中国省域高等教育竞争力研究
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摘要
高等教育竞争力是国家竞争力的重要基石,区域高等教育是区域经济竞争力提升的永动机。随着高等教育管理体制改革和高等教育规模的扩张,我国高等教育呈现出区域化发展特征,高等教育对区域经济社会发展的作用更加凸显。有效提升省域高等教育竞争力,促进省域高等教育与区域经济社会协调发展,统筹我国区域高等教育分布,是关乎我国高等教育发展的重要理论和现实课题。
本研究从管理学、经济学、教育学多学科的视角,以我国省域高等教育竞争力为研究对象,运用国家竞争优势理论、非均衡发展理论、高等教育外部关系理论的原理与模型,研究高等教育竞争力的基本概念、构成要素,构建高等教育竞争力理论模型,建立高等教育竞争力评价指标体系,分析省域高等教育竞争力的省域差异、区域极化现象、协调程度、影响因素,提出提升省域高等教育竞争力、促进高等教育协调发展的对策。
对高等教育竞争力的要素进行分析,提出省域高等教育竞争力的基本构成要素：规模要素、资源要素、质量要素、效益要素；对影响高等教育系统运行及其功能水平的重要因素进行分析,提出省域高等教育竞争力的主要影响因素；在要素分析的基础上,借鉴波特的国家竞争优势理论,构建了省域高等教育竞争力评价的钻石模型,基于该模型构建了省域高等教育竞争力4维度3层级40项指标的评价指标体系,得出省域高等教育综合竞争力排名和要素竞争力排名,通过综合竞争力聚类分析,将31个省区高等教育按照竞争力强弱程度分为7类。研究发现,中国省域高等教育竞争力呈显著非均衡特征。
发现了我国高等教育区域发展在显著非均衡基础上的区域集聚化,揭示了我国区域高等教育增长极现象。中国省域高等教育布局形成了分布于东、中、西部的7个“区域高等教育增长极”：1)华北地区“京—津”增长极；2)华东地区“沪苏—浙鲁”增长极；3)华中地区“鄂—湘”增长极;4)西北地区陕西增长极；5)华南地区广东增长极；6)东北地区辽宁增长极；7)西南地区四川增长极。从增长极的极化程度、增长极对辐射区域的作用强度来看,大体呈现东—中—西的梯次分布。由于北京、上海、江苏高等教育竞争力明显领先于其他省域,可以把北京、上海—江苏作为全国高等教育的2个“增长极”。
构建了省域高等教育协调度模型,发现了省域高等教育内部要素之间、高等教育与经济社会发展之间协调关系的基本差异和不同类型。研究发现：1)基于省域高等教育内部协调程度,省域高等教育发展分为内部协调型、质量主导型、规模主导型、效益主导型、资源主导型5种类型；2)基于省域高等教育内部及外部协调发展程度,省域高等教育分为发达协调型、发达不协调型、中等发展趋于协调型、落后协调型、落后不协调型5种类型。
对我国省域高等教育竞争力影响因素进行了剖析,分析了导致我国省域高等教育竞争力水平非均衡的主要因素、一般因素和次要因素。计划经济阶段主要影响因素为制度政策,市场经济阶段主要影响因素依次为经济发展、制度政策,一般影响因素为历史与文化,次要因素为人口与环境。
基于前面研究结果中显示的省域高等教育竞争力分布及其差异现状、非均衡和区域极化特征、各省区高等教育内外部协调性特点、主要问题及其影响因素和形成根源,结合我国高等教育发展要求和趋势,分别就提升省域高等教育竞争力、促进省域间高等教育非均衡—协调发展、促进省域内高等教育协调发展提出了相应的对策。
Higher education competitiveness is an important cornerstone of national competitiveness, and regional higher education is the perpetual motion machine to enhance regional economic competitiveness. With reform in higher education management system and the expansion of the scale of higher education, higher education in China shows the characteristics of regional development, and it plays a more prominent role in regional economic and social development. To effectively enhance the provincial competitiveness of higher education, to promote the co-ordination between provincial higher education and regional economic and social development, and to make a whole plan of regional higher education development are important theoretical and practical issues relating to the development of higher education in China.
With the competitiveness of provincial higher education as the object, the study has adopted the multi-disciplinary perspective of management, economics, and education and followed the framework of national competitive advantage theory, non-balanced development theory, the principles and model of higher education external relations theory. The project has studied the basic concepts and elements, constructed the theoretical model, set the evaluation index system of higher education competitiveness, analyzed the provincial differences, regional polarization, coordination degree and influencing factors in provincial higher education competitiveness, and finally has proposed countermeasures to enhance provincial higher education competitiveness, and to promote the coordinated development of higher education.
This study has first of all analyzed the elements of higher education competitiveness and has found the basic elements of provincial higher education competitiveness:elements of scale, resources, quality and efficiency. Then analysis has been done on the important factors that affect how higher education system runs and functions and the main factors of provincial higher education competitiveness have been found. Based on factor analysis, drawing on Porter's national competitive advantage theory, the diamond model has been constructed for the evaluation of provincial higher education competitiveness. Based on this diamond model, a four-dimensioned three-leveled evaluation index system of40indicators has been built. With the help of this system, the overall competitiveness ranking and competitiveness elements ranking have been obtained. After cluster analysis of competitiveness, the31provinces have been divided into seven classes in accordance with the degree of competitiveness. The study has found that China's provincial higher education competitiveness in different areas is greatly unbalanced.
The study has found the regional agglomeration of the unbalanced regional development and found the growth pole phenomenon in China's higher education. There exist seven "regional higher education growth poles" in the eastern, central and western areas:1) North China's Beijing-Tianjin growth pole;2) East China's Jiangsu and Shanghai-Zhejiang and Shandong growth pole;3) Central China's Hubei-Hunan growth pole;4) Northwest China's Shanxi growth pole;5) South China's Guangdong growth pole;6) Northeast China's Liaoning growth pole;7) Southwest China's Sichuan growth pole. Judging from the degree of polarization and the growth pole's function intensity upon the radiated areas, we can find the east-central-west gradient distribution. Since the higher education competitiveness in Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu is significantly ahead of that in other provincial areas, Beijing, Shanghai-Jiangsu can be regarded as two national higher education "growth poles"
The study has built a model of the provincial higher education coordination and found the basic differences between the internal elements of provincial higher education and different types of coordination between provincial higher education and the economic society's development. The findings are:1) based on the internal coordination degree of provincial higher education, the development of provincial higher education can be classified into five types as internal coordinated, quality-oriented, scale-oriented, efficiency-oriented, and resource-oriented;2) based on the development of internal and external coordination of provincial higher education, there are five types of provincial higher education:developed coordination, developed disharmony, medium coordination, backward coordination and backward disharmony.
Analysis has been done to the main factors, general factors and minor factors causing the extremely unbalanced development of China's provincial higher education competitiveness. For the planned economy, the main influencing factors rank as system&policy and economic development, while the main influencing factors for the market economy take the order of economic development, system&policy. The general influencing factors are history and culture, and the minor factors are population and the environment.
Based on previous findings about the distribution of provincial competitiveness and differences in the status quo, imbalance and regional polarization, characteristics of regional external coordination, the main problems and their influencing factors and their root causes, the study has proposed corresponding countermeasures for upgrading provincial higher education competitiveness, promoting the non-balanced coordination of the higher education development among provinces and promoting the internal coordinated development of provincial higher education.
本研究从管理学、经济学、教育学多学科的视角,以我国省域高等教育竞争力为研究对象,运用国家竞争优势理论、非均衡发展理论、高等教育外部关系理论的原理与模型,研究高等教育竞争力的基本概念、构成要素,构建高等教育竞争力理论模型,建立高等教育竞争力评价指标体系,分析省域高等教育竞争力的省域差异、区域极化现象、协调程度、影响因素,提出提升省域高等教育竞争力、促进高等教育协调发展的对策。
对高等教育竞争力的要素进行分析,提出省域高等教育竞争力的基本构成要素：规模要素、资源要素、质量要素、效益要素；对影响高等教育系统运行及其功能水平的重要因素进行分析,提出省域高等教育竞争力的主要影响因素；在要素分析的基础上,借鉴波特的国家竞争优势理论,构建了省域高等教育竞争力评价的钻石模型,基于该模型构建了省域高等教育竞争力4维度3层级40项指标的评价指标体系,得出省域高等教育综合竞争力排名和要素竞争力排名,通过综合竞争力聚类分析,将31个省区高等教育按照竞争力强弱程度分为7类。研究发现,中国省域高等教育竞争力呈显著非均衡特征。
发现了我国高等教育区域发展在显著非均衡基础上的区域集聚化,揭示了我国区域高等教育增长极现象。中国省域高等教育布局形成了分布于东、中、西部的7个“区域高等教育增长极”：1)华北地区“京—津”增长极；2)华东地区“沪苏—浙鲁”增长极；3)华中地区“鄂—湘”增长极;4)西北地区陕西增长极；5)华南地区广东增长极；6)东北地区辽宁增长极；7)西南地区四川增长极。从增长极的极化程度、增长极对辐射区域的作用强度来看,大体呈现东—中—西的梯次分布。由于北京、上海、江苏高等教育竞争力明显领先于其他省域,可以把北京、上海—江苏作为全国高等教育的2个“增长极”。
构建了省域高等教育协调度模型,发现了省域高等教育内部要素之间、高等教育与经济社会发展之间协调关系的基本差异和不同类型。研究发现：1)基于省域高等教育内部协调程度,省域高等教育发展分为内部协调型、质量主导型、规模主导型、效益主导型、资源主导型5种类型；2)基于省域高等教育内部及外部协调发展程度,省域高等教育分为发达协调型、发达不协调型、中等发展趋于协调型、落后协调型、落后不协调型5种类型。
对我国省域高等教育竞争力影响因素进行了剖析,分析了导致我国省域高等教育竞争力水平非均衡的主要因素、一般因素和次要因素。计划经济阶段主要影响因素为制度政策,市场经济阶段主要影响因素依次为经济发展、制度政策,一般影响因素为历史与文化,次要因素为人口与环境。
基于前面研究结果中显示的省域高等教育竞争力分布及其差异现状、非均衡和区域极化特征、各省区高等教育内外部协调性特点、主要问题及其影响因素和形成根源,结合我国高等教育发展要求和趋势,分别就提升省域高等教育竞争力、促进省域间高等教育非均衡—协调发展、促进省域内高等教育协调发展提出了相应的对策。
Higher education competitiveness is an important cornerstone of national competitiveness, and regional higher education is the perpetual motion machine to enhance regional economic competitiveness. With reform in higher education management system and the expansion of the scale of higher education, higher education in China shows the characteristics of regional development, and it plays a more prominent role in regional economic and social development. To effectively enhance the provincial competitiveness of higher education, to promote the co-ordination between provincial higher education and regional economic and social development, and to make a whole plan of regional higher education development are important theoretical and practical issues relating to the development of higher education in China.
With the competitiveness of provincial higher education as the object, the study has adopted the multi-disciplinary perspective of management, economics, and education and followed the framework of national competitive advantage theory, non-balanced development theory, the principles and model of higher education external relations theory. The project has studied the basic concepts and elements, constructed the theoretical model, set the evaluation index system of higher education competitiveness, analyzed the provincial differences, regional polarization, coordination degree and influencing factors in provincial higher education competitiveness, and finally has proposed countermeasures to enhance provincial higher education competitiveness, and to promote the coordinated development of higher education.
This study has first of all analyzed the elements of higher education competitiveness and has found the basic elements of provincial higher education competitiveness:elements of scale, resources, quality and efficiency. Then analysis has been done on the important factors that affect how higher education system runs and functions and the main factors of provincial higher education competitiveness have been found. Based on factor analysis, drawing on Porter's national competitive advantage theory, the diamond model has been constructed for the evaluation of provincial higher education competitiveness. Based on this diamond model, a four-dimensioned three-leveled evaluation index system of40indicators has been built. With the help of this system, the overall competitiveness ranking and competitiveness elements ranking have been obtained. After cluster analysis of competitiveness, the31provinces have been divided into seven classes in accordance with the degree of competitiveness. The study has found that China's provincial higher education competitiveness in different areas is greatly unbalanced.
The study has found the regional agglomeration of the unbalanced regional development and found the growth pole phenomenon in China's higher education. There exist seven "regional higher education growth poles" in the eastern, central and western areas:1) North China's Beijing-Tianjin growth pole;2) East China's Jiangsu and Shanghai-Zhejiang and Shandong growth pole;3) Central China's Hubei-Hunan growth pole;4) Northwest China's Shanxi growth pole;5) South China's Guangdong growth pole;6) Northeast China's Liaoning growth pole;7) Southwest China's Sichuan growth pole. Judging from the degree of polarization and the growth pole's function intensity upon the radiated areas, we can find the east-central-west gradient distribution. Since the higher education competitiveness in Beijing, Shanghai, Jiangsu is significantly ahead of that in other provincial areas, Beijing, Shanghai-Jiangsu can be regarded as two national higher education "growth poles"
The study has built a model of the provincial higher education coordination and found the basic differences between the internal elements of provincial higher education and different types of coordination between provincial higher education and the economic society's development. The findings are:1) based on the internal coordination degree of provincial higher education, the development of provincial higher education can be classified into five types as internal coordinated, quality-oriented, scale-oriented, efficiency-oriented, and resource-oriented;2) based on the development of internal and external coordination of provincial higher education, there are five types of provincial higher education:developed coordination, developed disharmony, medium coordination, backward coordination and backward disharmony.
Analysis has been done to the main factors, general factors and minor factors causing the extremely unbalanced development of China's provincial higher education competitiveness. For the planned economy, the main influencing factors rank as system&policy and economic development, while the main influencing factors for the market economy take the order of economic development, system&policy. The general influencing factors are history and culture, and the minor factors are population and the environment.
Based on previous findings about the distribution of provincial competitiveness and differences in the status quo, imbalance and regional polarization, characteristics of regional external coordination, the main problems and their influencing factors and their root causes, the study has proposed corresponding countermeasures for upgrading provincial higher education competitiveness, promoting the non-balanced coordination of the higher education development among provinces and promoting the internal coordinated development of provincial higher education.
引文
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