理技术.环境保护,2000,25(19):4-7.
[46]李绣艳,吴星武等.接种高温菌剂的生活垃圾好氧堆肥处理[J].同济医科大学学报,2004,32(3):367-371.
[47]霍维周,丁雪梅.蚯蚓处理垃圾产业化问题的探讨[J].城市管理与技术,2002,4(1):16-18.
[48]王旭明,汪群慧,马鸿志等.用乳酸细菌从有机废弃物生产乳酸[J].现代化工,2002,23,(11):50-53.
[49]汪群慧,马鸿志,王旭明.厨余垃圾的资源化技术[J].现代化工,2004,24(7):56-59.
[50]王旭明,汪群慧,马鸿志等。厨房垃圾资源化的研究进展[J].现代化工,2003,23(11):50-53.
[51]王旭明,汪群慧,马鸿志等.厨房垃圾中高效乳酸细菌的分离筛选及其发酵性能的研究[J].高技术通讯,2004,14,(10):75-79.
[52]孙晓红,汪群慧,孟令辉等.超(亚)临界水氧化法在固体废物资源化中的应用[J].现代化工,2003,23,(5):48-51..
[53]耿土锁.食物性有机垃圾资源化方法[J].贵州环保科技,2002(12):15-18.
[54]敬言,关于普及食物垃圾处理器的思考[J].家用电器,2003,(1):6-87.
[55]陈世和.中国大陆城市生活垃圾堆肥技术概况.环境科学,1993,15(1):53-56.
[56]李志强.几种蛋白饲料资源的开发与利用.农村实用技术与信息,2004,(9):46-49.
[57]卢明,厨房垃圾下水道粉碎机[J].中国食品,1999(11),39-39.
[58]国家环保局政策法规司冲国环境保护法规全书[S](1982-1997),1995.259.
[59]W.Korbitz.Biodiesel Production in Europe and North America An Encouraging Prospect,Renewable Energy,16(1999)1078-1083.
[60]Ayhan Demirbas.Biodiesel fuel from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-catalytic supereritical alcohol transesterifications and other methods:a survey,Energy Conversion and Management 44(2003)2093-2109.
[61]李浩南,罗金华,张彩等.生物柴油技术研究进展.能源研究与利用,2006,(3):1-4.
[62]S.Saka,D.Kusdiana.Biodiesel Fuel From Rapeseed Oil As Prepared In Supercritical Methanol,Fuel 80(2001)225-231.
[63]Mohamad I.Al-Widyan,Ali O.Al-Shyoukh,Experimental Evaluation Of The Transesterification Of Waste Palm Oil Into Biodiesel,Bioresourse Technology,85(2002)253-256.
[64]M.Diasakou,A.Louloudi & N.Papayannakos,Kinetics Of The Non-catalytic Transesterification Of Soybean Oil,Fuel 77(1998)1297-1302.
[65]彭荫来,杨帆.利用餐饮业废油脂制造生物柴油[J]城市环境与城市生态,14卷4期,54-56.
[66]李珍,张国慧,刘昌,刘丽影.生物肥料的作用及发展方向[J].现代化农业,2002(5):22-24.
[67]亲玉静.单细胞蛋白开发利用[J].饲料博览,2004,2:46-47.
[68]章练红,世界单细胞蛋白开发利用概况[J].饲料博览,1999,11(2):24-25.
[69]郭维烈,郭庆华.新型发酵蛋白饲料[M].北京:科学技术出版社1996,147-352.
[70]陶德录.活性饲料酵母生产的工艺对其产品质量的影响[J].饲料研究,1995,16(1):23-24.
[71]赵德英,张景宏,等.固态发酵及其在饲料工业中的应用[J].中国饲料,2000,(10)28-29.
[72]汪维云,朱金华.食用菌液体深层发酵技术研究进展[J].中国食用菌,1997,17(2):11-12
[73]徐姗楠,邱宏端.微生物发酵生产蛋白饲料的研究进展[J].福州大学学报,2002,(30):709-713.
[74]吴绵斌,虞炳钧.数类原料发酵生产蛋白强化饲料[J].饲料工业,1994,15(10):10-14.
[75]Mattiassin B,Hosto.Extractive Bio-conversions[M].New York:Morcel Dekker Inc,1991.
[76]卢艳杰,龚院生,张连富等.油脂检测技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004,134-156.
[77]陈洁编.油脂化学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004,199-207.
[78]袁志发,周静芋实验设计与分析[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000,292-298.
[79]张乃锋,刁其玉,曹波.苹果发酵饲料对奶牛产奶量的影响[J].动物营养,2003,20(7):43-44.
[80]樊平,颜邦斌.生物发酵饲料饲养肉猪新技术[J].四川畜牧兽医,2003,30(1):52-53.
[81]王桂田,范新国.周元军怎样用生物发酵饲料养[J].猪营养与饲料,2004,(2):35.
[82]胡明德,谢保胜,尼玛.EM发酵饲料对断奶仔猪的增重效果[J].青海畜牧兽医杂 志,1999,29(1):7-8.
[83]李丰成.EM发酵饲料饲喂育肥猪的效果[J].畜禽业,2004,(11):29-30.
[84]李晓东,韩俊生.发酵饲料喂猪增重试验研究[J]南京农专学报,1995,(2):15-18.
[85]舒远才,陈长佑.复合酶喂猪增重报告[J].饲料工业,1994,15(4):29.
[86]张铭,骆世元,陈光国.生物技术养猪试验告[J].四川畜牧兽医,1999,26(6):14-15.
[87]中华人民共和国农业行业标准,农用微生物菌剂标准,NY/T884-2004,附录A[s].
[2]刘会友,王俊辉,赵定国.厌氧消化处理餐厨垃圾的工艺研究[J].能源技术,2005,26(4):150-154.
[3]夏越清,周迎艳.上海是餐厨垃圾管理[J].环境卫生工程,2003,3(1):43-45
[4]上海市废弃物管理处.上海市餐厨垃圾处置和管理宣传手册.2002:1-2.
[5]孙向军,冯蒂,吴冰丝等.上海市泔脚垃圾的处理及管理[J].环境卫生工程,2002,(9):130-132.
[6]王星,王德汉,徐菲,等.餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的工艺比选研究[J].能源工程,2005,(5):27-31.
[7]沈雪海,俞凯觎.餐厨垃圾的管理与处置[J].今日科技.2003,(10):43.
[8]吉林省环境信息网.
[9]迎先,李坚.城市生活垃圾的几种处理方法[J].环境保护科学,1996,第4期.
[10]赵由才,朱青山主编.城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场技术与管理手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社,1999年9月.
[11]刘存芳等.德国垃圾卫生填埋场建设和安全运行中的环境安全措施[J].安全与环境学报.2004,4(增刊):72-75.
[12]A.I.Zacharof,A.P.Butler.Stochastic modelling of land.processes incorporating waste heterogeneity and data uncertainty[J].Waste Management,24(2004)241-250
[13]李爱玲.浅谈城市垃圾焚烧技术现状及发展趋势[J].科技情报开发与经济,2003,13(2):115-116.
[14]张峥,李得翔.论适合我国国情的城市垃圾处理技术.污染防治,1997(10):3,161-163.
[15]王学江,华路,范海荣等.城市垃圾资源化利用首都师范大学学报,2004,25(2):80-84.
[16]颜丽辉,吴银彪.城市生活垃圾处理带来的二次污染问题.中国环保产业CEPI,2003,(4):17-17.
[17]陈德喜.我国城市生活垃圾焚烧厂建设模式的探讨[J].调查研究,2004,48-51.
[18]杨再鹏等.我国建立大型焚烧装置之拙见[J].化工环保,2004,24(4):259-261.
[19]Y.B.Yang,Y.R.Goh,R.Zakaria,V.Nasserzadeh,J.Swithenbank.Mathematical modelling of MSW incineration on a travelling bed[J].Waste Management,22(2002)369-380.
[20]张益,赵由才主编.生活垃圾焚烧技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2000年8月.
[21]M.Fehr,M.S.M.V.Castro.A practical solution to the problem of household waste management in Brazil[J].Resources,Conservation and Recycling,30(2000)245-257.
[22]绿色广州环保公众网.
[23]新华网.
[24]陶民强.真空油炸[J].食品工业,1996,(5):50-51.
[25]李国学,张福锁.固体废物堆肥化与有机复混肥生产[M].北京:化学工业出版社出版,2001年1月.
[26]Mohammed Mohaibes.Aerobic thermophilic treatment of farm slurry and food wastes[J].Biorcsourcc Technology,95(2004)245-254.
[27]Ycoung Sang Yun.High rote slurry phase decomposition of food wastes:indirect performance estimation from dissolved oxygen[J].Process Biochemistry,40(2005)1301-1306.
[28]周少奇.有机垃圾好氧堆肥法的生化反应机理[J].环境保护,1999,3:30-32.
[29]曹萍,陈绍伟.高温好氧处理厨余的工艺研究[J]环境卫生工程,1996,(4):14-19.
[30]席北斗等.生活垃圾堆肥接种技术[J].环境学,2003,24(1):157-160.
[31]Yun Ycoung-Sang.Treatmcnt of food wastes using slurry-phase dccomposition[J].Bioresource Technology,2000,73:21-27.
[32]Jong Ik Park,Yun Ycoung-Sang,Jong MoonPark.Long-term operation of slurry biorcactor for decomposition of food wastes[J].Bioresource Technology,2002,84:101-104.
[33]钱泽澍,闵航.沼气发酵微生物学[M].杭州:浙江科学技术出版社,1986年4月.
[34]JB.Richordson.Removal of Heavy Metals and Pathogens during Biphasic Fermentation of Solid Wastes.Proceedings of the 1998 Conference on Hazardous[J]Waste Research,363-373.
[35]Jac Kyoung Cho.Biochemical Methane Potential and Solid State Anaerobic Digestion of Korean Food Wastcs[J].Bioresource Technology,52(1995)245-253.
[36]Sun Kee Han.Biohydrogen production by anaerobic fermentation of food waste[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,29(2004)569-577.
[37]V.A.Vavilin.Modeling solid waste decomposition[J].Bioresource Technology,94(2004)69-81.
[38]李俊涛,钱小青,赵由才.泔脚的厌氧消化处理可行性研究[J]上海环境科学,2002,22,:(9),646-648.
[39]Lay Jiunn-Jyi,Fan Kuo-Shuh,Chang James-I,et al.Influence of chemical nature of organic wastes on their conversion to hydrongen by heat-shock digested sludge[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2003,28(12):1361-1367.
[40]邬苏焕,宋兴福,李够生.双菌固态发酵处理餐厨垃圾[J].食品与发酵工业,2004,30(5):63-68.
[41]陈金钟,邬苏焕,宋兴福.泔脚与秸杆混合发酵法生产蛋白饲料的新工艺流程[J].上海环境科学,2003,22,(12):998-1000.
[42]Harun Koku.Aspects of the metabolism of hydrogen production by Rhodobacter sphaeroides[J].Hydrogen Energy,2002,27:1315-1329.
[43]吴玉萍,董锁成.当代城市生活垃圾处理技术现状与展望[J].城市环境与城市生态,2001,14(1):33-36.
[44]席北斗,刘鸿亮,孟伟.厨余垃圾堆肥蓬松剂技术研究[J].安全与环境学报,2003,3(3):41-45.
[45]路葵.城市生活垃圾生物处理技术.环境保护,2000,25(19):4-7.
[46]李绣艳,吴星武等.接种高温菌剂的生活垃圾好氧堆肥处理[J].同济医科大学学报,2004,32(3):367-371.
[47]霍维周,丁雪梅.蚯蚓处理垃圾产业化问题的探讨[J].城市管理与技术,2002,4(1):16-18.
[48]王旭明,汪群慧,马鸿志等.用乳酸细菌从有机废弃物生产乳酸[J].现代化工,2002,23,(11):50-53.
[49]汪群慧,马鸿志,王旭明.厨余垃圾的资源化技术[J].现代化工,2004,24(7):56-59.
[50]王旭明,汪群慧,马鸿志等。厨房垃圾资源化的研究进展[J].现代化工,2003,23(11):50-53.
[51]王旭明,汪群慧,马鸿志等.厨房垃圾中高效乳酸细菌的分离筛选及其发酵性能的研究[J].高技术通讯,2004,14,(10):75-79.
[52]孙晓红,汪群慧,孟令辉等.超(亚)临界水氧化法在固体废物资源化中的应用[J].现代化工,2003,23,(5):48-51..
[53]耿土锁.食物性有机垃圾资源化方法[J].贵州环保科技,2002(12):15-18.
[54]敬言,关于普及食物垃圾处理器的思考[J].家用电器,2003,(1):6-87.
[55]陈世和.中国大陆城市生活垃圾堆肥技术概况.环境科学,1993,15(1):53-56.
[56]李志强.几种蛋白饲料资源的开发与利用.农村实用技术与信息,2004,(9):46-49.
[57]卢明,厨房垃圾下水道粉碎机[J].中国食品,1999(11),39-39.
[58]国家环保局政策法规司冲国环境保护法规全书[S](1982-1997),1995.259.
[59]W.Korbitz.Biodiesel Production in Europe and North America An Encouraging Prospect,Renewable Energy,16(1999)1078-1083.
[60]Ayhan Demirbas.Biodiesel fuel from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-catalytic supereritical alcohol transesterifications and other methods:a survey,Energy Conversion and Management 44(2003)2093-2109.
[61]李浩南,罗金华,张彩等.生物柴油技术研究进展.能源研究与利用,2006,(3):1-4.
[62]S.Saka,D.Kusdiana.Biodiesel Fuel From Rapeseed Oil As Prepared In Supercritical Methanol,Fuel 80(2001)225-231.
[63]Mohamad I.Al-Widyan,Ali O.Al-Shyoukh,Experimental Evaluation Of The Transesterification Of Waste Palm Oil Into Biodiesel,Bioresourse Technology,85(2002)253-256.
[64]M.Diasakou,A.Louloudi & N.Papayannakos,Kinetics Of The Non-catalytic Transesterification Of Soybean Oil,Fuel 77(1998)1297-1302.
[65]彭荫来,杨帆.利用餐饮业废油脂制造生物柴油[J]城市环境与城市生态,14卷4期,54-56.
[66]李珍,张国慧,刘昌,刘丽影.生物肥料的作用及发展方向[J].现代化农业,2002(5):22-24.
[67]亲玉静.单细胞蛋白开发利用[J].饲料博览,2004,2:46-47.
[68]章练红,世界单细胞蛋白开发利用概况[J].饲料博览,1999,11(2):24-25.
[69]郭维烈,郭庆华.新型发酵蛋白饲料[M].北京:科学技术出版社1996,147-352.
[70]陶德录.活性饲料酵母生产的工艺对其产品质量的影响[J].饲料研究,1995,16(1):23-24.
[71]赵德英,张景宏,等.固态发酵及其在饲料工业中的应用[J].中国饲料,2000,(10)28-29.
[72]汪维云,朱金华.食用菌液体深层发酵技术研究进展[J].中国食用菌,1997,17(2):11-12
[73]徐姗楠,邱宏端.微生物发酵生产蛋白饲料的研究进展[J].福州大学学报,2002,(30):709-713.
[74]吴绵斌,虞炳钧.数类原料发酵生产蛋白强化饲料[J].饲料工业,1994,15(10):10-14.
[75]Mattiassin B,Hosto.Extractive Bio-conversions[M].New York:Morcel Dekker Inc,1991.
[76]卢艳杰,龚院生,张连富等.油脂检测技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004,134-156.
[77]陈洁编.油脂化学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004,199-207.
[78]袁志发,周静芋实验设计与分析[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000,292-298.
[79]张乃锋,刁其玉,曹波.苹果发酵饲料对奶牛产奶量的影响[J].动物营养,2003,20(7):43-44.
[80]樊平,颜邦斌.生物发酵饲料饲养肉猪新技术[J].四川畜牧兽医,2003,30(1):52-53.
[81]王桂田,范新国.周元军怎样用生物发酵饲料养[J].猪营养与饲料,2004,(2):35.
[82]胡明德,谢保胜,尼玛.EM发酵饲料对断奶仔猪的增重效果[J].青海畜牧兽医杂 志,1999,29(1):7-8.
[83]李丰成.EM发酵饲料饲喂育肥猪的效果[J].畜禽业,2004,(11):29-30.
[84]李晓东,韩俊生.发酵饲料喂猪增重试验研究[J]南京农专学报,1995,(2):15-18.
[85]舒远才,陈长佑.复合酶喂猪增重报告[J].饲料工业,1994,15(4):29.
[86]张铭,骆世元,陈光国.生物技术养猪试验告[J].四川畜牧兽医,1999,26(6):14-15.
[87]中华人民共和国农业行业标准,农用微生物菌剂标准,NY/T884-2004,附录A[s].
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |