电力系统广域实时同步相量测量系统研究
|
摘要
目前,大电网互联已成为世界各国电力工业发展的趋势,但大电网运行将给电网安全稳定带来潜在威胁。基于GPS的广域实时同步相量测量技术的重要应用价值是在系统发生扰动或故障时提供系统的实时动态信息,为电力系统暂态稳定分析与控制提供了重要手段。本文围绕开发广域实时同步相量测量系统开展了研究工作,着重研究了如何实现广域实时同步相量测量系统,以及如何提高其实时性。本文的主要工作如下:
(1)提出了一种自适应遗传算法,引入进化时间的概念,构造了进化衰减因子,自动调整算法的交叉与变异概率,克服了一般遗传算法易早熟的缺点,加快了寻优速度,并保护了最优解。还提出了一种自适应随机扰动蚁群算法,为信息素挥发残留系数引入自适应调节机制,加入了随机扰动策略,克服了以往蚁群算法易搜索停滞和陷入局部最优的缺点,在保证收敛速度前提下,提高了蚁群算法的全局收敛性。综合系统的经济性与可观性指标,给出了PMU安装地点选择优化问题的数学模型。根据以上提出的两种算法,给出了PMU安装地点配置的通用优化算法。
(2)为小波神经网络提出了同伦学习方法,解决了梯度法收敛速度慢、牛顿法对初值敏感的缺点。应用该方法预测参考相角和发电机功角,提高了预测的精度和速度。IEEE 39节点系统的算例研究表明,在典型故障情况下,预测0.5s参考相角的误差小于2o,预测0.5s发电机功角的误差在5o左右。
(3)给出了一种网络化的广域高速实时通信系统,开发了其中的关键设备——广域实时通信网关,组建了4节点的广域高速实时通信实验室系统,进行了1500km距离的现场试验,论证了在1000km范围、50节点规模的通信系统中, 100字节的短帧数据在10ms、1000字节的长帧数据在20ms内均能够上传和下达。
(4)给出了基于CompactPCI总线结构的同步相量测量装置的设计方案,研制了2台装置并现场安装运行。装置可实时测量母线电压、电流相量、发电机电势、功角和转速等状态量,并可监视开关的变位、输出跳闸信号,同时兼容了动态录波和就地输出时标功能。
(5)实现了一种电力系统广域实时同步相量测量系统,现场安装了1套主站、1台参考站、2台测量子站和1套实时通信系统,完成了对发电厂的发电机电势、功角和转速与变电站母线电压、电流相量等20ms一轮的遥测,实现了开关变位遥信和开关遥控命令在10ms内完成上传下达。现场调试表明,测量系统的功能和性能指标达到了高速和实时的要求,为最终实现预测控制打下坚实基础。
As power industry enters the new century, wide area inter-connected power grids expand a lot. But, there exit potential security and stabilization problems in such large system. The wide area sychncronized phasor measurement system is a powerful tool for power system monitoring and control, which can gather the real-time dynamic information of the power grids.
This dissertation addresses two main issues for the power system: development of a new wide area real-time sychncronized phasor measurement system and how to improve the real-time character of the measurement system.
A new wide area real-time sychncronized phasor measurement system is proposed and implemented, which consist of a dispatch system, reference measurement station, power plant and transformer substation measurement station , and real-time communication system. The new measurement system could measure all the generator power angels and potential, the substation bus voltage and current phasors in 20 milliseconds and the breaker state in 10 milliseconds. The control decisions could also be sent to destination is 10 milliseconds.
The evolution attenuator factor is introduced into the genetic algorithm, which enables a new adaptive genetic algorithm to adjust the possibilities of crossover and mutation adaptively according to both the individual fitness and evolution generations. Another new meta-heuristic approach called Adaptive Stochastic Perturbing Ant Colony System is also presented. Both algorithms are applied to optimize the Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) placement problem and fulfill the requirement of minimizing the number of PMUs in the system while keeping the all nodes phasor observable. A homotopy training method for the Wavelet Neural Network (WNN) is used to overcome the lower convergency speed of the gradient-based or Newton training method of the WNN. The homotopy-WNN is applied to the multi-step prediction of the reference phase angle and generator power angel and the prediction accuracy fulfill the requirement.
A wide area real-time communication system is also constructed for the measurement system. In a 1000km range and 50 nodes provincial system, the communication system could transmit 100 bytes packet and 1000 bytes packet in 10 and 20 milliseconds respectively.
The CompactPCI bus phasor measurement unit industrial device is developed. The device can measure the voltage and current phasor and generator power angle, and also province local output of the control signals.
(1)提出了一种自适应遗传算法,引入进化时间的概念,构造了进化衰减因子,自动调整算法的交叉与变异概率,克服了一般遗传算法易早熟的缺点,加快了寻优速度,并保护了最优解。还提出了一种自适应随机扰动蚁群算法,为信息素挥发残留系数引入自适应调节机制,加入了随机扰动策略,克服了以往蚁群算法易搜索停滞和陷入局部最优的缺点,在保证收敛速度前提下,提高了蚁群算法的全局收敛性。综合系统的经济性与可观性指标,给出了PMU安装地点选择优化问题的数学模型。根据以上提出的两种算法,给出了PMU安装地点配置的通用优化算法。
(2)为小波神经网络提出了同伦学习方法,解决了梯度法收敛速度慢、牛顿法对初值敏感的缺点。应用该方法预测参考相角和发电机功角,提高了预测的精度和速度。IEEE 39节点系统的算例研究表明,在典型故障情况下,预测0.5s参考相角的误差小于2o,预测0.5s发电机功角的误差在5o左右。
(3)给出了一种网络化的广域高速实时通信系统,开发了其中的关键设备——广域实时通信网关,组建了4节点的广域高速实时通信实验室系统,进行了1500km距离的现场试验,论证了在1000km范围、50节点规模的通信系统中, 100字节的短帧数据在10ms、1000字节的长帧数据在20ms内均能够上传和下达。
(4)给出了基于CompactPCI总线结构的同步相量测量装置的设计方案,研制了2台装置并现场安装运行。装置可实时测量母线电压、电流相量、发电机电势、功角和转速等状态量,并可监视开关的变位、输出跳闸信号,同时兼容了动态录波和就地输出时标功能。
(5)实现了一种电力系统广域实时同步相量测量系统,现场安装了1套主站、1台参考站、2台测量子站和1套实时通信系统,完成了对发电厂的发电机电势、功角和转速与变电站母线电压、电流相量等20ms一轮的遥测,实现了开关变位遥信和开关遥控命令在10ms内完成上传下达。现场调试表明,测量系统的功能和性能指标达到了高速和实时的要求,为最终实现预测控制打下坚实基础。
As power industry enters the new century, wide area inter-connected power grids expand a lot. But, there exit potential security and stabilization problems in such large system. The wide area sychncronized phasor measurement system is a powerful tool for power system monitoring and control, which can gather the real-time dynamic information of the power grids.
This dissertation addresses two main issues for the power system: development of a new wide area real-time sychncronized phasor measurement system and how to improve the real-time character of the measurement system.
A new wide area real-time sychncronized phasor measurement system is proposed and implemented, which consist of a dispatch system, reference measurement station, power plant and transformer substation measurement station , and real-time communication system. The new measurement system could measure all the generator power angels and potential, the substation bus voltage and current phasors in 20 milliseconds and the breaker state in 10 milliseconds. The control decisions could also be sent to destination is 10 milliseconds.
The evolution attenuator factor is introduced into the genetic algorithm, which enables a new adaptive genetic algorithm to adjust the possibilities of crossover and mutation adaptively according to both the individual fitness and evolution generations. Another new meta-heuristic approach called Adaptive Stochastic Perturbing Ant Colony System is also presented. Both algorithms are applied to optimize the Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) placement problem and fulfill the requirement of minimizing the number of PMUs in the system while keeping the all nodes phasor observable. A homotopy training method for the Wavelet Neural Network (WNN) is used to overcome the lower convergency speed of the gradient-based or Newton training method of the WNN. The homotopy-WNN is applied to the multi-step prediction of the reference phase angle and generator power angel and the prediction accuracy fulfill the requirement.
A wide area real-time communication system is also constructed for the measurement system. In a 1000km range and 50 nodes provincial system, the communication system could transmit 100 bytes packet and 1000 bytes packet in 10 and 20 milliseconds respectively.
The CompactPCI bus phasor measurement unit industrial device is developed. The device can measure the voltage and current phasor and generator power angle, and also province local output of the control signals.
引文
[1] 徐征雄,“十五”末我国电网发展的展望,国际电力,2001,3
[2] 《电力工业“十五”规划》,国家经贸委,2002
[3] 郑宝森,郭日彩,中国互联电网的发展,电网技术,2003,27(2):1-3
[4] 吴蓂高,我国电网的现状及联网的动态,水利水电科技进展,2000,4
[5] 韩祯祥等,2000 年国际大电网会议系列报道——电网互联的现状和前景,电力系统自动化,2000,24(24):1-4
[6] 徐征雄,大区交流联网后电网内部暂态稳定水平变化的机理、影响因素及对策研究,中国电力,2001, 34(12):27-31
[7] 余贻鑫,陈礼义,电力系统安全性与稳定性,北京:科学出版社,1989
[8] 雷晓蒙,吸取美国西部电网事故教训,提高我国电网安全稳定水平,电网技术,1997,21(3):54-57
[9] 雷晓蒙,台湾省 7 月 29 日大停电事故的教训和启示,中国电力,1999, 32(12):55-57
[10] 贺仁睦,电网动态实时监控及管理系统的构想,电力系统自动化,2002,26(5):1-4
[11] Carson W. Talor,Dennis C. Erickson,Recording and analyzing the July 2 cascading outage, IEEE Computer applications in power,1997,10(1)
[12] Stahlkopf, K.E.; Wilhelm, M.R. Tighter controls for busier systems [power systems]. IEEE Spectrum, 1997,34(4):48-52
[13] Wilson, R.E. Methods and uses of precise time in power systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1992,7(1):126-132
[14] Phadke, A.G. Synchronized phasor measurements in power systems. IEEE Computer Applications in Power,1993 ,6(2):10-15
[15] Burnett, R.O et al. Synchronized phasor measurements of a power system event. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1994,9(3):1643-1650
[16] De La O, J.A. New theory for phasor measurement. Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, 2002, IMTC/2002. Proceedings of the 19th IEEE,2002,Vol.2:1405-1410
[17] 韩英铎等,电力系统中的三项前沿课题——柔性输电技术,清华大学学报,1997,37(7):1-6
[18] A.G.Phadke,Synchronized Phasor Measurements-A historical overview,Proceedings of IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference andExhibition. Japan, 2002: 476-479
[19] 蔡运清,汪磊,Kip Mortson,Priabha Kundur,周逢权,郭志忠,广域保护(稳控)技木的现状及展望,电网技术,2004,28(8)
[20] W.A. Flower,Phase angle displayed for dispatcher,Electrical World,1973,5
[21] G.Missout,P.Girard,Measurement of bus voltage angle between Montreal and Sept-Iles. IEEE Trans on PAS,1980,99(2):536-539
[22] G.Missout,el al. Dynamic measurement of the absolute voltage angle on long transmission lines. IEEE Trans on PAS,1981,100(11):4428-4434
[23] P.Bonanomi. Phase angle measurement with synchronized clock principle and applications. IEEE Trans on PAS,1981,100(12):5036-5043
[24] A.G. Phadke,J.S. Thorp,M.G. Adaiak. A new measurement technique for tracking voltage phasors, local system frequency, and rate of change of frequency. IEEE Trans on PAS, 1983,102(5):1025-1033
[25] A.G. Phadke,J.S. Thorp,K.J. Karimi. A State Estimation with phasor measurements. IEEE Trans on PWRS, 1986,1 (1):233-241
[26] J.S. Thorp, A.G. Phadke,S.H.Horowitz,M.M.Begovic. Some applications of phasor measurements to adaptive protection. IEEE Trans on PWRS,1988,3(2):791-798
[27] B.Hofman-Wellenhof,H.Lichtenegger,J.Collins. Global positioning system theory and ractice. Spinger-Verlag Wien New York,1992
[28] I.A.Getting,The global positioning,IEEE Spectrum,1993,12:36-47
[29] R.E.Wilson. Methods and uses of precise time in power system. IEEE Trans on PWRD, 1992,7(1):126-132
[30] Street, M.A.,et al, Global positioning system applications for enhancing the performance of large power systems. Proceedings of the 35th session. International conference on large high voltage electric systems,1994,1-6(2):38-104
[31] A.G.Phadke,Synchronized Phasor Measurements-A historical overview,Proceedings of IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition. Japan, 2002: 476-479
[32] IEEE standard for synchrophasors for power systems,IEEE Std 1344-1995,1995
[33] Denys, P., Counan, C., Hossenlopp, L., Holweck, C. Measurement of voltage phase for the French future defence plan against losses of synchronism., IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1992, 7(1):62-69
[34] Robert O. Bernett et al , Power system applications for phasor measurement units. IEEE Computer Application in Power,1994, (1)
[35] V.Centeno, et al. Adaptive out-of-step relay with phasor measurement,IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1997, 12(1):61-71
[36] Bharat Bhargava, Synchronized Phasor Measurement System project at Southern California Edison Co. Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 1999. IEEE , (1):16- 22
[37] T.W.Cease,Butch Feldhaus,Real-time monitoring of the TVA power system. IEEE Computer Applications in Power, 1994 , 7(3):47-51
[38] Richard P.Schulz,Louis S.Vanslyck,Stanley H.Horowitz,Applications of fast phasor measurements on utility systems. Power Industry Computer Application Conference, 1989. PICA '89, Conference Papers,:49-55
[39] Wilson, R.E.; Sterlina, P.S. Verification of measured transmission system phase angles. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 1996,11 (4 ):1743-1747
[40] A.G.Phadke,Synchronized phasor measurements in power systems. IEEE Computer Application in Power,1993,6(2):10-15
[41] J.S.Thorp, A.G.Phadke. Some applications of phasor measurements to adaptive protection. IEEE Trans on power system, 1988, 3(2):791-797
[42] Ota. Y., Ukai. H., Nakamura, K. Fujita, H. Evaluation of stability and electric power quality in power system by using phasor measurements. International Conference on Power System Technology, 2000, (3 ):1335- 1340
[43] Rehtanz, C.; Bertsch, J. A new wide area protection system. 2001 IEEE Porto Power Tech Proceedings, Sept. 2001, (4):10-13
[44] Magnus Akke, Daniel Karlsson. Phasor measurement applications in Scandinavia. 2002
[45] Boka Milosevic, Miroslav Begovic. Voltage-stability protection and control using a wide-area network of phasor measurements. IEEE Trans on power systems, 2003, 18(1): 121-127
[46] Chih-Wen Liu, et al. Neuro-fuzzy networks for voltage security monitoring based on synchronized phasor measurements. IEEE Trans on power systems, 1998, 13(2):326-332
[47] Nuqui, R.F.; Phadke, A.G.; Schulz, R.P.; Bhatt, N. Fast on-line voltage security monitoring using synchronized phasor measurements and decision trees. 2001. IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting,(3):1347 – 1352
[48] Steven Rovnyak, et al. Decision trees for real-time transient stability prediction. IEEE Trans on power systems, 1994, 9(3) :1417-1426
[49] Chih-Wen Liu, et al. Detection of transiently chaotic swings in power systems using real-time phasor measurements. IEEE Trans on power systems, 1994, 9(3):1285-1292
[50] Stewart E. Stanton, et al. Application of phasor measurements and partial energy analysis in stabilizing large disturbances. IEEE Trans on power systems. 1995, 10(1):297-306
[51] S. Rovnyak, et al. Predicting future behavior of transient events rapidly enough to evaluate remedial control options in real time. IEEE Trans on power systems, 1995, 10(3):1195-1203
[52] Bretas N.G., Phadke A.G. Real time instability prediction through adaptive time series coefficients. Power IEEE Engineering Society 1999 Winter Meeting , 1999, (1):731–736
[53] A.G. Phadke. Recent Advances in Monitoring, Protection and Control of Power Systems
[54] Yu C.-S., Liu C.-W. Self-correction two-machine equivalent model for stability control of FACT system using real-time phasor measurements. IEE Proceedings-Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 2002, 149(4):389- 396
[55] 郭强,夏道止等. GPS 同步时钟用于电力系统非线性励磁控制. 电力系统自动化,1997,21(9):20-23
[56] Snyder, A.F., et al. Inter-area oscillation damping with power system stabilizers and synchronized phasor measurements. 1998 International Conference on Power System Technology, 1998,(2):790-794
[57] Kamwa I. , et al. Multi-loop power system stabilizers using wide-area synchronous phasor measurements. American Control Conference, 1998. Proceedings of the 1998 ,(5):2963-2967
[58] Kamwa, I. Using MIMO system identification for modal analysis and global stabilization of large power systems. IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting 2000. ,2000, (2):817-822
[59] 闵勇等. 电力系统全网同步监测系统. 清华大学学报,1997,37(7):86-88
[60] 曾祥君等. 电力系统暂态记录分析仪的研制. ‘99 全国高校电力系统及其自动化专业学术论文集,武汉,1999:329-332
[61] 江道灼等. 利用 GPS 及锁相技术实现相量的同步实时精确测量. ‘99 全国高校电力系统及其自动化专业学术论文集,武汉,1999:329-332
[62] 吕志来,张保会等. 基于 PMU 的电力系统暂态稳定实时快速预测的研究. ‘99 全国高校电力系统及其自动化专业学术论文集,武汉,1999:293-297
[63] 卢志刚,郝玉山,杨以涵等. 电力系统实时相角监测系统研究. 电力系统自动化,1997,21(9):17-19
[64] 卢志刚,电力系统实时相角测量,华北电力大学博士学位论文,1998
[65] Baldwin, et al. Power system observability with minimal phasor measurement placement. IEEE Trans on power systems. 1993, 8(2):707-715
[66] Ki-Seon Cho,et al. Optimal placement of phasor measurement units with GPS receiver [J],IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting,2001,1:258-262
[67] Mori. H,Goto. Y. A parallel tabu search based method for determining optimal allocation of FACTS in power systems,International Conference on Power System Technology,2000,2:1077-1082
[68] 卫志农,孙国强,常宝立,等. 考虑电力系统潮流直接可解的同步相量量测单元最优配置,电网技术,2005,29(1):65-68
[69] 卢志刚,郝玉山等. 启发式遗传算法在优化电力系统相角测量装置安装地点中的应用. 电网技术,1998,22(8):14-17
[70] 丁道齐,在现代电网上架构“1+3”电力电信复合型光通信网,中国电力,2002,35(10):1-10
[71] 辛耀中,卢长燕,电力系统数据网络技术体制分析,电力系统自动化,2000,24(21):1-6
[72] 严登俊,袁洪,高维忠等,利用以太网和 ATM 技术实现电网运行状态实时监测,电力系统自动化,2000,25(10):67-70
[73] 崔沅,程林,孙元章等,电力系统实时决策系统中的实时通信,电力系统自动化,2002,26(8):6-10
[74] 崔沅,程林,孙元章等,应用 ATM 网络实现电力系统远程实时监控,电力系统自动化,2002,26(14):7-11
[75] 罗建裕,王小英,鲁庭瑞等,基于广域测量技术的电网实时动态监测系统应用,电力系统自动化,2003,27(24):78-80
[76] 吕淑萍,赵咏梅,基于小波神经网络的时间序列预报方法及应用,哈尔滨工程大学学报,2004,25(2)
[77] 方先明,唐德善,基于小波网络的非线性经济时序预测模型,河海大学学报(自然科学版),2004,32(3)
[78] 孙明玺,现代预测学. 杭州:浙江教育出版社,1998
[79] John E. Hanke 等,商业预测(第 7 版),北京:清华大学出版社,2001
[80] 时伯年,韩英铎等,基于 GPS 同步相量的电力系统暂态稳定预测控制,清华大学学报(自然科学版),2002,42(3):316-320
[81] 林飞,张文,刘玉田,基于同步相量测量技术的暂态稳定性实时预测,继电器,2000,28(11):33-35.
[82] 卢志刚,郝玉山,康庆平等,电力系统实时相角测量中的参考相角预测,电力系统自动化,1998,22(8)
[83] 赵庆生,刘笙,陈陈,交互式多模型算法在电力系统暂态稳定预测中的应用,继电器,2005,33(5)
[84] 李国庆,时间序列分析在电力系统暂态稳定预测中的应用,控制与决策,1995,10(2)
[85] 郭强,刘晓鹏,吕世荣等,GPS 同步时钟用于电力系统暂态稳定性预测和控制,电力系统自动化,1998,22(6):11-13.
[86] James W. Denton , How good are neural networks for casual forecasting,The journal of Bussiness forcasting,1995,14(2):17-20
[87] 徐湘元,预测控制的线性方法、非线性方法和神经网络方法,博士学位论文,华南理工大学,2000,3
[88] 桑琳,魏华,赵婷婷,基于小波神经网络的非线性函数的逼近,高师理科学刊,2004,24(1)
[89] 向小东,小波神经网络预测方法及其应用,统计与决策,2003,7
[90] 金龙,秦伟良,多步预测的小波神经网络预报模型,大气科学,2000,24(1)
[91] 李向武,韦岗,小波神经网络的动态系统辨识方法及应用,控制理论与应用,1998,15(4)
[92] 刘志刚,王晓茹,钱清泉,小波网络的研究进展与应用,电力系统自动化,2003,27(6)
[93] 谢美萍,赵希人,庄秀龙,小波神经网络及其在非线性时间序列中的应用,应用科学学报,
[94] AG Phadke , JS Thorp , K. Karimi. State estimation with phasor measurements. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 1986,Vol. PWRS-1, No.1:233–241
[95] 周明,孙树栋. 遗传算法原理及应用,国防工业出版社,1999.6
[96] M. Dorigo, V. Maniezzo,A. Colorni. Ant system: optimization by a colony of cooperating agents. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part-B,1996,26(1):29-41
[97] G. R. Krumpholz,K. A. Clements,P.W. Davis. Power system observability: A practical algorithm using network topology. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1980,vol. PAS-99:1534–1542
[98] K. A. Clements,G. R. Krumpholz,P.W. Davis. Power system state estimation residual analysis: An algorithm using network topology. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1981,vol. PAS-100:1779–1787
[99] 于尔铿,电力系统状态估计,水利电力出版社,1985.6
[100] Baldwin. T.L, Mili. L,et al. Power system observability with minimal phasor measurement placement. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1993,8(2):707-715
[101] 卢开澄,卢华明. 图论及其应用第二版,北京,清华大学出版社,1995
[102] Cao, Y.J , Wu, Q.H. Convergence analysis of adaptive genetic algorithms. Genetic Algorithms In Engineering Systems:Innovations And Applications,1997. GALESIA 97. Second International Conference On (Conf. Publ. No. 446),1997 :85-89
[103] Srinivas, M.,Patnaik, L.M. Adaptive probabilities of crossover and mutation in genetic algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics,1994,24(4):656-667
[104] 王小平,曹立明. 遗传算法:理论、应用与软件实现,西安交通大学出版社,2002
[105] 何琳 王科俊等. 最忧保留遗传算法及其收敛性分折,控制与决策,2000.,15(1)
[106] L M. Gambardella,M. Dorigo. Solving symmetric and asymmetric TSPs by ant colonies [C]. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation. 1996:622-627
[107] V. Maniezzo,A. Colorni,The ant system applied to the quadratic assignment problem. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering,1999,11(5): 769- 778
[108] A. Colorni,M. Dorigo,V. Maniezzo. Ant system for job-shop scheduling [J]. Belgian Journal of Operations Research Statistics and Computer Science,1994,34(1):39-53
[109] M. Dortgo,L M. Gambardella. Ant colony system: A cooperative learning approach to the traveling salesman problem. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation,1997,1(l):53-66
[110] Luca M, Gambardella,M. Dorigo. Ant-Q: A Reinforcement Learning approach to the traveling salesman problem [A]. Proceedings of ML-95, Twelfth International Conference on Machine Learning [C], Tahoe City, CA, A. Prieditis and S. Russell (Eds.), Morgan Kaufmann,1995:252-260
[111] T. Stützle,H. Hoos. MAX-MIN Ant System and local search for thetraveling salesman problem. Proceedings of IEEE 4th International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, 1997:309-314
[112] 王颖,谢剑英. 一种自适应蚁群算法及其仿真研究,系统仿真学报,2002,14(1):31-33
[113] 彭玉华,小波变换与工程应用,科学出版社,1999 年
[114] Martin T. Hagan,Howard B. Demuth,Mark H. Beale,神经网络设计,机械工业出版社,2002,9
[115] 申东日,冯少辉,陈义俊,BP 网络改进方法概述,化工自动化及仪表,2000,27(1)
[116] 王洪元,史国栋,人工神经网络技术及其应用,中国石化出版社,2002,12
[117] 王则柯,高堂安,同伦方法引论,重庆出版社,1990
[118] 王兆家,岑宗浩,陈汉中,华东电网多功能功角实时监测系统的开发及应用
[119] Working Group H-7 of the Relay Channels Subcommittee,Synchronized sampling and phasor measurements for relaying and control,IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1994,9(1)
[120] Ph. Denys,C.Counan,et.al,Measurement of voltage phase for the French future defence plan against losses of synchronism,IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,192,27(1)
[121] 周捷,陈尧,崔建中,母线电压同步相角测量算法研究及实现,继电器,2002,30(3):13-16
[122] 李建,谢小荣,韩英铎,同步相量测量的若干关键问题,电力系统自动化,2005,29(1):45-48
[123] 王茂海,孙元章,基于 DFT 的电力系统相量及功率测量新算法,电力系统自动化,2005,29(2):20-24
[124] 史宏逵,CompactPCI 总线规范及其热插拔性能简介,军事通信技术,2002,23(1),
[125] 席成洲,一种开放的计算机标准---CompactPCI,测控技术,1998,17(1):7-11
[126] QNX Software Systems Ltd. QNX Neutrino RTOS System Architecture,2004
[127] QNX Software Systems Ltd. QNX Neutrino RTOS System Programmer’s Guide,2004
[128] W. Richard Stevens,TCP/IP 详解,机械工业出版社,2002
[129] IEEE Std 1344-1995 (R2001),IEEE Standard for Synchrophasors forPower Systems,2001
[130] 国家电力调度通信中心,《电力系统实时动态监测系统技术规范》(试行) ,2003
[2] 《电力工业“十五”规划》,国家经贸委,2002
[3] 郑宝森,郭日彩,中国互联电网的发展,电网技术,2003,27(2):1-3
[4] 吴蓂高,我国电网的现状及联网的动态,水利水电科技进展,2000,4
[5] 韩祯祥等,2000 年国际大电网会议系列报道——电网互联的现状和前景,电力系统自动化,2000,24(24):1-4
[6] 徐征雄,大区交流联网后电网内部暂态稳定水平变化的机理、影响因素及对策研究,中国电力,2001, 34(12):27-31
[7] 余贻鑫,陈礼义,电力系统安全性与稳定性,北京:科学出版社,1989
[8] 雷晓蒙,吸取美国西部电网事故教训,提高我国电网安全稳定水平,电网技术,1997,21(3):54-57
[9] 雷晓蒙,台湾省 7 月 29 日大停电事故的教训和启示,中国电力,1999, 32(12):55-57
[10] 贺仁睦,电网动态实时监控及管理系统的构想,电力系统自动化,2002,26(5):1-4
[11] Carson W. Talor,Dennis C. Erickson,Recording and analyzing the July 2 cascading outage, IEEE Computer applications in power,1997,10(1)
[12] Stahlkopf, K.E.; Wilhelm, M.R. Tighter controls for busier systems [power systems]. IEEE Spectrum, 1997,34(4):48-52
[13] Wilson, R.E. Methods and uses of precise time in power systems. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1992,7(1):126-132
[14] Phadke, A.G. Synchronized phasor measurements in power systems. IEEE Computer Applications in Power,1993 ,6(2):10-15
[15] Burnett, R.O et al. Synchronized phasor measurements of a power system event. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1994,9(3):1643-1650
[16] De La O, J.A. New theory for phasor measurement. Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, 2002, IMTC/2002. Proceedings of the 19th IEEE,2002,Vol.2:1405-1410
[17] 韩英铎等,电力系统中的三项前沿课题——柔性输电技术,清华大学学报,1997,37(7):1-6
[18] A.G.Phadke,Synchronized Phasor Measurements-A historical overview,Proceedings of IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference andExhibition. Japan, 2002: 476-479
[19] 蔡运清,汪磊,Kip Mortson,Priabha Kundur,周逢权,郭志忠,广域保护(稳控)技木的现状及展望,电网技术,2004,28(8)
[20] W.A. Flower,Phase angle displayed for dispatcher,Electrical World,1973,5
[21] G.Missout,P.Girard,Measurement of bus voltage angle between Montreal and Sept-Iles. IEEE Trans on PAS,1980,99(2):536-539
[22] G.Missout,el al. Dynamic measurement of the absolute voltage angle on long transmission lines. IEEE Trans on PAS,1981,100(11):4428-4434
[23] P.Bonanomi. Phase angle measurement with synchronized clock principle and applications. IEEE Trans on PAS,1981,100(12):5036-5043
[24] A.G. Phadke,J.S. Thorp,M.G. Adaiak. A new measurement technique for tracking voltage phasors, local system frequency, and rate of change of frequency. IEEE Trans on PAS, 1983,102(5):1025-1033
[25] A.G. Phadke,J.S. Thorp,K.J. Karimi. A State Estimation with phasor measurements. IEEE Trans on PWRS, 1986,1 (1):233-241
[26] J.S. Thorp, A.G. Phadke,S.H.Horowitz,M.M.Begovic. Some applications of phasor measurements to adaptive protection. IEEE Trans on PWRS,1988,3(2):791-798
[27] B.Hofman-Wellenhof,H.Lichtenegger,J.Collins. Global positioning system theory and ractice. Spinger-Verlag Wien New York,1992
[28] I.A.Getting,The global positioning,IEEE Spectrum,1993,12:36-47
[29] R.E.Wilson. Methods and uses of precise time in power system. IEEE Trans on PWRD, 1992,7(1):126-132
[30] Street, M.A.,et al, Global positioning system applications for enhancing the performance of large power systems. Proceedings of the 35th session. International conference on large high voltage electric systems,1994,1-6(2):38-104
[31] A.G.Phadke,Synchronized Phasor Measurements-A historical overview,Proceedings of IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition. Japan, 2002: 476-479
[32] IEEE standard for synchrophasors for power systems,IEEE Std 1344-1995,1995
[33] Denys, P., Counan, C., Hossenlopp, L., Holweck, C. Measurement of voltage phase for the French future defence plan against losses of synchronism., IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1992, 7(1):62-69
[34] Robert O. Bernett et al , Power system applications for phasor measurement units. IEEE Computer Application in Power,1994, (1)
[35] V.Centeno, et al. Adaptive out-of-step relay with phasor measurement,IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, 1997, 12(1):61-71
[36] Bharat Bhargava, Synchronized Phasor Measurement System project at Southern California Edison Co. Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 1999. IEEE , (1):16- 22
[37] T.W.Cease,Butch Feldhaus,Real-time monitoring of the TVA power system. IEEE Computer Applications in Power, 1994 , 7(3):47-51
[38] Richard P.Schulz,Louis S.Vanslyck,Stanley H.Horowitz,Applications of fast phasor measurements on utility systems. Power Industry Computer Application Conference, 1989. PICA '89, Conference Papers,:49-55
[39] Wilson, R.E.; Sterlina, P.S. Verification of measured transmission system phase angles. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 1996,11 (4 ):1743-1747
[40] A.G.Phadke,Synchronized phasor measurements in power systems. IEEE Computer Application in Power,1993,6(2):10-15
[41] J.S.Thorp, A.G.Phadke. Some applications of phasor measurements to adaptive protection. IEEE Trans on power system, 1988, 3(2):791-797
[42] Ota. Y., Ukai. H., Nakamura, K. Fujita, H. Evaluation of stability and electric power quality in power system by using phasor measurements. International Conference on Power System Technology, 2000, (3 ):1335- 1340
[43] Rehtanz, C.; Bertsch, J. A new wide area protection system. 2001 IEEE Porto Power Tech Proceedings, Sept. 2001, (4):10-13
[44] Magnus Akke, Daniel Karlsson. Phasor measurement applications in Scandinavia. 2002
[45] Boka Milosevic, Miroslav Begovic. Voltage-stability protection and control using a wide-area network of phasor measurements. IEEE Trans on power systems, 2003, 18(1): 121-127
[46] Chih-Wen Liu, et al. Neuro-fuzzy networks for voltage security monitoring based on synchronized phasor measurements. IEEE Trans on power systems, 1998, 13(2):326-332
[47] Nuqui, R.F.; Phadke, A.G.; Schulz, R.P.; Bhatt, N. Fast on-line voltage security monitoring using synchronized phasor measurements and decision trees. 2001. IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting,(3):1347 – 1352
[48] Steven Rovnyak, et al. Decision trees for real-time transient stability prediction. IEEE Trans on power systems, 1994, 9(3) :1417-1426
[49] Chih-Wen Liu, et al. Detection of transiently chaotic swings in power systems using real-time phasor measurements. IEEE Trans on power systems, 1994, 9(3):1285-1292
[50] Stewart E. Stanton, et al. Application of phasor measurements and partial energy analysis in stabilizing large disturbances. IEEE Trans on power systems. 1995, 10(1):297-306
[51] S. Rovnyak, et al. Predicting future behavior of transient events rapidly enough to evaluate remedial control options in real time. IEEE Trans on power systems, 1995, 10(3):1195-1203
[52] Bretas N.G., Phadke A.G. Real time instability prediction through adaptive time series coefficients. Power IEEE Engineering Society 1999 Winter Meeting , 1999, (1):731–736
[53] A.G. Phadke. Recent Advances in Monitoring, Protection and Control of Power Systems
[54] Yu C.-S., Liu C.-W. Self-correction two-machine equivalent model for stability control of FACT system using real-time phasor measurements. IEE Proceedings-Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 2002, 149(4):389- 396
[55] 郭强,夏道止等. GPS 同步时钟用于电力系统非线性励磁控制. 电力系统自动化,1997,21(9):20-23
[56] Snyder, A.F., et al. Inter-area oscillation damping with power system stabilizers and synchronized phasor measurements. 1998 International Conference on Power System Technology, 1998,(2):790-794
[57] Kamwa I. , et al. Multi-loop power system stabilizers using wide-area synchronous phasor measurements. American Control Conference, 1998. Proceedings of the 1998 ,(5):2963-2967
[58] Kamwa, I. Using MIMO system identification for modal analysis and global stabilization of large power systems. IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting 2000. ,2000, (2):817-822
[59] 闵勇等. 电力系统全网同步监测系统. 清华大学学报,1997,37(7):86-88
[60] 曾祥君等. 电力系统暂态记录分析仪的研制. ‘99 全国高校电力系统及其自动化专业学术论文集,武汉,1999:329-332
[61] 江道灼等. 利用 GPS 及锁相技术实现相量的同步实时精确测量. ‘99 全国高校电力系统及其自动化专业学术论文集,武汉,1999:329-332
[62] 吕志来,张保会等. 基于 PMU 的电力系统暂态稳定实时快速预测的研究. ‘99 全国高校电力系统及其自动化专业学术论文集,武汉,1999:293-297
[63] 卢志刚,郝玉山,杨以涵等. 电力系统实时相角监测系统研究. 电力系统自动化,1997,21(9):17-19
[64] 卢志刚,电力系统实时相角测量,华北电力大学博士学位论文,1998
[65] Baldwin, et al. Power system observability with minimal phasor measurement placement. IEEE Trans on power systems. 1993, 8(2):707-715
[66] Ki-Seon Cho,et al. Optimal placement of phasor measurement units with GPS receiver [J],IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting,2001,1:258-262
[67] Mori. H,Goto. Y. A parallel tabu search based method for determining optimal allocation of FACTS in power systems,International Conference on Power System Technology,2000,2:1077-1082
[68] 卫志农,孙国强,常宝立,等. 考虑电力系统潮流直接可解的同步相量量测单元最优配置,电网技术,2005,29(1):65-68
[69] 卢志刚,郝玉山等. 启发式遗传算法在优化电力系统相角测量装置安装地点中的应用. 电网技术,1998,22(8):14-17
[70] 丁道齐,在现代电网上架构“1+3”电力电信复合型光通信网,中国电力,2002,35(10):1-10
[71] 辛耀中,卢长燕,电力系统数据网络技术体制分析,电力系统自动化,2000,24(21):1-6
[72] 严登俊,袁洪,高维忠等,利用以太网和 ATM 技术实现电网运行状态实时监测,电力系统自动化,2000,25(10):67-70
[73] 崔沅,程林,孙元章等,电力系统实时决策系统中的实时通信,电力系统自动化,2002,26(8):6-10
[74] 崔沅,程林,孙元章等,应用 ATM 网络实现电力系统远程实时监控,电力系统自动化,2002,26(14):7-11
[75] 罗建裕,王小英,鲁庭瑞等,基于广域测量技术的电网实时动态监测系统应用,电力系统自动化,2003,27(24):78-80
[76] 吕淑萍,赵咏梅,基于小波神经网络的时间序列预报方法及应用,哈尔滨工程大学学报,2004,25(2)
[77] 方先明,唐德善,基于小波网络的非线性经济时序预测模型,河海大学学报(自然科学版),2004,32(3)
[78] 孙明玺,现代预测学. 杭州:浙江教育出版社,1998
[79] John E. Hanke 等,商业预测(第 7 版),北京:清华大学出版社,2001
[80] 时伯年,韩英铎等,基于 GPS 同步相量的电力系统暂态稳定预测控制,清华大学学报(自然科学版),2002,42(3):316-320
[81] 林飞,张文,刘玉田,基于同步相量测量技术的暂态稳定性实时预测,继电器,2000,28(11):33-35.
[82] 卢志刚,郝玉山,康庆平等,电力系统实时相角测量中的参考相角预测,电力系统自动化,1998,22(8)
[83] 赵庆生,刘笙,陈陈,交互式多模型算法在电力系统暂态稳定预测中的应用,继电器,2005,33(5)
[84] 李国庆,时间序列分析在电力系统暂态稳定预测中的应用,控制与决策,1995,10(2)
[85] 郭强,刘晓鹏,吕世荣等,GPS 同步时钟用于电力系统暂态稳定性预测和控制,电力系统自动化,1998,22(6):11-13.
[86] James W. Denton , How good are neural networks for casual forecasting,The journal of Bussiness forcasting,1995,14(2):17-20
[87] 徐湘元,预测控制的线性方法、非线性方法和神经网络方法,博士学位论文,华南理工大学,2000,3
[88] 桑琳,魏华,赵婷婷,基于小波神经网络的非线性函数的逼近,高师理科学刊,2004,24(1)
[89] 向小东,小波神经网络预测方法及其应用,统计与决策,2003,7
[90] 金龙,秦伟良,多步预测的小波神经网络预报模型,大气科学,2000,24(1)
[91] 李向武,韦岗,小波神经网络的动态系统辨识方法及应用,控制理论与应用,1998,15(4)
[92] 刘志刚,王晓茹,钱清泉,小波网络的研究进展与应用,电力系统自动化,2003,27(6)
[93] 谢美萍,赵希人,庄秀龙,小波神经网络及其在非线性时间序列中的应用,应用科学学报,
[94] AG Phadke , JS Thorp , K. Karimi. State estimation with phasor measurements. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 1986,Vol. PWRS-1, No.1:233–241
[95] 周明,孙树栋. 遗传算法原理及应用,国防工业出版社,1999.6
[96] M. Dorigo, V. Maniezzo,A. Colorni. Ant system: optimization by a colony of cooperating agents. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part-B,1996,26(1):29-41
[97] G. R. Krumpholz,K. A. Clements,P.W. Davis. Power system observability: A practical algorithm using network topology. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1980,vol. PAS-99:1534–1542
[98] K. A. Clements,G. R. Krumpholz,P.W. Davis. Power system state estimation residual analysis: An algorithm using network topology. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems,1981,vol. PAS-100:1779–1787
[99] 于尔铿,电力系统状态估计,水利电力出版社,1985.6
[100] Baldwin. T.L, Mili. L,et al. Power system observability with minimal phasor measurement placement. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,1993,8(2):707-715
[101] 卢开澄,卢华明. 图论及其应用第二版,北京,清华大学出版社,1995
[102] Cao, Y.J , Wu, Q.H. Convergence analysis of adaptive genetic algorithms. Genetic Algorithms In Engineering Systems:Innovations And Applications,1997. GALESIA 97. Second International Conference On (Conf. Publ. No. 446),1997 :85-89
[103] Srinivas, M.,Patnaik, L.M. Adaptive probabilities of crossover and mutation in genetic algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics,1994,24(4):656-667
[104] 王小平,曹立明. 遗传算法:理论、应用与软件实现,西安交通大学出版社,2002
[105] 何琳 王科俊等. 最忧保留遗传算法及其收敛性分折,控制与决策,2000.,15(1)
[106] L M. Gambardella,M. Dorigo. Solving symmetric and asymmetric TSPs by ant colonies [C]. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation. 1996:622-627
[107] V. Maniezzo,A. Colorni,The ant system applied to the quadratic assignment problem. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering,1999,11(5): 769- 778
[108] A. Colorni,M. Dorigo,V. Maniezzo. Ant system for job-shop scheduling [J]. Belgian Journal of Operations Research Statistics and Computer Science,1994,34(1):39-53
[109] M. Dortgo,L M. Gambardella. Ant colony system: A cooperative learning approach to the traveling salesman problem. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation,1997,1(l):53-66
[110] Luca M, Gambardella,M. Dorigo. Ant-Q: A Reinforcement Learning approach to the traveling salesman problem [A]. Proceedings of ML-95, Twelfth International Conference on Machine Learning [C], Tahoe City, CA, A. Prieditis and S. Russell (Eds.), Morgan Kaufmann,1995:252-260
[111] T. Stützle,H. Hoos. MAX-MIN Ant System and local search for thetraveling salesman problem. Proceedings of IEEE 4th International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, 1997:309-314
[112] 王颖,谢剑英. 一种自适应蚁群算法及其仿真研究,系统仿真学报,2002,14(1):31-33
[113] 彭玉华,小波变换与工程应用,科学出版社,1999 年
[114] Martin T. Hagan,Howard B. Demuth,Mark H. Beale,神经网络设计,机械工业出版社,2002,9
[115] 申东日,冯少辉,陈义俊,BP 网络改进方法概述,化工自动化及仪表,2000,27(1)
[116] 王洪元,史国栋,人工神经网络技术及其应用,中国石化出版社,2002,12
[117] 王则柯,高堂安,同伦方法引论,重庆出版社,1990
[118] 王兆家,岑宗浩,陈汉中,华东电网多功能功角实时监测系统的开发及应用
[119] Working Group H-7 of the Relay Channels Subcommittee,Synchronized sampling and phasor measurements for relaying and control,IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 1994,9(1)
[120] Ph. Denys,C.Counan,et.al,Measurement of voltage phase for the French future defence plan against losses of synchronism,IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,192,27(1)
[121] 周捷,陈尧,崔建中,母线电压同步相角测量算法研究及实现,继电器,2002,30(3):13-16
[122] 李建,谢小荣,韩英铎,同步相量测量的若干关键问题,电力系统自动化,2005,29(1):45-48
[123] 王茂海,孙元章,基于 DFT 的电力系统相量及功率测量新算法,电力系统自动化,2005,29(2):20-24
[124] 史宏逵,CompactPCI 总线规范及其热插拔性能简介,军事通信技术,2002,23(1),
[125] 席成洲,一种开放的计算机标准---CompactPCI,测控技术,1998,17(1):7-11
[126] QNX Software Systems Ltd. QNX Neutrino RTOS System Architecture,2004
[127] QNX Software Systems Ltd. QNX Neutrino RTOS System Programmer’s Guide,2004
[128] W. Richard Stevens,TCP/IP 详解,机械工业出版社,2002
[129] IEEE Std 1344-1995 (R2001),IEEE Standard for Synchrophasors forPower Systems,2001
[130] 国家电力调度通信中心,《电力系统实时动态监测系统技术规范》(试行) ,2003
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |