目标与环境光散射辐射特性与应用研究
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摘要
本文主要研究目标与环境的光散射辐射问题。以粗糙面电磁散射和辐射理论为基础，讨论了目标激光雷达散射截面(LRCS)和双向反射分布函数(BRDF)之间的关系；利用Lowtran7大气传输模型计算了光波大气斜程衰减和阳光、天地背景辐射，讨论了湍流大气对光波传输的影响；分析了不同环境条件下目标对复杂背景辐射的光散射的特性；编制了“激光半主动制导目标与环境特性仿真软件1.0版本”，计算了激光半主动制导探测器在复杂环境中接收的目标散射回波能量，分析了大气能见度对激光制导作用距离的影响；通过建立和求解空间目标热平衡方程，计算了空间目标的平衡温度，讨论了空间目标的光辐射特性。
This paper focuses on light scattering and radiation characteristic of target and environment. Based on electromagnetic scattering and radiation theories on rough surface, The relationship between - Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) and Laser Radar Cross-Section (LRCS) is introduced. Optical wave energy attenuation along slant path in the atmosphere and Solar, sky and earth atmospheric background radiation are calculated by Lowtran?. The atmospheric turbulence effect is also considered. The light scattering from target is calculated under different environment. Software "Semi-active Laser-guidance and Environment Simulation" with version 1.0 is programmed. The laser reflected energy from the target against the complex background is calculated. The acquisition ranges under conditions of different atmospheric visibility are also given. The thermal balance equation of spatial object is established and solved. The light radiation characteristic is obtained by calculating the thermal equilibrium temperature of spatial object.
This paper focuses on light scattering and radiation characteristic of target and environment. Based on electromagnetic scattering and radiation theories on rough surface, The relationship between - Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) and Laser Radar Cross-Section (LRCS) is introduced. Optical wave energy attenuation along slant path in the atmosphere and Solar, sky and earth atmospheric background radiation are calculated by Lowtran?. The atmospheric turbulence effect is also considered. The light scattering from target is calculated under different environment. Software "Semi-active Laser-guidance and Environment Simulation" with version 1.0 is programmed. The laser reflected energy from the target against the complex background is calculated. The acquisition ranges under conditions of different atmospheric visibility are also given. The thermal balance equation of spatial object is established and solved. The light radiation characteristic is obtained by calculating the thermal equilibrium temperature of spatial object.
引文
[1] T. Ruck, et al, Radar Cross Section Handbook, Plennm, New York, 1970
[2] F. E. Nicodenus, Geometrical Considerations and Nomenclature for Reflectance, PB-273439, 1971
[3] E．F．Knott著，阮颖铮等译，雷达散射截面---预估、测量和减缩，电子工业出版社，1988
[4] 崔索民，混合法和等效电磁流方法及其在电磁散射中的应用，西安电子科技大学博士论文，1995
[5] K. S. Yee, Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving Maxwell's equations in isotropic media. IEEE Trans AP, 1966, 14(3): 302-307
[6] 高本庆，时域有限差分法FDTD Method，国防出版社，1995
[7] F. T. Ulaby, R.K. Moore, A. K. Fung, Microwave Remote Sensing, Vol. 2, Addison-Wesley, 1982
[8] A. Ishimaru, Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media, New York: Academic Press, 1978
[9] B. C. Gao, C. O. Davis, Examples of Using Imaging Spectrometry for Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, Land, and Ocean, Proc. SPIE, 1998, Vol. 3502: 234-242
[10] D. Winebrenner, A. Ishimaru. Application of the Phase-perturbation Technique to Randomly Rough Surface, J. Soc. Am. A, 1985, 12(2): 2285-2294
[11] 吴振森，韩香娥，张向东等，不同表面激光对双向反射分布函数的试验研究，光学学报，1996，16(3)：263-268
[12] 何毅，吴健，刘盛刚，粗糙表面激光散射特性研究，光学学报，1997，36(24)：1202-1208
[13] M. A. Culpepper, Empirical Bidirectional Reflectivity Model, Proc. SPIE, 1995, Vol. 2469: 208-219
[14] 谢东辉，目标与地物背景光散射特性统计建模，西安电子科技大学硕士论文，2002
[15] J. H. Qiu, An Improved Model of Surface BRDF-Atmospheric Coupled Radiation, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2001, 39(1): 182-187
[16] T. Kusaka, Y. Nutsu, Estimation of the BRDF of the Earth Surface from ADEOS/POLDER Data, Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1999, Vol 2: 1448-1449
[17] 姚连兴，仇维礼，王福恒等，目标和环境光学特性，宇航出版社，1995
[18] 宋正方，应用大气光学基础，气象出版社，1990
[19] P. Jacobs, Review of the Technology and Research in the Area of Infrared Signatures of Target and Backgrounds, Proc SPIE, 1990, Vol. 1311:80-94
[20] F. X. Kneizys, User's Guide to Lowtran7, Report. AFGL-TR-88-0177, 1988
[21] G. P. Anderson, F. X. Kneizys, J. H. Chetwynd, et al, Reviewing Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Modeling: New Developments in High-and Moderate-resolution FASCODE/FASE and MODTRAN, Proc. SPIE, 1996, Vol. 2830:82-93
[22] L. S. Rothman, C. P. Rinsland, A. Goldman, et al, The HITRAN Molecular Spectroscopic Database and HAWKS (HITRAN Atmospheric Workstation), Proc. SPIE, 1998, Vol. 3375: 123-132
[23] V. I. Tatarskii, Wave Propagation in a Turbulent Medium, New York:: McGraw-Hill, 1961
[24] L. A. Chernov, Wave Propagation in a Random Medium, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960.
[25] L. C. Andrews, et al, Relations of Parameters of the I-K Distribution for Irradiance Fluctuation to Physical Parameters of the Turbulence, Appl. Opt, 1988, 27(11): 2150-2156
[26] 吴振森，随机介质中波传播饱和状态的强度相关和闪烁，电波传播学报，1986，1(1)：72-83
[27] L. C. Andrews, et al, Theory of Optical Scintillation, J. Soc. Am. A, 1999, 16(6): 1417-1429
[28] 郭立新，骆志敏，吴振森，湍流大气中光波传播强度起伏的特性研究，西安电子科技大学学报，2001，28(3)：273-277
[29] ITU-R, On propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of space-to-earth and earth-to-space optical communication systems. Document of Radio communication Study Group, Budapest, Hungary, 2001, June 6
[30] Z. M. Luo, L. X. Guo, Z. S. Wu, et.al, Study on the Scintilation for Optical Wave Propagation in the Slant Path Through the Atmospheric Turbulence, Int. J. IR and Mill. Waves, 2002, 23(1), to be published.
[31] 何江华，计算机仿真导论，科学出版社，2001
[32] 薛谦忠，吴振森，李良超等，激光引信目标近场散射特性理论研究，西安电子科技大学学报，2000，27(5)：594-596
[33] 吴振森，陈辉，激光引信近场散射特性研究，激光与红外，2001，31(5)：294-297
[34] 潘乐义，郑链，王克勇，红外成像引信的计算机仿真，红外与激光工程，2000，29(3)：35-39
[35] Federation of American Scientists Homepage, http://www.fas.org.
[36] C. R. Mitchell, W. T. Prestwood, Space-based sensor and target engagement planning for the Midcourse Space Experiment, Proc. SPIE, 1995, Vol. 2484: 163-172
[37] R. C. Wade, Annular resonators for high-power chemical lasers, Proceedings of the Meeting: Laser resonators and coherent optics: Modeling, technology, and Applications, 1993: 334-366
[38] 施德恒，熊水英，激光半主动寻的制导导弹发展综述，红外技术，2000，22(5)：28-35
[39] 王戎瑞，美国机载激光武器发展现状，激光与红外，1999，29(4)：196-198
[40] 王戎瑞，美国导弹防御激光雷达技术，激光与红外，1999，29(5)：262-266
[41] Z. S. Wu, IR Laser Backscattering by Arbitrary Shaped Dielectric Object with Rough Surface, Journal of Electronics, 1993, 10(4): 298-306,
[42] 张向东，吴振森，吴成柯，复杂目标后向LRCS的计算，电子科学学刊，1997，19(5)：709-712
[43] 李良超，吴振森，薛谦忠，一种计算复杂目标激光雷达散射截面的快速算法，西安电子科技大学学报，2000，27(5)：577-580
[44] 薛谦忠，吴振森，薛妍，目标对背景红外辐射的散射特性，西安电子科技大学学报，2000，27(4)：467-470
[45] C．G．巴克曼，胡贵兰译，激光雷达系统与技术，国防工业出版社，1980
[46] E. J. McCartney, Optics of the Atmosphere—Scattering by Molecules and Particles, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1976
[47] 刘长盛，刘文保，大气辐射学，南京大学出版社，1990
[48] 王炳忠，太阳辐射计算讲座(第一讲)，太阳能，1999，2(2)：8-10
[49] http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/AltAz.html，太阳天顶角、方位角计算软件
[50] 金学宽，空间目标的外部辐射换热，国防报告
[51] "Infrared Radiation Model NIRATAM", NATO, 1993
[52] T. W. Tuer, J. Mudar, J. R. Freeling, Atmosperic Effects on Low-power Laser Beam Propagation, ADA095383, 1980
[53] W. D. Sang, J. P. Young, J. K. Hong, Experimental determination of a geometric form factor in a lidar equation for an inhomogeneous atmosphere, Appl Opt, 1997, 36(24): 6009-6010
[54]薛妍，大气光谱辐射传输与散射特性及应用，西安电子科技大学硕士论文，2001
[55]吴振森，付新琦，复杂目标的几何建模和LRCS计算，目标与环境特性研究，1997
[56]施法中，计算机辅助几何设计和非均匀有理B样条(CAGD&NURBS)，北京航空航天出版社，1994
[57]H. M. Donald，计算机图形学C语言版(影印版)，清华大学出版社，1998
[58]廖朵朵，张华军，OpenGL三维图形程序设计，星球地图出版社，1996
[59]周炳昆，激光原理，国防工业出版社，1995
[60]魏光辉，杨培根，激光技术在兵器工业中的应用，兵器工业出版社，1995
[61]D. J. Kruglinski, MICROSOFT VISUAL C++6.0技术内幕，北京希望电子出版社，1999
[62]杨世铭，陶文铨，传热学，高等教育出版社，1998
[63]杨贤荣等，辐射换热角系数手册，国防工业出版社，1982
[64]李群章，弹道导弹弹道中段和再入段弹头红外光学识别方法研究，红外与激光工程，1999，28(5)：1-5
[2] F. E. Nicodenus, Geometrical Considerations and Nomenclature for Reflectance, PB-273439, 1971
[3] E．F．Knott著，阮颖铮等译，雷达散射截面---预估、测量和减缩，电子工业出版社，1988
[4] 崔索民，混合法和等效电磁流方法及其在电磁散射中的应用，西安电子科技大学博士论文，1995
[5] K. S. Yee, Numerical solution of initial boundary value problems involving Maxwell's equations in isotropic media. IEEE Trans AP, 1966, 14(3): 302-307
[6] 高本庆，时域有限差分法FDTD Method，国防出版社，1995
[7] F. T. Ulaby, R.K. Moore, A. K. Fung, Microwave Remote Sensing, Vol. 2, Addison-Wesley, 1982
[8] A. Ishimaru, Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media, New York: Academic Press, 1978
[9] B. C. Gao, C. O. Davis, Examples of Using Imaging Spectrometry for Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, Land, and Ocean, Proc. SPIE, 1998, Vol. 3502: 234-242
[10] D. Winebrenner, A. Ishimaru. Application of the Phase-perturbation Technique to Randomly Rough Surface, J. Soc. Am. A, 1985, 12(2): 2285-2294
[11] 吴振森，韩香娥，张向东等，不同表面激光对双向反射分布函数的试验研究，光学学报，1996，16(3)：263-268
[12] 何毅，吴健，刘盛刚，粗糙表面激光散射特性研究，光学学报，1997，36(24)：1202-1208
[13] M. A. Culpepper, Empirical Bidirectional Reflectivity Model, Proc. SPIE, 1995, Vol. 2469: 208-219
[14] 谢东辉，目标与地物背景光散射特性统计建模，西安电子科技大学硕士论文，2002
[15] J. H. Qiu, An Improved Model of Surface BRDF-Atmospheric Coupled Radiation, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2001, 39(1): 182-187
[16] T. Kusaka, Y. Nutsu, Estimation of the BRDF of the Earth Surface from ADEOS/POLDER Data, Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 1999, Vol 2: 1448-1449
[17] 姚连兴，仇维礼，王福恒等，目标和环境光学特性，宇航出版社，1995
[18] 宋正方，应用大气光学基础，气象出版社，1990
[19] P. Jacobs, Review of the Technology and Research in the Area of Infrared Signatures of Target and Backgrounds, Proc SPIE, 1990, Vol. 1311:80-94
[20] F. X. Kneizys, User's Guide to Lowtran7, Report. AFGL-TR-88-0177, 1988
[21] G. P. Anderson, F. X. Kneizys, J. H. Chetwynd, et al, Reviewing Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Modeling: New Developments in High-and Moderate-resolution FASCODE/FASE and MODTRAN, Proc. SPIE, 1996, Vol. 2830:82-93
[22] L. S. Rothman, C. P. Rinsland, A. Goldman, et al, The HITRAN Molecular Spectroscopic Database and HAWKS (HITRAN Atmospheric Workstation), Proc. SPIE, 1998, Vol. 3375: 123-132
[23] V. I. Tatarskii, Wave Propagation in a Turbulent Medium, New York:: McGraw-Hill, 1961
[24] L. A. Chernov, Wave Propagation in a Random Medium, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960.
[25] L. C. Andrews, et al, Relations of Parameters of the I-K Distribution for Irradiance Fluctuation to Physical Parameters of the Turbulence, Appl. Opt, 1988, 27(11): 2150-2156
[26] 吴振森，随机介质中波传播饱和状态的强度相关和闪烁，电波传播学报，1986，1(1)：72-83
[27] L. C. Andrews, et al, Theory of Optical Scintillation, J. Soc. Am. A, 1999, 16(6): 1417-1429
[28] 郭立新，骆志敏，吴振森，湍流大气中光波传播强度起伏的特性研究，西安电子科技大学学报，2001，28(3)：273-277
[29] ITU-R, On propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of space-to-earth and earth-to-space optical communication systems. Document of Radio communication Study Group, Budapest, Hungary, 2001, June 6
[30] Z. M. Luo, L. X. Guo, Z. S. Wu, et.al, Study on the Scintilation for Optical Wave Propagation in the Slant Path Through the Atmospheric Turbulence, Int. J. IR and Mill. Waves, 2002, 23(1), to be published.
[31] 何江华，计算机仿真导论，科学出版社，2001
[32] 薛谦忠，吴振森，李良超等，激光引信目标近场散射特性理论研究，西安电子科技大学学报，2000，27(5)：594-596
[33] 吴振森，陈辉，激光引信近场散射特性研究，激光与红外，2001，31(5)：294-297
[34] 潘乐义，郑链，王克勇，红外成像引信的计算机仿真，红外与激光工程，2000，29(3)：35-39
[35] Federation of American Scientists Homepage, http://www.fas.org.
[36] C. R. Mitchell, W. T. Prestwood, Space-based sensor and target engagement planning for the Midcourse Space Experiment, Proc. SPIE, 1995, Vol. 2484: 163-172
[37] R. C. Wade, Annular resonators for high-power chemical lasers, Proceedings of the Meeting: Laser resonators and coherent optics: Modeling, technology, and Applications, 1993: 334-366
[38] 施德恒，熊水英，激光半主动寻的制导导弹发展综述，红外技术，2000，22(5)：28-35
[39] 王戎瑞，美国机载激光武器发展现状，激光与红外，1999，29(4)：196-198
[40] 王戎瑞，美国导弹防御激光雷达技术，激光与红外，1999，29(5)：262-266
[41] Z. S. Wu, IR Laser Backscattering by Arbitrary Shaped Dielectric Object with Rough Surface, Journal of Electronics, 1993, 10(4): 298-306,
[42] 张向东，吴振森，吴成柯，复杂目标后向LRCS的计算，电子科学学刊，1997，19(5)：709-712
[43] 李良超，吴振森，薛谦忠，一种计算复杂目标激光雷达散射截面的快速算法，西安电子科技大学学报，2000，27(5)：577-580
[44] 薛谦忠，吴振森，薛妍，目标对背景红外辐射的散射特性，西安电子科技大学学报，2000，27(4)：467-470
[45] C．G．巴克曼，胡贵兰译，激光雷达系统与技术，国防工业出版社，1980
[46] E. J. McCartney, Optics of the Atmosphere—Scattering by Molecules and Particles, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1976
[47] 刘长盛，刘文保，大气辐射学，南京大学出版社，1990
[48] 王炳忠，太阳辐射计算讲座(第一讲)，太阳能，1999，2(2)：8-10
[49] http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/AltAz.html，太阳天顶角、方位角计算软件
[50] 金学宽，空间目标的外部辐射换热，国防报告
[51] "Infrared Radiation Model NIRATAM", NATO, 1993
[52] T. W. Tuer, J. Mudar, J. R. Freeling, Atmosperic Effects on Low-power Laser Beam Propagation, ADA095383, 1980
[53] W. D. Sang, J. P. Young, J. K. Hong, Experimental determination of a geometric form factor in a lidar equation for an inhomogeneous atmosphere, Appl Opt, 1997, 36(24): 6009-6010
[54]薛妍，大气光谱辐射传输与散射特性及应用，西安电子科技大学硕士论文，2001
[55]吴振森，付新琦，复杂目标的几何建模和LRCS计算，目标与环境特性研究，1997
[56]施法中，计算机辅助几何设计和非均匀有理B样条(CAGD&NURBS)，北京航空航天出版社，1994
[57]H. M. Donald，计算机图形学C语言版(影印版)，清华大学出版社，1998
[58]廖朵朵，张华军，OpenGL三维图形程序设计，星球地图出版社，1996
[59]周炳昆，激光原理，国防工业出版社，1995
[60]魏光辉，杨培根，激光技术在兵器工业中的应用，兵器工业出版社，1995
[61]D. J. Kruglinski, MICROSOFT VISUAL C++6.0技术内幕，北京希望电子出版社，1999
[62]杨世铭，陶文铨，传热学，高等教育出版社，1998
[63]杨贤荣等，辐射换热角系数手册，国防工业出版社，1982
[64]李群章，弹道导弹弹道中段和再入段弹头红外光学识别方法研究，红外与激光工程，1999，28(5)：1-5
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