膜生物反应器膜污染行为的识别与表征
|
摘要
膜生物反应器(MBR)是将膜分离技术和生物反应器结合而成的一个新型污水处理工艺。它把膜分离过程与生物降解结合起来，以膜分离装置取代普通生物反应器中的二沉池，从而取得高效的固液分离效果。MBR作为一种新型高效的水处理技术，日益受到各国的水处理技术研究者的关注。然而，膜污染是当前限制MBR广泛应用的主要瓶颈，其导致膜通量下降，增加膜组件更换和清洗的频率，从而增加MBR的运行费用。因此，有必要研究膜污染机理，这对于膜污染的有效控制以及MBR的推广应用具有重要意义。
本研究采用一体式中空纤维膜生物反应器，对MBR技术中膜污染的关键问题进行了深入研究。主要考察了活性污泥性质和反应器操作条件对膜污染的影响机理，同时，借助分形理论和图像分析仪研究了膜污染的微观机理。本研究包括：
(1)采用统计分析方法研究了16种不同性质活性污泥混合液对MBR膜污染的影响机理。结果表明：污泥浓度与膜污染阻力呈指数增加关系；污泥粒径(PSD)、胞外聚合物(EPS)、溶解性有机物(SMP)、上清液胶体颗粒(SS_s)、污泥混合液粘度(μ)、相对疏水性(RH)、Zeta电位均对MBR膜渗透性能有显著的影响作用，其与膜污染阻力的皮尔逊相关系数r_p分别为：-0.730、0.898、0.757、0.810、0.691、0.837、-0.881；同时发现，胞外聚合物是影响活性污泥中溶解性有机物含量(r_p=0.725)、污泥粘度大小(r_p=0.633)、上清液胶体颗粒含量(r_p=0.783)、Zeta电位(r_p=-0.953)及相对疏水性大小(r_p=0.877)的主要因素；在活性污泥性质中污泥浓度、胞外聚合物、污泥粒径是影响膜污染的根本原因，是膜生物反应器膜污染的重要影响因素。经过多元回归，得到了用于预测污泥浓度、污泥粒径及胞外聚合物对膜污染阻力影响的数学模型。该预测模型为：
R_f=2.250e~(MLSS~*9×10~(-5))+0.111EPS-1.99×10~(-2)PSD-3.201
(2)采用短期过滤方式考察了丝状菌浓度或丝状菌生长指数对膜污染的影响机理。本部分研究主要从活性污泥性质和污泥絮体形态学的角度对丝状菌的膜污染机理进行了解释。研究表明：缺少丝状菌的污泥混合液会导致严重的膜孔堵塞污染，而丝状菌的过度繁殖会导致形成厚大、密实的滤饼层；丝状菌的过量繁殖会使得胞外聚合物和相对疏水性增大，污泥絮体Zeta电位下降，从而恶化膜过滤过程；另外，丝状菌的过度繁殖会导致污泥絮体周界分形维数和三维纵横比增大、污泥絮体圆度减小，说明丝状菌的过度繁殖使得污泥絮体变得不规则、松散，而不规则的污泥絮体会沉积并缠绕在膜丝表面，起到固定膜表面污染物的作用；因此，在MBR运行过程中，应采取适当措施控制丝状菌的生长情况以减缓膜污染。
(3)采用3个平行运行反应器，系统研究了不同反应器负荷(OLR=0.7-0.8 kgCOD／m~3d，OLR=1.1-1.4 kgCOD／m~3d，OLR=1.7-2.1 kgCOD／m~3d)对膜污染的影响机理。考察了OLR对膜过滤性能、膜污染、污泥性质(污泥活性SOUR、丝状菌浓度、胞外聚合物、污泥粒径、污泥浓度、污泥粘度)的影响，并分析了反应器内污泥混合液的水力学特性。研究发现：随着OLR的增大，反应器COD去除率仅有轻微下降，但污泥活性和污泥混合液溶解氧明显减小；在OLR=1.1-1.4 kgCOD／m~3d和OLR=1.7-2.1 kgCOD／m~3d的反应器内，发生严重的丝状菌过度繁殖，并导致胞外聚合物和污泥粘度迅速增大，进而加剧膜污染；高的反应器负荷会导致污泥浓度MLSS显著增大；最后，研究发现污泥粘度是决定反应器水力学特性的重要原因，当污泥粘度小于2.0 mPa s时，污泥粘度对反应器气液上升流速基本没有影响，而当污泥粘度大于2.0 mPa s时，气液上升流速急剧下降，其不能有效吹脱膜表面污染物；同时，随着污泥粘度的增大，反应器内污泥混合液的雷诺数迅速下降。
(4)从活性污泥性质变化和滤饼层形成两个角度，研究了3个不同曝气强度(150 L／h，400 L／h，800 L／h)对膜污染的影响。研究结果表明：过大或过小的曝气均不利于膜污染的减缓，过小的曝气强度不能有效去除膜表面污染物，而过大的曝气强度会导致污泥絮体破坏，产生大量的胶体粒子和大分子有机物，使得膜通量下降；在大的曝气强度下，胶体粒子和溶解性有机物在膜表面及膜孔的沉积吸附是产生膜污染的根本原因；曝气强度为400 L／h时，在膜面形成了自生动态膜，其起到截留或降解小颗粒物和溶解性有机物、减缓膜污染的作用。
(5)考察了不同MBR工艺中污泥混合液的膜过滤性能，并对比研究了污泥混合液的性质。借助共聚焦激光扫描电镜(CLSM)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)等技术表征了膜污染物的主要成分，并分析了膜表面污染物的形成机制。研究发现：A~2／O-MBR中活性污泥的膜污染行为最严重，A／O-MBR和传统MBR(CMBR)的膜污染行为次之，序批式MBR(SMBR)的膜污染最轻；发现丝状菌过度繁殖、结合态EPS、溶解性EPS、芳香性化合物(以SUV_(254)表征)等是影响膜污染的重要因素；污泥絮体、多糖和蛋白质在膜表面大量沉积，导致MBR生物污染和有机污染。Ca、Mg、Al、Si、Fe等元素的沉积是造成膜无机污染的主要原因；在膜污染过程中，无机盐的沉淀物、胞外聚合物、微生物等相互结合，沉积并吸附在膜表面，形成粘附性极强、限制膜通量的滤饼层。
(6)在膜生物反应器中，活性污泥在膜表面沉积形成滤饼层是造成膜污染的主要因素。采用扫描电镜和自动图像分析技术研究了膜过滤滤饼层的微观结构，并以分形理论和Darcy定律为基础，推导出用于预测膜污染滤饼层渗透性能的数学模型，验证了该渗透模型的可靠性，并利用该渗透模型进行了膜生物反应器中污泥浓度对滤饼层渗透性能影响的研究。结果表明：活性污泥颗粒沉积形成的柔性滤饼层具有明显的多孔结构，并且具有很好的分形特征；膜污染滤饼层的分形维数能够真实反映滤饼层的孔隙率大小；用该渗透模型得到的渗透系数K’可以预测滤饼层渗透性能；滤饼层渗透系数K随污泥浓度的增大而递减，污泥浓度低于10000 mg／L时，K’的变化趋势较小，污泥浓度达到10000mg／L以上时，K’急剧下降；污泥粒径和胞外聚合物是影响滤饼层渗透性能的重要因素，小粒径的污泥颗粒或胞外聚合物容易在滤饼孔隙内沉积，导致滤饼比阻增大，因此，污泥粒径减小或胞外聚合物浓度增大均会使得滤饼层渗透性能严重下降。
In recent years, membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have been widely used in wastewater treatment to achieve higher effluent quality, which is often difficult to be effectively met by conventional activated sludge process. The advantages of MBR are a high mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSS) concentration, producing higher rate of removal of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), a lower excess sludge production and the treated water can be reused. In addition, the space occupied by MBR systems is greatly reduced due to the absence of settling tanks and the reduction in bioreactor volume made possible by the higher biomass concentration. But a major obstacle for the application of MBRs is the rapid decline of the permeation flux as a result of membrane fouling. The membrane fouling in MBR reduces productivity and increases maintenance and operating costs. Thus, membrane fouling is the crucial problem to be resolved.
In this work, fouling mechanisms of submerged MBRs were investigated systematically. The impacts of sludge characteristics and operational conditions on membrane fouling were identified. The micro-mechanism of membrane fouling was also elucidated on the basis of fractal theory and image analysis. This work was performed as follows:
(1) In this work, the influence of activated sludge properties such as the MLSS concentration, sludge particle size distribution (PSD), extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), soluble microbial products (SMP), suspended solids in supernatant (SSs), dynamic viscosity (μ), relative hydrophobicity (RH), and zeta potential on membrane fouling was examined. Activated sludge samples taken from different membrane bioreactor processes were used to study their impacts on membrane fouling. The influence of activated sludge properties on membrane permeation was identified using statistical methods. The results showed that MLSS concentration had an exponential relationship with membrane fouling resistance. The sludge particle size (r_p=-0.730) was correlated inversely to the membrane fouling resistance significantly. The total EPS (r_p=0.898) and protein (r_p=0.810) had strong positive effect on membrane fouling resistance, but carbohydrate (r_p=0.626) had a moderate correlation with membrane fouling resistance due to its low amounts. SMP (r_p=0.757), SSs (r_p=0.810), dynamic viscosity (r_p=0.691), RH (r_p=0.837), and zeta potential (r_p=-0.881) also had significant influence on membrane permeability. However, protein (r_p=0.936), SMP (r_p=0.725), SSs (r_p=0.783), dynamic viscosity (r_p=0.633), RH (r_p=0.877), and zeta potential (r_p=-0.953) mainly resulted from the change of EPS concentration. These results suggest that MLSS concentration, PSD and EPS were the predominant factors affecting membrane fouling during membrane filtration of sludge suspension. The membrane fouling resistance can be predicted using a model based on MLSS concentration, PSD and EPS: R_f = 2.250e~(MLss*9×10~(-5))＋0.111EPS－1.99×10~(-2)PSD－3.201
(2) The influence of filamentous bacteria on membrane fouling process in membrane bioreactor was analyzed in this study. To illustrate the membrane fouling mechanism of filamentous bacteria, the physical and chemical characteristics of floes such as EPS, zeta potential, RH and floc morphology were investigated systematically. The results showed that the absence of filamentous bacteria in sludge floes led to severe membrane pore blocking, the floes existing excessive filamentous bacteria, however, could cause the formation of a non-porous cake layer on the membrane surface. The over growth of filamentous bacteria could result in much more release of EPS, lower zeta potential, higher hydrophobicity of sludge floes, and caused serous harm to membrane permeation. The results also showed that the boundary fractal dimension (D_p) and three-dimensional aspect ratio (AR) of sludge floes increased with increasing filamentous index (FI). In addition, the roundness (R_o) of sludge floes decreased with increasing FI. These results indicate that floes of bulking sludge had a very irregular shape, which would do great harm to membrane filtration process. The sludge floes existing a small quantity of filamentous bacteria had a positive effect on membrane permeation. It is an important kind of microbe to be control in the operation of membrane bioreaetors.
(3) In this study, three identical MBRs were operated in parallel with sludge retention time (SRT) of 30 days and organic loading rates (OLRs) of 0.7-0.8 kgCOD/m~3d, 1.1-1.4 kgCOD/m~3d, 1.7-2.1 kgCOD/m~3d, respectively, in order to specify the influence mechanism of OLRs on membrane bioreactor. Although OLRs have no direct impact on membrane permeation, OLRs affect sludge characteristics strongly since the MBR system includes living microorganisms and their metabolites. The results showed that COD removal efficiencies were stable though it decreased slightly as OLR increased, but biomass activity and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in sludge suspension decreased as OLR increased. The filamentous bacteria grew easily in the bioreaetor with increasing OLR. The EPS concentration and sludge viscosity became much higher as filamentous bacteria excessively grew. The filamentous bacteria could also induce the formation of large and irregular shaped sludge flocs, and worsen membrane permeation. In addition, the MLSS concentration increased significantly as OLR increased. The results also indicated that sludge viscosity was the predominant factor affecting hydrodynamic conditions of MBR systems. The cross flow velocity of the sludge suspension decreased significantly as the sludge viscosity increased larger than 2.0 mPa s. Under the hydrodynamic conditions of low cross flow velocity, the fouling cake layer formed on the membrane surfaces could not be removed effectively. Moreover, the Re of the sludge suspension in the MBRs was decreased significantly with increasing sludge viscosity.
(4) Membrane fouling in three parallel MBRs was studied under different aeration intensities (150 L/h, 400 L/h, and 800 L/h) to have a better understanding of membrane fouling mechanism. The impact of aeration on membrane fouling was interpreted from two aspects: evolution of sludge properties and formation mechanism of fouling cake layer. As the membrane fouling in MBRs mainly results from the formation of a fouling cake layer, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and resistance analysis were performed to characterize and quantify the fouling layer. The results showed that small or large aeration intensity had a negative influence on membrane permeability. The smaller aeration intensity could not remove the fouling cake layer effectively. The larger aeration intensity resulted in a severe breakup of sludge flocs, and promoted the release of colloidal and soluble components from the microbial flocs to the bulk solution due to microbial floc breakage, thus caused a rapid loss in membrane permeability. The colloids and solutes had great contribution to membrane foulants as the MBR operated under high aeration intensity. The results suggested that a dynamic membrane would be formed under the aeration of 400 L/h, which had a positive effect on membrane permeation. Aeration had a positive effect on cake layer removal, but pore blocking became severe as aeration intensity increased to 800 L/h.
(5) In this study, the fouling behavior of different MBR technologies, including conventional MBR (CMBR), sequencing batch MBR (SMBR), A/O-MBR and A~2/O-MBR, was investigated on the basis of bacth membrane filtration. The biomass characteristics were analyzed in order to elucidate membrane fouling. The membrane foulants formed on the membrane surface were characterized by such techniques as confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The formation mechanism of membrane foulants was also analyzed. The results showed that the sludge suspension in A~2/O-MBR could result in severe membrane fouling due the higher filamentous concentration and EPS concentration. The sludge suspension in A/O-MBR and CMBR had a moderate membrane fouling tendency. The sludge suspension in SMBR, however, caused a very slight membrane fouling. The filamentous index, bound EPS, soluble EPS and SUV_(254) had strong impacts on membrane fouling. The CLSM and FTIR examination indicated that bacteria clusters, proteins and carbonhydrates were significant contributors to membrane foulants. The XRF suggested that the inorganic foulants resulted from the deposition of Ca, Mg, Si, Al, and Fe. Bridging among bacteria clusters, deposited biopolymers and inorganic materials enhanced the compactness of the fouling layer.
(6) The formation of fouling cake layer on the membrane surface is the major problem that hinders the practical application of membrane bioreactor systems. Determination of the cake layer permeability is critical for an accurate analysis and design of membrane filtration. A permeation model, based on fractal theory and Darcy's law, for evaluating cake layer permeability in microfiltration of sludge suspension was developed. The cake layer permeability was derived and found to be a function of the pore-area fractal dimension and micro-structural parameters. The validity of the model was studied systematically. The permeation model was applied to study the effect of MLSS concentration, PSD and EPS on cake layer permeability in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Results showed that the permeation model was a useful tool to study the micro-mechanism of membrane fouling. There was a close correlation between MLSS concentration and cake layer permeability. There were a slight and a distinct decrease of the cake layer permeation as MLSS increased less and larger than 10,000mg/L, respectively. PSD and EPS were two significant factors affecting cake layer permeability in membrane bioreactor. The decrease of PSD or increase of EPS would result in a sharp decrease of cake layer permeability.
本研究采用一体式中空纤维膜生物反应器，对MBR技术中膜污染的关键问题进行了深入研究。主要考察了活性污泥性质和反应器操作条件对膜污染的影响机理，同时，借助分形理论和图像分析仪研究了膜污染的微观机理。本研究包括：
(1)采用统计分析方法研究了16种不同性质活性污泥混合液对MBR膜污染的影响机理。结果表明：污泥浓度与膜污染阻力呈指数增加关系；污泥粒径(PSD)、胞外聚合物(EPS)、溶解性有机物(SMP)、上清液胶体颗粒(SS_s)、污泥混合液粘度(μ)、相对疏水性(RH)、Zeta电位均对MBR膜渗透性能有显著的影响作用，其与膜污染阻力的皮尔逊相关系数r_p分别为：-0.730、0.898、0.757、0.810、0.691、0.837、-0.881；同时发现，胞外聚合物是影响活性污泥中溶解性有机物含量(r_p=0.725)、污泥粘度大小(r_p=0.633)、上清液胶体颗粒含量(r_p=0.783)、Zeta电位(r_p=-0.953)及相对疏水性大小(r_p=0.877)的主要因素；在活性污泥性质中污泥浓度、胞外聚合物、污泥粒径是影响膜污染的根本原因，是膜生物反应器膜污染的重要影响因素。经过多元回归，得到了用于预测污泥浓度、污泥粒径及胞外聚合物对膜污染阻力影响的数学模型。该预测模型为：
R_f=2.250e~(MLSS~*9×10~(-5))+0.111EPS-1.99×10~(-2)PSD-3.201
(2)采用短期过滤方式考察了丝状菌浓度或丝状菌生长指数对膜污染的影响机理。本部分研究主要从活性污泥性质和污泥絮体形态学的角度对丝状菌的膜污染机理进行了解释。研究表明：缺少丝状菌的污泥混合液会导致严重的膜孔堵塞污染，而丝状菌的过度繁殖会导致形成厚大、密实的滤饼层；丝状菌的过量繁殖会使得胞外聚合物和相对疏水性增大，污泥絮体Zeta电位下降，从而恶化膜过滤过程；另外，丝状菌的过度繁殖会导致污泥絮体周界分形维数和三维纵横比增大、污泥絮体圆度减小，说明丝状菌的过度繁殖使得污泥絮体变得不规则、松散，而不规则的污泥絮体会沉积并缠绕在膜丝表面，起到固定膜表面污染物的作用；因此，在MBR运行过程中，应采取适当措施控制丝状菌的生长情况以减缓膜污染。
(3)采用3个平行运行反应器，系统研究了不同反应器负荷(OLR=0.7-0.8 kgCOD／m~3d，OLR=1.1-1.4 kgCOD／m~3d，OLR=1.7-2.1 kgCOD／m~3d)对膜污染的影响机理。考察了OLR对膜过滤性能、膜污染、污泥性质(污泥活性SOUR、丝状菌浓度、胞外聚合物、污泥粒径、污泥浓度、污泥粘度)的影响，并分析了反应器内污泥混合液的水力学特性。研究发现：随着OLR的增大，反应器COD去除率仅有轻微下降，但污泥活性和污泥混合液溶解氧明显减小；在OLR=1.1-1.4 kgCOD／m~3d和OLR=1.7-2.1 kgCOD／m~3d的反应器内，发生严重的丝状菌过度繁殖，并导致胞外聚合物和污泥粘度迅速增大，进而加剧膜污染；高的反应器负荷会导致污泥浓度MLSS显著增大；最后，研究发现污泥粘度是决定反应器水力学特性的重要原因，当污泥粘度小于2.0 mPa s时，污泥粘度对反应器气液上升流速基本没有影响，而当污泥粘度大于2.0 mPa s时，气液上升流速急剧下降，其不能有效吹脱膜表面污染物；同时，随着污泥粘度的增大，反应器内污泥混合液的雷诺数迅速下降。
(4)从活性污泥性质变化和滤饼层形成两个角度，研究了3个不同曝气强度(150 L／h，400 L／h，800 L／h)对膜污染的影响。研究结果表明：过大或过小的曝气均不利于膜污染的减缓，过小的曝气强度不能有效去除膜表面污染物，而过大的曝气强度会导致污泥絮体破坏，产生大量的胶体粒子和大分子有机物，使得膜通量下降；在大的曝气强度下，胶体粒子和溶解性有机物在膜表面及膜孔的沉积吸附是产生膜污染的根本原因；曝气强度为400 L／h时，在膜面形成了自生动态膜，其起到截留或降解小颗粒物和溶解性有机物、减缓膜污染的作用。
(5)考察了不同MBR工艺中污泥混合液的膜过滤性能，并对比研究了污泥混合液的性质。借助共聚焦激光扫描电镜(CLSM)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)等技术表征了膜污染物的主要成分，并分析了膜表面污染物的形成机制。研究发现：A~2／O-MBR中活性污泥的膜污染行为最严重，A／O-MBR和传统MBR(CMBR)的膜污染行为次之，序批式MBR(SMBR)的膜污染最轻；发现丝状菌过度繁殖、结合态EPS、溶解性EPS、芳香性化合物(以SUV_(254)表征)等是影响膜污染的重要因素；污泥絮体、多糖和蛋白质在膜表面大量沉积，导致MBR生物污染和有机污染。Ca、Mg、Al、Si、Fe等元素的沉积是造成膜无机污染的主要原因；在膜污染过程中，无机盐的沉淀物、胞外聚合物、微生物等相互结合，沉积并吸附在膜表面，形成粘附性极强、限制膜通量的滤饼层。
(6)在膜生物反应器中，活性污泥在膜表面沉积形成滤饼层是造成膜污染的主要因素。采用扫描电镜和自动图像分析技术研究了膜过滤滤饼层的微观结构，并以分形理论和Darcy定律为基础，推导出用于预测膜污染滤饼层渗透性能的数学模型，验证了该渗透模型的可靠性，并利用该渗透模型进行了膜生物反应器中污泥浓度对滤饼层渗透性能影响的研究。结果表明：活性污泥颗粒沉积形成的柔性滤饼层具有明显的多孔结构，并且具有很好的分形特征；膜污染滤饼层的分形维数能够真实反映滤饼层的孔隙率大小；用该渗透模型得到的渗透系数K’可以预测滤饼层渗透性能；滤饼层渗透系数K随污泥浓度的增大而递减，污泥浓度低于10000 mg／L时，K’的变化趋势较小，污泥浓度达到10000mg／L以上时，K’急剧下降；污泥粒径和胞外聚合物是影响滤饼层渗透性能的重要因素，小粒径的污泥颗粒或胞外聚合物容易在滤饼孔隙内沉积，导致滤饼比阻增大，因此，污泥粒径减小或胞外聚合物浓度增大均会使得滤饼层渗透性能严重下降。
In recent years, membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have been widely used in wastewater treatment to achieve higher effluent quality, which is often difficult to be effectively met by conventional activated sludge process. The advantages of MBR are a high mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSS) concentration, producing higher rate of removal of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), a lower excess sludge production and the treated water can be reused. In addition, the space occupied by MBR systems is greatly reduced due to the absence of settling tanks and the reduction in bioreactor volume made possible by the higher biomass concentration. But a major obstacle for the application of MBRs is the rapid decline of the permeation flux as a result of membrane fouling. The membrane fouling in MBR reduces productivity and increases maintenance and operating costs. Thus, membrane fouling is the crucial problem to be resolved.
In this work, fouling mechanisms of submerged MBRs were investigated systematically. The impacts of sludge characteristics and operational conditions on membrane fouling were identified. The micro-mechanism of membrane fouling was also elucidated on the basis of fractal theory and image analysis. This work was performed as follows:
(1) In this work, the influence of activated sludge properties such as the MLSS concentration, sludge particle size distribution (PSD), extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), soluble microbial products (SMP), suspended solids in supernatant (SSs), dynamic viscosity (μ), relative hydrophobicity (RH), and zeta potential on membrane fouling was examined. Activated sludge samples taken from different membrane bioreactor processes were used to study their impacts on membrane fouling. The influence of activated sludge properties on membrane permeation was identified using statistical methods. The results showed that MLSS concentration had an exponential relationship with membrane fouling resistance. The sludge particle size (r_p=-0.730) was correlated inversely to the membrane fouling resistance significantly. The total EPS (r_p=0.898) and protein (r_p=0.810) had strong positive effect on membrane fouling resistance, but carbohydrate (r_p=0.626) had a moderate correlation with membrane fouling resistance due to its low amounts. SMP (r_p=0.757), SSs (r_p=0.810), dynamic viscosity (r_p=0.691), RH (r_p=0.837), and zeta potential (r_p=-0.881) also had significant influence on membrane permeability. However, protein (r_p=0.936), SMP (r_p=0.725), SSs (r_p=0.783), dynamic viscosity (r_p=0.633), RH (r_p=0.877), and zeta potential (r_p=-0.953) mainly resulted from the change of EPS concentration. These results suggest that MLSS concentration, PSD and EPS were the predominant factors affecting membrane fouling during membrane filtration of sludge suspension. The membrane fouling resistance can be predicted using a model based on MLSS concentration, PSD and EPS: R_f = 2.250e~(MLss*9×10~(-5))＋0.111EPS－1.99×10~(-2)PSD－3.201
(2) The influence of filamentous bacteria on membrane fouling process in membrane bioreactor was analyzed in this study. To illustrate the membrane fouling mechanism of filamentous bacteria, the physical and chemical characteristics of floes such as EPS, zeta potential, RH and floc morphology were investigated systematically. The results showed that the absence of filamentous bacteria in sludge floes led to severe membrane pore blocking, the floes existing excessive filamentous bacteria, however, could cause the formation of a non-porous cake layer on the membrane surface. The over growth of filamentous bacteria could result in much more release of EPS, lower zeta potential, higher hydrophobicity of sludge floes, and caused serous harm to membrane permeation. The results also showed that the boundary fractal dimension (D_p) and three-dimensional aspect ratio (AR) of sludge floes increased with increasing filamentous index (FI). In addition, the roundness (R_o) of sludge floes decreased with increasing FI. These results indicate that floes of bulking sludge had a very irregular shape, which would do great harm to membrane filtration process. The sludge floes existing a small quantity of filamentous bacteria had a positive effect on membrane permeation. It is an important kind of microbe to be control in the operation of membrane bioreaetors.
(3) In this study, three identical MBRs were operated in parallel with sludge retention time (SRT) of 30 days and organic loading rates (OLRs) of 0.7-0.8 kgCOD/m~3d, 1.1-1.4 kgCOD/m~3d, 1.7-2.1 kgCOD/m~3d, respectively, in order to specify the influence mechanism of OLRs on membrane bioreactor. Although OLRs have no direct impact on membrane permeation, OLRs affect sludge characteristics strongly since the MBR system includes living microorganisms and their metabolites. The results showed that COD removal efficiencies were stable though it decreased slightly as OLR increased, but biomass activity and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in sludge suspension decreased as OLR increased. The filamentous bacteria grew easily in the bioreaetor with increasing OLR. The EPS concentration and sludge viscosity became much higher as filamentous bacteria excessively grew. The filamentous bacteria could also induce the formation of large and irregular shaped sludge flocs, and worsen membrane permeation. In addition, the MLSS concentration increased significantly as OLR increased. The results also indicated that sludge viscosity was the predominant factor affecting hydrodynamic conditions of MBR systems. The cross flow velocity of the sludge suspension decreased significantly as the sludge viscosity increased larger than 2.0 mPa s. Under the hydrodynamic conditions of low cross flow velocity, the fouling cake layer formed on the membrane surfaces could not be removed effectively. Moreover, the Re of the sludge suspension in the MBRs was decreased significantly with increasing sludge viscosity.
(4) Membrane fouling in three parallel MBRs was studied under different aeration intensities (150 L/h, 400 L/h, and 800 L/h) to have a better understanding of membrane fouling mechanism. The impact of aeration on membrane fouling was interpreted from two aspects: evolution of sludge properties and formation mechanism of fouling cake layer. As the membrane fouling in MBRs mainly results from the formation of a fouling cake layer, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and resistance analysis were performed to characterize and quantify the fouling layer. The results showed that small or large aeration intensity had a negative influence on membrane permeability. The smaller aeration intensity could not remove the fouling cake layer effectively. The larger aeration intensity resulted in a severe breakup of sludge flocs, and promoted the release of colloidal and soluble components from the microbial flocs to the bulk solution due to microbial floc breakage, thus caused a rapid loss in membrane permeability. The colloids and solutes had great contribution to membrane foulants as the MBR operated under high aeration intensity. The results suggested that a dynamic membrane would be formed under the aeration of 400 L/h, which had a positive effect on membrane permeation. Aeration had a positive effect on cake layer removal, but pore blocking became severe as aeration intensity increased to 800 L/h.
(5) In this study, the fouling behavior of different MBR technologies, including conventional MBR (CMBR), sequencing batch MBR (SMBR), A/O-MBR and A~2/O-MBR, was investigated on the basis of bacth membrane filtration. The biomass characteristics were analyzed in order to elucidate membrane fouling. The membrane foulants formed on the membrane surface were characterized by such techniques as confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The formation mechanism of membrane foulants was also analyzed. The results showed that the sludge suspension in A~2/O-MBR could result in severe membrane fouling due the higher filamentous concentration and EPS concentration. The sludge suspension in A/O-MBR and CMBR had a moderate membrane fouling tendency. The sludge suspension in SMBR, however, caused a very slight membrane fouling. The filamentous index, bound EPS, soluble EPS and SUV_(254) had strong impacts on membrane fouling. The CLSM and FTIR examination indicated that bacteria clusters, proteins and carbonhydrates were significant contributors to membrane foulants. The XRF suggested that the inorganic foulants resulted from the deposition of Ca, Mg, Si, Al, and Fe. Bridging among bacteria clusters, deposited biopolymers and inorganic materials enhanced the compactness of the fouling layer.
(6) The formation of fouling cake layer on the membrane surface is the major problem that hinders the practical application of membrane bioreactor systems. Determination of the cake layer permeability is critical for an accurate analysis and design of membrane filtration. A permeation model, based on fractal theory and Darcy's law, for evaluating cake layer permeability in microfiltration of sludge suspension was developed. The cake layer permeability was derived and found to be a function of the pore-area fractal dimension and micro-structural parameters. The validity of the model was studied systematically. The permeation model was applied to study the effect of MLSS concentration, PSD and EPS on cake layer permeability in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Results showed that the permeation model was a useful tool to study the micro-mechanism of membrane fouling. There was a close correlation between MLSS concentration and cake layer permeability. There were a slight and a distinct decrease of the cake layer permeation as MLSS increased less and larger than 10,000mg/L, respectively. PSD and EPS were two significant factors affecting cake layer permeability in membrane bioreactor. The decrease of PSD or increase of EPS would result in a sharp decrease of cake layer permeability.
引文
[1] Stephenson，T．著．张树国，李咏梅译．膜生物反应器污水处理技术．第一版．2003，化学工业出版社：北京．63-137，163-166．
[2] Marrot, B., Barrios-Martinez, A., Moulin, P., et al. Industrial wastewater treatment in a membrane bioreactor: A review. Environmental Progress, 2004, 23(1): 59-68
[3] Adham, S., Gagliardo, P., Boulos, L., et al. Feasibility of the membrane bioreactor process for water reclamation. Water Science and Technology, 2001, 43(10): 203-209
[4] Scott, J.A., Neilson, D.J., Liu, W., et al. A dual function membrane bioreactor system for enhanced aerobic remediation of high-strength industrial waste. Water Science and Technology, 1998, 38(4-5): 413-420
[5] 魏源送，樊耀波．废水处理中污泥减量技术的研究及应用．中国给水排水，2000，17(7)：23-26
[6] 刘锦霞，顾平．膜生物反应器脱氮除磷工艺的研究进展．城市环境与城市生态，2001，14(2)：27-29
[7] 顾国维，何义亮．膜生物反应器—在污水处理中的研究和应用．2002，北京：化学工业出版社．
[8] Lesjean, B., Leiknes, T., Hochstrat, R., et al. MBR: Technology gets timely EU cash boost. Filtration and Separation, 2006, 43(9): 20-23
[9] 郑祥，朱小龙，张绍园．膜生物反应器在水处理中的研究及应用．环境污染治理技术与设备，2000，1(5)：12-19
[10] http://www.mbr-network.eu/.
[11] Yang, W., Cicek, N., and Ilg, J. State-of-the-art of membrane bioreactors: Worldwide research and commercial applications in North America. Journal of Membrane Science, 2006, 270(1-2): 201-211
[12] 刑传宏，T．，E．，钱易．无机膜生物反应器处理生活污水实验研究．环境科学，1997，18(3)：1-4
[13] 李红兵，顾国维，谢维民．中空纤维膜生物反应器处理生活污水的特性．环境科学，1999，20(2)：53-56
[14] 邹连沛，王宝贞，迟军．膜生物反应器处理污水性能的研究．哈尔滨建筑大学学报，2001，34(2)：57-60
[15] 张捍民，张兴文，杨凤林．宾馆污水及蒸汽冷凝水的再生回用工程．中国给水排水，2003，19(2)：72-74
[16] Scholz, W.G., Rouge, P., Bodalo, A. Desalination of mixed tannery effluent with membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis treatment. Environmental Science and Technology, 2005, 39(21): 8505-8511
[17] Qin, J.J., Kekre, K.A., Tao, G. New option of MBR-RO process for production of NEWater from domestic sewage. Journal of Membrane Science, 2006, 272(1-2): 70-77
[18] Chen, T.K. and Chen, J.N. Combined membrane bioreactor (MBR) and reverse osmosis (RO) system for thin-film transistor-Liquid crystal display TFT-LCD, industrial wastewater recycling Water Science and Technology, 2004, 50(2): 99-106
[19] Chen, T.K., Ni, C.H., Chan, Y.C., et al. MBR/RO/ozone processes for TFT-LCD industrial wastewater treatment and recycling. Water Science and Technology, 2005, 51(6-7): 411-419
[20] Comerton, A.M., Andrews, R.C., and Bagley, D.M. Evaluation of an MBR-RO system to produce high quality reuse water: Microbial control, DBP formation and nitrate. Water Research, 2005, 39(16): 3982-3990
[21] Lesjean, B., Gnirss, R., Adam, C, et al. Enhanced biological phosphorus removal process implemented in membrane bioreactors to improve phosphorous recovery and recycling. Water Science and Technology, 2003, 48(1): 87-94
[22] Lee, J., Ahn, W.Y., and Lee, C.H. Comparison of the filtration characteristics between attached and suspended growth microorganisms in submerged membrane bioreactor. Water Research, 2001, 35(10): 2435-2445
[23] LaPara, T.M., Klatt, C.G., and Chen, R. Adaptations in bacterial catabolic enzyme activity and community structure in membrane-coupled bioreactors fed simple synthetic wastewater. Journal of Biotechnology, 2006, 121(3): 368-380
[24] Lesjean, B., Gnirrs, R., Buisson, H., et al. Outcome of a 2-year investigation on enhanced biological nutrients removal and trace organics elimination in membrane bioreactor (MBR). Water Science and Technology, 2005, 52(10-11): 453-460
[25] Vocks, M., Adam, C, Lesjean, B., et al. Enhanced post-denitrification without addition of an external carbon source in membrane bioreactors. Water Research, 2005, 39(14): 3360-3368
[26] Zhang, H.M., Xiao, J.N., Cheng, Y.J., et al. Comparison between a sequencing batch membrane bioreactor and a conventional membrane bioreactor. Process Biochemistry, 2006, 41(1): 87-95
[27] Buttiglieri, G., Malpei, F., Daverio, E., et al. Denitrification of drinking water sources by advanced biological treatment using a membrane bioreactor. Desalination, 2005, 178(1-3): 211-218
[28] Ergas, S.J. and Rheinheimer, D.E. Drinking water denitrification using a membrane bioreactor. Water Research, 2004, 38(14-15): 3225-3232
[29] Crespo, J.G., Velizarov, S., and Reis, M.A. Membrane bioreactors for the removal of anionic micropollutants from drinking water. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2004, 15(5): 463-468
[30] Chang, J., Manem, J., and Beaubien, A. Membrane bioprocesses for the denitrification of drinking water supplies. Journal of Membrane Science, 1993, 80(233-239
[31] Wasik, E., Bohdziewicz, J., and Blaszczyk, M. Removal of nitrates from ground water by a hybrid process of biological denitrification and microfiltration membrane. Process Biochemistry, 2001, 37(1): 57-64
[32] Wasik, E., Bohdziewicz, J., and Blaszczyk, M. Removal of nitrate ions from natural water using a membrane bioreactor. Separation and Purification Technology, 2001, 22-23(383-392
[33] Reemtsma, T., Zywicki, B., Stueber, M., et al. Removal of sulfur-organic polar micropollutants in a membrane bioreactor treating industrial wastewater. Environmental Science and Technology, 2002, 36(5): 1102-1106
[34] Alvarez-Vazquez, H., Jefferson, B., and Judd, S.J. Membrane bioreactors vs conventional biological treatment of landfill leachate: A brief review. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 2004, 79(10): 1043-1049
[35] Setiadi, T. and Fairus, S. Hazardous waste landfill leachate treatment using an activated sludge-membrane system. Water Science and Technology, 2003, 48(8): 111-117
[36] Ahn, K.H., Song, K.G., Cho, E., et al. Enhanced biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal using a sequencing anoxic/anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAM) process. Desalination, 2003, 157(1-3): 345-352
[37] Fuchs, W., Resch, C, Kernstock, M., et al. Influence of operational conditions on the performance of a mesh filter activated sludge process. Water Research, 2005, 39(5): 803-810
[38] Quintana, J.B., Weiss, S., and Reemtsma, T. Pathways and metabolites of microbial degradation of selected acidic pharmaceutical and their occurrence in municipal wastewater treated by a membrane bioreactor. Water Research, 2005, 39(12): 2654-2664
[39] Wintgens, T., Gallenkemper, M., and Melin, T. Occurrence and removal of endocrine disrupters in landfill leachate treatment plants. Water Science and Technology, 2003, 48(3): 127-134
[40] Wintgens, T., Gallenkemper, M., and Melin, T. Removal of endocrine disrupting compounds with membrane processes in wastewater treatment and reuse. Water Science and Technology, 2004, 50(5): 1-8
[41] Gander, M., Jefferson, B., and Judd, S. Aerobic MBRs for domestic wastewater treatment: a review with cost considerations. Separation and Purification Technology, 2000,18(2): 119-130
[42] Chang, I.S., Clech, P.L., Jefferson, B., et al. Membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2002, 128(11): 1018-1029
[43] Kang, I.J., Yoon, S.H., and Lee, CH. Comparison of the filtration characteristics of organic and inorganic membranes in a membrane-coupled anaerobic bioreactor. Water Research, 2002, 36(7): 1803-1813
[44] Defrance, L. and Jaffrin, M.Y. Comparison between filtrations at fixed transmembrane pressure and fixed permeate flux: Application to a membrane bioreactor used for wastewater treatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 1999,152(2): 203-210
[45] Choo, K.H. and Lee, CH. Effect of anaerobic digestion broth composition on membrane permeability. Water Science and Technology, 1996, 34(9 pt 5): 173-179
[46] Meireles, M., Aimar, P., and Sanchez, V. Effects of protein fouling on the apparent pore size distribution of sieving membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 1991, 56(1): 13
[47] Magara, Y. and Itoh, M. The effect of operational factors on solid/liquid separation by ultra-membrane filtration in a biological denitrification system for collected human excreta treatment plants. Water Science and Technology, 1991, 23(7-9): 1583
[48] Shimizu, Y., Rokudai, M., Thoya, S., et al. Effect of membrane resistance on filtration characteristics for methanogenic waste. Kakaku Kogaku Ronbunshu, 1990, 16: 45
[49] Reihanian, H., Robertson, C.R., and Michaels, A.S. Mechanisms of polarization and fouling of ultrafiltration membranes by proteins. Journal of Membrane Science, 1983, 16: 237-246
[50] Choi, J.-G., Bae, T.-H., Kim, J.-H., et al. The behavior of membrane fouling initiation on the crossflow membrane bioreactor system. Journal of Membrane Science, 2002, 203(1-2): 103-113
[51] Hong, S.P., Bae, T.H., Tak, T.M., et al. Fouling control in activated sludge submerged hollow fiber membrane bioreactors. Desalination, 2002, 143(3): 219-228
[52] Zhang, S., Yang, F., Liu, Y., et al. Performance of a metallic membrane bioreactor treating simulated distillery wastewater at temperatures of 30 to 45℃. Desalination, 2006, 194(1-3): 146-155
[53] Nagaoka, H., Yamanishi, S., and Miya, A. Modeling of biofouling by extracellular polymers in a membrane separation activated sludge system. Water Science and Technology, 1998, 38(4-5 -5 pt 4): 497-504
[54] Zhang, J., Chua, H.C., Zhou, J., et al. Effect of sludge retention time on membrane bio-fouling intensity in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Separation Science and Technology, 2006, 41(7): 1313-1329
[55] Lee, W., Kang, S., and Shin, H. Sludge characteristics and their contribution to microfiltration in submerged membrane bioreactors. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 216(1-2): 217-227
[56] Chang, I.S. and Kim, S.N. Wastewater treatment using membrane filtration-Effect of biosolids concentration on cake resistance. Process Biochemistry, 2005, 40(3-4): 1307-1314
[57] Devereux, N. and Hoare, M. Membrane separation of protein precipitates: studies with cross flow in hollow fibers. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 1986, 28(3): 422
[58] Ueda, T., Hata, K., Kikuoka, Y., et al. Effects of aeration on suction pressure in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Water Research, 1997, 31(3): 489-494
[59] Gui, P., Huang, X., Chen, Y., et al. Effect of operational parameters on sludge accumulation on membrane surfaces in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Desalination, 2003, 151(2): 185-194
[60] Ji, L. and Zhou, J. Influence of aeration on microbial polymers and membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactors. Journal of Membrane Science, 2006, 276(1-2): 168-177
[61] Tam, L.S., Tang, T.W., Leung, W.Y., et al. A pilot study on performance of a membrane bio-reactor in treating fresh water sewage and saline sewage in Hong Kong. Separation Science And Technology, 2006, 41(7): 1253-1264
[62] 纪磊．膜生物反应器中微生物聚合物的代谢与膜污染．博士论文．2006，大连理工大学：大连．
[63] Field, R.W., Wu, D., and Howell, J.A. Critical flux concept for microfiltration fouling. Journal of Membrane Science, 1995, 100:259-272
[64] Yu, K., Wen, X., Bu, Q., et al. Critical flux enhancements with air sparging in axial hollow fibers cross-flow microfiltration of biologically treated wastewater. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 224(1-2): 69-79
[65] Hong, S.P., Bae, T.H., Tak, T.M., et al. Fouling control in activated sludge submerged hollow fiber membrane bioreactors. Desalination, 2002, 143(3): 219-228
[66] Defrance, L. and Jaffrin, M.Y. Comparison between filtrations at fixed transmembrane pressure and fixed permeate flux: application to a membrane bioreactor used for wastewater treatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 1999, 152(2): 203-210
[67] Jefferson, B., Laine, A.L., Judd, S.J., et al. Membrane bioreactors and their role in wastewater reuse. Water Science and Technology, 2000, 41(1): 197-204
[68] Defrance, L., Jaffrin, M.Y., Gupta, B., et al. Contribution of various constituents of activated sludge to membrane bioreactor fouling. Bioresource Technology, 2000, 73(2): 105-112
[69] Bouhabila, E.H., Ben Aim, R., and Buisson, H. Fouling characterisation in membrane bioreactors. Separation and Purification Technology, 2001, 22-23: 123-132
[70] Harada, H., Momonoi, K., Yamazaki, S., et al. Application of anaerobic-UF membrane reactor for treatment of a wastewater containing high strength particulate organics. Water Science and Technology, 1994, 30(12): 307-319
[71] Choo, K.H. and Lee, C.H. Effect of anaerobic digestion broth composition on membrane permeability. Water Science and Technology, 1996, 34(9): 173-179
[72] 刘锐，黄霞，范彬等．膜—生物反应器中溶解性微生物产物的研究进展．环境污染治理技术与设备，2002，3(1)：1-7
[73] Huang, X., Liu, R., and Qian, Y. Behaviour of soluble microbial products in a membrane bioreactor. Process Biochemistry, 2000, 36(5): 401
[74] Salanitro, J.P., Johnson, P.C., Spinnler, G.E., et al. Field-scale demonstration of enhanced MTBE bioremediation through aquifer bioaugmentation and oxygenation. Environmental Science and Technology, 2000, 34(19): 4152-4162
[75] Sato, T. and Ishii, Y. Effects of activated sludge properties on water flux of ultrafiltration membrane used for human excrement treatment. Water Science and Technology, 1991, 23(7-9): 1601
[76] Nagaoka, H., Ueda, S., and Miya, A. Influence of bacterial extracellular polymers on the membrane separation activated sludge process. Water Science and Technology, 1996, 34(9 pt 5): 165-172
[77] Huang, X., Liu, R., and Qian, Y. Behaviour of soluble microbial products in a membrane bioreactor. Process Biochemistry, 2000, 36(5): 401-406
[78] Yamamoto, K., Hiasa, M., Mahmood, T., et al. Direct solid-liquid separation using hollow fiber membrane in an activated sludge aeration tank. Water Science and Technology, 1989, 21(4-5): 43-54
[79] Churchouse, S. Membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment--operating experiences with the Kubota submerged membrane activated sludge process. Membrane Technology, 1997, 1997(83): 5-9
[80] Liu, R., Huang, X., Sun, Y.F., et al. Hydrodynamic effect on sludge accumulation over membrane surfaces in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Process Biochemistry, 2003, 39(2): 157-163
[81] Lee, J., Alan, W.-Y., and Lee, C.-H. Comparison of the filtration characteristics between attached and suspended growth microorganisms in submerged membrane bioreactor. Water Research, 2001, 35(10): 2435-2445
[82] Lim, A.L. and Bai, R. Membrane fouling and cleaning in microfiltration of activated sludge wastewater. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 216(1-2): 279-290
[83] Choo, K.H. and Lee, C.H. Effect of anaerobic digestion broth composition on membrane permeability. Water Science and Technology, 1996, 34(9): 173-179
[84] Lee, J., Ahn, W.-Y., and Lee, C.-H. Comparison of the filtration characteristics between attached and suspended growth microorganisms in submerged membrane bioreactor. Water Research, 2001, 35(10): 2435-2445
[85] Chang, I.-S. and Lee, C.-H. Membrane filtration characteristics in membrane-coupled activated sludge system--the effect of physiological states of activated sludge on membrane fouling. Desalination, 1998, 120(3): 221-233
[86] Lee, Y., Cho, J., Seo, Y. Modeling of submerged membrane bioreactor process for wastewater treatment. Desalination, 2002, 146(1-3): 451-457
[87] Shimizu, Y., Okuno, Y.-I., Uryu, K. Filtration characteristics of hollow fiber microfiltration membranes used in membrane bioreactor for domestic wastewater treatment. Water Research, 1996, 30(10): 2385-2392
[88] Bai, R. and Leow, H.F. Microfiltration of activated sludge wastewater-The effect of system operation parameters. Separation and Purification Technology, 2002, 29(2): 189-198
[89] IWA著．张亚雷，李咏梅译．活性污泥数学模型．2002，上海：同济大学出版社．
[90] Wintgens, T., Rosen, J., Melin, T., et al. Modelling of a membrane bioreactor system for municipal wastewater treatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 216(1-2): 55-65
[91] 飞思科技产品研发中心．MATLAB 6.5辅助神经网络分析与设计．2003，北京：电子工业出版社．
[92] Shetty, G.R. and Chellam, S. Predicting membrane fouling during municipal drinking water nanofiltration using artificial neural networks. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 217(1-2): 69-86
[93] Dornier, M., Decloux, M., Trystram, G., et al. Dynamic modeling of crossflow microfiltration using neural networks. Journal of Membrane Science, 1995, 98(3): 263-273
[94] Delgrange, N., Cabassud, C., Cabassud, M., et al. Neural networks for prediction of ultrafiltration transmembrane pressure-Application to drinking water production. Journal of Membrane Science, 1998, 150(1): 111-123
[95] 罗茜，徐新阳．关于过滤理论与滤饼可压缩性的探讨—第二部分 滤饼的可压缩性及比阻过滤与分离，1999，2(1-8
[96] Bourgeois, F.S. and Lyman, G.J., Morphological analysis and modelling of fine coal filter cake microstructure. Chemical Engineering Science, 1997, 52(7): 1151-1162
[97] 周北海，王占生，全浩．纤维球—砂直接过滤积泥形态学的研究．环境科学进展，1993，1(2)：71-79
[98] Kaye, B.H. Describing filtration dynamics from the perspective fractal geometry. KONA, 1991, 9(48
[99] Brock, S.T. and H.E.S, T. The use of fractal dimensions in filtration, in World Congress (?)art Technology. 1998.
[100] Tansel, B., Bao, W.Y., and Tansel, I.N. Characterization of fouling kinetics in ultrafiltra(?)ion systems by resistances in series model. Desalination, 2000, 129(1): 7-14
[101] Tarabara, V.V., Pierrisnard, F., Parron, C., et al. Morphology of Deposits Formed from Chemically Heterogeneous Suspensions: Application to Membrane Filtration. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2002, 256(2): 367-377
[102] James, B.J., Jing, Y., and Dong Chen, X. Membrane fouling during filtration of milk--a microstructural study. Journal of Food Engineering, 2003, 60(4): 431-437
[103] Hwang, E.J., Sun, D.D., and Tay, J.H. Operational factors of submerged inorganic membrane bioreactor for organic wastewater treatment: Sludge concentration and aeration rate. Water Science and Technology, 2003, 47(1): 121-126
[104] Lencki, R.W. and Riedl, K. Effect of fractal flocculation behavior on fouling layer resistance during apple juice microfiltration. Food Research International, 1999, 32(4): 279-288
[105] Feitz, A.J., Waite, T.D., Jones, G.J., et al. Photocatalytic degradation of the blue green algal toxin microcystin-LR in a natural organic-aqueous matrix. Environmental Science and Technology, 1999, 33(2): 243-249
[106] Mandelbrot, B.B. The Fractal Geometry of Nature. 1982, New York: WH Freeman.
[107] 王德英，沈自求．纤维束直接过滤积泥结构的分形分析及其应用．环境科学学报，2001，21(3)：263-266
[108] 许莉，李文萍，鲁淑群等．，滤饼结构的分形研究．过滤与分离，2000，10(4)：22-25
[109] Frolund, B., Palmgren, R., Keiding, K., et al., Extraction of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation exchange resin. Water Research, 1996, 30(8): 1749
[110] 耿霞，梁冰，梁玉祥等．苯酚-硫酸导数光谱法快速测定中药中多糖的研究．四川大学学报，2002，34(3)：62-64
[111] Lowery, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 1951, 193: 265-275
[112] Wilen, B.-M., Jin, B., and Lant, P. The influence of key chemical constituents in activated sludge on surface and flocculating properties. Water Research, 2003, 37(9): 2127-2139
[113] Chang, G.R., Liu, J.C., and Lee, D.J. CO-conditioning and dewatering of chemical sludge and waste activated sludge. Water Research, 2001, 35(3): 786-794
[114] Jenkins, D., Richard, M.G., and Daigger, G.T. Manuel on the Causes and Control of Activated Sludge Bulking and Foaming. 1986, Lafayette, CA: Ridgetine Press.
[115] Eikelboom, D.H. and van Bijisen, H.J. Microscopic sludge investigation manual. 1983, The Netherlands: TNO Institute for Environmental Hygiene.
[116] 水和废水检测分析方法．第四版．国家环境保护总局水和废水检测分析方法编委会．2002，北京：中国环境科学出版社．
[117] Bouhabila, E.H., Ai?m, R.B., and Buisson, H. Fouling characterisation in membrane bioreactors. Separation and Purification Technology, 2001, 22-23(123-132
[118] Wisniewski, C. and Grasmick, A. Floc size distribution in a membrane bioreactor and consequences for membrane fouling. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 1998, 138(2-3): 403-411
[119] Zaloum, R., Coron-Ramstri?m, A.F., and Gehr, R. Final clarification by integrated filtration within the activated sludge aeration tank. Environmental Technology, 1996, 17(9): 1007-1014
[120] Houghton, J.I., Quarmby, J., and Stephenson, T. Municipal wastewater sludge dewaterability and the presence of microbial extracellular polymer. Water Science and Technology, 2001, 44(2-3): 373-379
[121] Hodgson, C.J., Perkins, J., and Labadz, J.C. The use of microbial tracers to monitor seasonal variations in effluent retention in a constructed wetland. Water Research, 2004, 38(18): 3833-3844
[122] Rosenberger, S. and Kraume, M. Filterability of activated sludge in membrane bioreactors. Desalination, 2002, 146(1-3): 373-379
[123] Lee, W., Kang, S., and Shin, H. Sludge characteristics and their contribution to microfiltration in submerged membrane bioreactors. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 216(1-2): 217-227
[124] Kim, J.S., Lee, C.H., and Chang, I.S. Effect of pump shear on the performance of a cross(?)low membrane bioreactor. Water Research, 2001, 35(9): 2137-2144
[125] Mikkelsen, L.H. The shear sensitivity of activated sludge: Relations to filterability, rheology and surface chemistry. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2001, 182(1-3): 1-9
[126] Rosenberger, S. and Kraume, M. Filterability of activated sludge in membrane bioreactors. Desalination, 2003, 151(2): 195-200
[127] Defrance, L., Jaffrin, M.Y., Gupta, B., et al. Contribution of various constituents of activated sludge to membrane bioreactor fouling. Bioresource Technology, 2000, 73(2): 105-112
[128] Ueda, T. and Hata, K. Domestic wastewater treatment by a submerged membrane bioreactor with gravitational filtration. Water Research, 1999, 33(12): 2888-2892
[129] Liew, M.K.H., Fane, A.G., and Rogers, P.L. Hydraulic resistance and fouling of microfilter(?) by Candida utilis in fermentation broth. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 1995, 48(2): 108-117
[130] Emanuelsson, E.A.C., Arcangeli, J.P., and Livingston, A.G. The anoxic extractive memb(?)ane bioreactor. Water Research, 2003, 37(6): 1231-1238
[131] Jin, B., Wilen, B.-M., and Lant, P. Impacts of morphological, physical and chemical properties of sludge flocs on dewaterability of activated sludge. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2004, 98(1-2): 115-126
[132] Jorand, F., Boue?-Bigne, F., Block, J.C., et al. Hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of activated sludge exopolymeric substances. Water Science and Technology, 1998, 37(4-5): 307-315
[133] McCarthy, A.A., O'Shea, D.G., Murray, N.T., et al. Effect of cell morphology on dead end filtration of the dimorphic yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus NRRLy2415. Biotechnology Progress, 1998, 14(2): 279-285
[134] Choi, J.G., Bae, T.H., Kim, J.H., et al. The behavior of membrane fouling initiation on the crossflow membrane bioreactor system. Journal of Membrane Science, 2002, 203(1-2): 103-113
[135] 王勇，孙寓姣，黄霞．丝状菌对膜-生物反应器中膜污染过程的影响．中国环境科学，2004，24(2)：247-251
[136] Choi, J.-G., Bae, T.-H., Kim, J.-H., et al. The behavior of membrane fouling initiation on the crossflow membrane bioreactor system. Journal of Membrane Science, 2002, 203(1-2): 103-113
[137] Liao, B.Q., Allen, D.G., Droppo, I.G., et al. Surface properties of sludge and their role in bioflocculation and settleability. Water Research, 2001, 35(2): 339-350
[138] Sutherland, I.W. Exopolysaccharides in biofilms, flocs and related structures. Water Science and Technology, 2001, 43(6): 77-86
[139] van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Lyklema, J., Norde, W., et al. Electrophoretic mobility and hydrophobicity as a measure to predict the initial steps of bacterial adhesion. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1987, 53(1898-1901
[140] Chang, I.-S. and Lee, C.-H. Membrane filtration characteristics in membrane-coupled activated sludge system--the effect of physiological states of activated sludge on membrane fou(?)ing. Desalination, 1998, 120(3): 221-233
[141] Dewanti, R. and Wong, A.C.L. Influence of culture conditions on biofilm formation by Escherichia coli O157:H7. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 1995, 26(2): 147-164
[142] Contreras, E.M., Giannuzzi, L., and Zaritzky, N.E. Use of image analysis in the study of competition between filamentous and non-filamentous bacteria Water Research, 2004, 38(11): 2621-2630
[143] Grijspeerdt, K. and Verstraete, W. Image analysis to estimate the settleability and concentration of activated sludge. Water Research, 1997, 31(5): 1126-1134
[144] Zartarian, F., Mustin, C, Villemin, G., et al. Three-dimensional modeling of an activated sludge floc. Langmuir, 1997, 13(1): 35-40
[145] Ren, N., Chen, Z., Wang, X., et al. Optimized operational parameters of a pilot scale membrane bioreactor for high-strength organic wastewater treatment International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2005, 56(4): 216-223
[146] Cho, J., Song, K.-G., Hyup Lee, S., et al. Sequencing anoxic/anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAM) pilot plant for advanced wastewater treatment. Desalination, 2005, 178(1-3): 219-225
[147] Yoon, S.H., Kim, H.S., and Yeom, LT. The optimum operational condition of membrane bioreactor (MBR): Cost estimation of aeration and sludge treatment. Water Research, 2004, 38(1): 37-46
[148] Han, S.S., Bae, T.H., Jang, G.G., et al. Influence of sludge retention time on membrane fouling and bioactivities in membrane bioreactor system. Process Biochemistry, 2005,40(7): 2393-2400
[149] Huang, X., Gui, P., and Qian, Y. Effect of sludge retention time on microbial behaviour in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Process Biochemistry, 2001, 36(10): 1001-1006
[150] Ueda, T., Hata, K., and Kikuoka, Y. Treatment of domestic sewage from rural settlements by a membrane bioreactor. Water Science and Technology, 1996, 34(9 pt 5): 189-196
[151] Han, S.-S., Bae, T.-H., Jang, G.-G., et al. Influence of sludge retention time on membrane fouling and bioactivities in membrane bioreactor system. Process Biochemistry, 2005, 40(7): 2393-2400
[152] Chae, S.-R., Ann, Y.-T., Kang, S.-T., et al. Mitigated membrane fouling in a vertical submerged membrane bioreactor (VSMBR). Journal of Membrane Science, In Press, Corrected Proof
[153] Drews, A., Evenblij, H., Roenberger, S. Potential and drawbacks of microbiology-membrane interaction in membrane bioreactors. Environmental Progress, 2005, 24(4): 426-433
[154] Gao, M., Yang, M., Li, H., et al. Nitrification and sludge characteristics in a submerged membrane bioreactor on synthetic inorganic wastewater. Desalination, 2004, 170(2): 177-185
[155] Yoon, S.-H., Kim, H.-S., and Yeom, I.-T. The optimum operational condition of membrane bioreactor (MBR): cost estimation of aeration and sludge treatment. Water Research, 2004, 38(1): 37-46
[156] Meng, F., Zhang, H., Yang, F., et al. Identification of activated sludge properties affecting membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactors. Separation and Purification Technology, In Press, Corrected Proof
[157] Meng, F., Zhang, H., Li, Y., et al. Application of fractal permeation model to investigate membrane fouling in membrane bioreactor. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 262(1-2): 107-116
[158] Katayon, S., Megat Mohd Noor, MJ., Ahmad, J., et al. Effects of mixed liquor suspended solid concentrations on membrane bioreactor efficiency for treatment of food industry wastewater. Desalination, 2004, 167: 153-158
[159] Chang, I.-S., Bag, S.-O., and Lee, C.-H. Effects of membrane fouling on solute rejection during membrane filtration of activated sludge. Process Biochemistry, 2001, 36(8-9): 855-860
[160] Xing, C.H., Qian, Y., Wen, X.H., et al. Physical and biological characteristics of a tangential-flow MBR for municipal wastewater treatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 2001, 191(1-2): 31-42
[161] Nagaoka, H. Nitrogen removal by submerged membrane separation activated sludge process. Water Science and Technology, 1999, 39(8): 107-114
[162] Meng, F., Zhang, H., Yang, F., et al. Effect of filamentous bacteria on membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactor. Journal of Membrane Science, 2006, 272(1-2): 161-168
[163] Liu, R., Huang, X., Wang, C., et al. Study on hydraulic characteristics in a submerged membrane bioreactor process. Process Biochemistry, 2000, 36(3): 249-254
[164] Bian, R., Yamamoto, K., and Watanabe, Y. The effect of shear rate on controlling the concentration polarization and membrane fouling. Desalination, 2000, 131(1-3): 225-236
[165] Wisniewski, C., Grasmick, A., and Leon Cruz, A. Critical particle size in membrane bioreactors: Case of a denitrifying bacterial suspension. Journal of Membrane Science, 2000, 178(1-2): 141-150
[166] Tardieu, E., Grasmick, A., Geaugey, V., et al. Hydrodynamic control of bioparticle deposition in a MBR applied to wastewater treatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 1998, 147(1): 1-12
[167] Tardieu, E., Grasmick, A., Geaugey, V., et al. Influence of hydrodynamics on fouling velocity in a recirculated MBR for wastewater treatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 1999, 156(1): 131-140
[168] Davis, R.H. Modeling of fouling of crossflow microfiltration membranes. Separation and purification methods, 1992, 21(2): 75-126
[169] Bae, T.H. and Tak, T.M. Interpretation of fouling characteristics of ultrafiltration membranes during the filtration of membrane bioreactor mixed liquor. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 264(1-2): 151-160
[170] Sethi, S. and Wiesner, M.R. Modeling of transient permeate flux in cross-flow membrane filtration incorporating multiple particle transport mechanisms. Journal of Membrane Science, 1997, 136(1-2): 191-205
[171] Lahoussine-Turcaud, V., Wiesner, M.R., and Bottero, J.Y. Fouling in tangential-flow ultrafiltration: The effect of colloid size and coagulation pretreatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 1990, 52(2): 173-190
[172] Rosenberger, S., Laabs, C., Lesjean, B., et al. Impact of colloidal and soluble organic material on membrane performance in membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment. Water Research, 2006, 40(4): 710-720
[173] Rosenberger, S., Evenblij, H., te Poele, S., et al. The importance of liquid phase analyses to understand fouling in membrane assisted activated sludge processes--six case studies of different European research groups. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 263(1-2):113-126
[174] Li, Q. and Elimelech, M. Synergistic effects in combined fouling of a loose nanofiltration membrane by colloidal materials and natural organic matter. Journal of Membrane Science, 2006, 278(1-2): 72-82
[175] 林红军，陆晓峰，段伟等．膜生物反应器中膜过滤特征及膜污染机理的研究．环境科学，2006，27(13)：2511-2517
[176] Chu, H.P. and Li, X.Y. Membrane fouling in a membrane bioreactor (MBR): Sludge cake formation and fouling characteristics. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2005, 90(3): 323-331
[177] Fan, B. and Huang, X. Characteristics of a self-forming dynamic membrane coupled with a bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment. Environmental Science and Technology, 2002, 36(23): 5245-5251
[178] Bae, T.-H. and Tak, T.-M. Interpretation of fouling characteristics of ultrafiltration membranes during the filtration of membrane bioreactor mixed liquor. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 264(1-2): 151-160
[179] Yang, F., Shi, B., Meng, F., et al. Membrane fouling behavior during filtration of sludge supernatant. Environmental Progress, 2007, In Press
[180] Baker, J.S. and Dudley, L.Y. Biofouling in membrane systems — A review. Desalination, 1998, 118(1-3): 81-89
[181] Schneider, R.P., Ferreira, L.M., Binder, P., et al. Analysis of foulant layer in all elements of an RO train. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 261(1-2): 152-162
[182] Demadis, K.D., Neofotistou, E., Mavredaki, E., et al. Inorganic foulants in membrane systems: chemical control strategies and the contribution of "green chemistry". Desalination, 2005, 179(1-3): 281-295
[183] Choo, K.-H. and Lee, C.-H. Membrane fouling mechanisms in the membrane-coupled anaerobic bioreactor. Water Research, 1996,30(8): 1771-1780
[184] Kumar, M., Adham, S.S., and Pearce, W.R. Investigation of seawater reverse osmosis fouling and its relationship to pretreatment type. Environmental Science and Technology, 2006, 40(6): 2037-2044
[185] Jarusutthirak, C. and Amy, G. Role of soluble microbial products (SMP) in membrane fouling and flux decline. Environmental Science and Technology, 2006,40(3): 969-974
[186] Kimura, K., Yamato, N., Yamamura, H., et al. Membrane fouling in pilot-scale membrane bioreactors (MBRs) treating municipal wastewater. Environmental Science and Technology, 2005, 39(16): 6293-6299
[187] Ivnitsky, H., Katz, I., Minz, D., et al. Characterization of membrane biofouling in nanofiltration processes of wastewater treatment. Desalination, 2005, 185(1-3): 255-268
[188] Jarusutthirak, C, Amy, G., and Croue, J.P. Fouling characteristics of wastewater effluent organic matter (EfOM) isolates on NF and UF membranes. Desalination, 2002, 145(1-3): 247-255
[189] Cho, J., Amy, G., Pellegrino, J., et al. Characterization of clean and natural organic matter (NOM) fouled NF and UF membranes, and foulants characterization. Desalination, 1998, 118(1-3): 101-108
[190] Howe, K.J., Ishida, K.P., and Clark, M.M. Use of ATR/FTIR spectrometry to study fouling of microfiltration membranes by natural waters. Desalination, 2002, 147(1-3): 251-255
[191] Ghafour, E.E.A. Enhancing RO system performance utilizing antiscalants. Desalination, 2003, 153(1-3): 149-153
[192] Chen, D., Weavers, L.K., Walker, H.W., et al. Ultrasonic control of ceramic membrane fouling caused by natural organic matter and silica particles. Journal of Membrane Science, 2006, 276(1-2): 135-144
[193] Seidel, A. and Elimelech, M. Coupling between chemical and physical interactions in natural organic matter (NOM) fouling of nanofiltration membranes: implications for fouling control. Journal of Membrane Science, 2002, 203(1-2): 245-255
[194] Hong, S. and Elimelech, M. Chemical and physical aspects of natural organic matter (NOM) fouling of nanofiltration membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 1997, 132(2): 159-181
[195] Choo, K.H., Kang, I.J., Yoon, S.H., et al. Approaches to membrane fouling control in anaerobic membrane bioreactors. Water Science and Technology, 2000, 41(10-11): 363-371
[196] Bruus, J.H., Nielsen, P.H., and Keiding, K. On the stability of activated sludge flocs with implications to dewatering. Water Research, 1992, 26(12): 1597-1604
[197] James, B.J., Jing, Y., and Chen, X.D. Membrane fouling during filtration of milk-A microstructural study. Journal of Food Engineering, 2003, 60(4): 431-437
[198] Kiriyama, K., Tanaka, Y., and Mori, I. Field test on a methane fermentation treatment system incorporating a membrane module for municipal sewage. Desalination, 1994, 98(1-3): 199-206
[199] Tanaka, T., Usui, K., and Nakanishi, K. Formation of the Gel Layer of Polymers and Its Effect on the Permeation Flux in Crossflow Filtration of Corynebacterium glutamicum Broth. Separation Science and Technology, 1998, 33(5): 707-722
[200] Xu-Jiang, Y., Dodds, J., Leclerc, D., et al. A technique for the study of the fouling of microfiltration membranes using two membranes in series. Journal of Membrane Science, 1995, 105(1-2): 23-30
[201] 徐新阳等译．，分形漫步．1994，沈阳：东北大学出版社．
[202] 李艳松，膜污染因子识别与凝胶层结构分析．2006，大连理工大学，硕士研究生论文．1-52．
[203] Yu, B. and Li, J. Fractal dimensions for unsaturated porous media. Fractals, 2004, 12(1): 17-22
[204] Pitchumani, R. and Ramakrishnan, B., A fractal geometry model for evaluating permeabilities of porous preforms used in liquid composite molding. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 1999, 42(12): 2219-2232
[205] Le-Clech, P., Jefferson, B., and Judd, S.J. Impact of aeration, solids concentration and membrane characteristics on the hydraulic performance of a membrane bioreactor. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 218(1-2): 117-129
[206] Chang, I.S. and Lee, C.H. Membrane filtration characteristics in membrane-coupled activated sludge system-The effect of physiological states of activated sludge on membrane fouling. Desalination, 1998, 120(3): 221-233
[207] Mukai, T., Takimoto, K., Kohno, T., et al., Ultrafiltration behaviour of extracellular and metabolic products in activated sludge system with UF separation process. Water Research, 2000, 34(3): 902-908
[208] Kim, J.S., Lee, C.H., and Chun, H.D. Comparison of ultrafiltration characteristics between activated sludge-and BAC sludge. Water Research, 1998, 32(11): 3443-3451
[209] Cicek, N., Franco, J.P., Suidan, M.T., et al., Characterization and comparison of a membrane bioreactor and a conventional activated-sludge system in the treatment of wastewater containing high-molecular-weight compounds. Water Environment Research, 1999, 71(1): 64-70
[210] Zhang, B., Yamamoto, K., Ohgaki, S., et al. Floc size distribution and bacterial activities in membrane separation activated sludge processes for small-scale wastewater treatment/reclamation. Water Science and Technology, 1997, 35(6): 37-44
[211] Nagaoka, H. and Nemoto, H. Influence of extracellular polymeric substance on nitrogen removal in an intermittently-aerated membrane bioreactor. Water Science and Technology, 2005, 51(11): 151-158
[212] 刘燕，王越兴，莫华娟等．有机底物对活性污泥胞外聚合物的影响．环境化学，2004，23(3)：252-257
[213] 周健，柴宏祥，龙腾锐．活性污泥胞外聚合物EPS的影响因素研究．给水排水，2005，31(8)：19-23
[214] Zhang, S., Yang, F., Liu, Y., et al. Performance of a metallic membrane bioreactor treating simulated distillery wastewater at temperatures of 30 to 45℃. Desalination, 2006, 194(1-3): 146-155
[215] 布多，张颖，顾平．氯化铁絮凝法减轻膜污染．城市环境与城市生态，2003，16(6)：46-48
[216] Lee, J.C., Kim, J.S., Kang, I.J., et al. Potential and limitations of alum or zeolite addition to improve the performance of a submerged membrane bioreactor. Water Science and Technology, 2001, 43(11): 59-66
[217] Kim, I.S. and Jang, N. The effect of calcium on the membrane biofouling in the membrane bioreactor (MBR). Water Research, 2006, 40(14): 2756-2764
[218] 邹海燕，奚旦立．生物铁法—SMBR性能的研究．环境科学，2005，26(6)：65-70
[219] Ng, C.A., Sun, D., and Fane, A.G. Operation of membrane bioreactor with powdered activated carbon addition. Separation Science And Technology, 2006, 41(7): 1447-1466
[220] 曹效鑫，魏春海，黄霞．投加粉末活性炭对一体式膜—生物反应器膜污染的影响研究．环境科学学报，2005，25(11)：1443-1447
[221] 李耀中，贺延龄，刘永红等．投加粉末活性炭对SMBR过滤性能的影响．中国给水排水，2004，20：10-13
[222] Li, Y.Z., He, Y.L., Liu, Y.H., et al. Comparison of the filtration characteristics between biological powdered activated carbon sludge and activated sludge in submerged membrane bioreactors. Desalination, 2005, 174(3): 305-314
[223] Li, Y.-Z., He, Y.-L., Liu, Y.-H., et al. Comparison of the filtration characteristics between biological powdered activated carbon sludge and activated sludge in submerged membrane bioreactors. Desalination, 2005, 174(3): 305-314
[224] Park, D., Lee, D.S., and Park, J.M. Continuous biological ferrous iron oxidation in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Water Science and Technology, 2005, 51(6-7): 59-68
[225] Chang, I.-S. and Judd, S.J. Air sparging of a submerged MBR for municipal wastewater treatment. Process Biochemistry, 2002, 37(8): 915-920
[226] Psoch, C. and Schiewer, S. Long-term study of an intermittent air sparged MBR for synthetic wastewater treatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 260(1-2): 56-65
[227] Psoch, C. and Schiewer, S. Critical flux aspect of air sparging and backflushing on membrane bioreactors. Desalination, 2005, 175(1): 61-71
[228] Psoch, C. and Schiewer, S. Resistance analysis for enhanced wastewater membrane filtration. Journal of Membrane Science, In Press, Corrected Proof
[229] 翟守亮，黄显怀，刘绍根等．膜生物反应器在污水处理中膜污染及其防治．工业水处理，2004，24(8)：9-13
[230] Harada, H. Application of anaerobic-UF membrane reactor for treatment of a wastewater containing high strength particulate organics. Water Science and Technology, 1996, 30(12): 307-319
[231] Ng, H.Y., Tan, T.W., and Ong, S.L. Membrane fouling of submerged membrane bioreactors: Impact of mean cell residence time and the contributing factors. Environmental Science and Technology, 2006, 40(8): 2706-2713
[232] Bouhabila, E.H., Ai?m, R.B., and Buisson, H. Microfiltration of activated sludge using submerged membrane with air bubbling (application to wastewater treatment). Desalination, 1998, 118(1-3): 315-322
[233] Defrance, L. and Jaffrin, M.Y. Reversibility of fouling formed in activated sludge filtration. Journal of Membrane Science, 1999, 157(1): 73-84
[234] 桂萍，黄霞，陈颖．膜—生物反应器运行条件对膜过滤特性的影响．环境科学，1999，20(3)：38—41
[235] Bae, T.-H. and Tak, T.-M. Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on fouling mitigation of ultrafiltration membranes for activated sludge filtration. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 249(1-2): 1-8
[236] Bae, T.-H., Kim, I.-C., and Tak, T.-M. Preparation and characterization of fouling-resistant TiO_2 self-assembled nanocomposite membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 2006, 275(1-2): 1-5
[237] Bae, T.-H. and Tak, T.-M. Preparation of TiO_2 self-assembled polymeric nanocomposite membranes and examination of their fouling mitigation effects in a membrane bioreactor system. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 266(1-2): 1-5
[238] Yu, H.Y., Hu, M.X., Xu, Z.K., et al. Surface modification of polypropylene microporous membranes to improve their antifouling property in MBR: NH_3 plasma treatment. Separation and Purification Technology, 2005, 45(1): 8-15
[239] Yu, H.Y., Xie, Y., Hu, M.X., et al. Surface modification of polypropylene microporous membrane to improve its antifouling property in MBR: CO_2 plasma treatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 254(1-2): 219-227
[240] Kiso, Y., Jung, Y.J., Ichinari, T., et al. Wastewater treatment performance of a filtration bio-reactor equipped with a mesh as a filter material. Water Research, 2000, 34(17): 4143-4150
[241] Meng, Z.G., Yang, F.L., and Zhang, X.W. Nonwovens-bioreactor with gravity outflow for treating municipal wastewater. Xiandai Huagong/Modern Chemical Industry, 2005, 25(SUPPL.): 189-193
[242] Meng, Z., Yang, F., and Zhang, X. MBR focus: do nonwovens offer a cheaper option? Filtration & Separation, 2005, 42(5): 28-30
[243] Seo, G.T., Moon, B.H., Lee, T.S., et al. Non-woven fabric filter separation activated sludge reactor for domestic wastewater reclamation. Water Science and Technology, 2003, 47(1): 133-138
[244] Chang, M.C., Horng, R.Y., Shao, H., et al. Performance and filtration characteristics of non-woven membranes used in a submerged membrane bioreactor for synthetic wastewater treatment. Desalination, 2006, 191(1-3): 8-15
[245] Ye, M., Zhang, H., Wei, Q., et al. Study on the suitable thickness of a PAC-precoated dynamic membrane coupled with a bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment. Desalination, 2006, 194(1-3): 108-120
[246] Mayer, M., Braun, R., and Fuchs, W. Comparison of various aeration devices for air sparging in crossflow membrane filtratioa Journal of Membrane Science, In Press, Corrected Proof
[247] Ivanovic, I., Leiknes, T., and Odegaard, H. Influence of loading rates on production and characteristics of retentate from a biofilm membrane bioreactor (BF-MBR). Desalination, 2006, 199(1-3): 490-492
[248] Leiknes, T., Bolt, H., Engmann, M., et al. Assessment of membrane reactor design in the performance of a hybrid biofilm membrane bioreactor (BF-MBR). Desalination, 2006, 199(1-3): 328-330
[249] Li, X.F., Gao, F.S., Hua, Z.Z., et al. Treatment of synthetic wastewater by a novel MBR with granular sludge developed for controlling membrane fouling. Separation and Purification Technology, 2005,46(1-2): 19-25
[250] Farizoglu, B. and Keskinler, B. Sludge characteristics and effect of crossflow membrane filtration on membrane fouling in a jet loop membrane bioreactor (JLMBR). Journal of Membrane Science, 2006, 279(1-2): 578-587
[251] Farizoglu, B., Keskinler, B., Yildiz, E., et al. Cheese whey treatment performance of an aerobic jet loop membrane bioreactor. Process Biochemistry, 2004, 39(12): 2283-2291
[252] Kouakou, E., Salmon, T., Toye, D., et al. Gas-liquid mass transfer in a circulating jet-loop nitrifying MBR Chemical Engineering Science, 2005, 60(22): 6346-6353
[253] Park, J.-S. and Lee, C.-H. Removal of soluble COD by a biofilm formed on a membrane in a jet loop type membrane bioreactor. Water Research, 2005, 39(19): 4609-4622
[254] Yeon, K.M., Park, J.S., Lee, C.H., et al. Membrane coupled high-performance compact reactor: A new MBR system for advanced wastewater treatment. Water Research, 2005, 39(10): 1954-1961
[255] Chae, S.R. and Shin, H.S. Effect of condensate of food waste (CFW) on nutrient removal and behaviours of intercellular materials in a vertical submerged membrane bioreactor (VSMBR). Bioresource Technology, In Press, Corrected Proof
[256] Chae, S.R., Kang, S.T., Watanabe, Y., et al. Development of an innovative vertical submerged membrane bioreactor (VSMBR) for simultaneous removal of organic matter and nutrients. Water Research, 2006, 40(11): 2161-2167
[257] Chae, S.R. and Shin, H.S. Characteristics of simultaneous organic and nutrient removal in a pilot-scale vertical submerged membrane bioreactor (VSMBR) treating municipal wastewater at various temperatures. Process Biochemistry, In Press, Corrected Proof
[2] Marrot, B., Barrios-Martinez, A., Moulin, P., et al. Industrial wastewater treatment in a membrane bioreactor: A review. Environmental Progress, 2004, 23(1): 59-68
[3] Adham, S., Gagliardo, P., Boulos, L., et al. Feasibility of the membrane bioreactor process for water reclamation. Water Science and Technology, 2001, 43(10): 203-209
[4] Scott, J.A., Neilson, D.J., Liu, W., et al. A dual function membrane bioreactor system for enhanced aerobic remediation of high-strength industrial waste. Water Science and Technology, 1998, 38(4-5): 413-420
[5] 魏源送，樊耀波．废水处理中污泥减量技术的研究及应用．中国给水排水，2000，17(7)：23-26
[6] 刘锦霞，顾平．膜生物反应器脱氮除磷工艺的研究进展．城市环境与城市生态，2001，14(2)：27-29
[7] 顾国维，何义亮．膜生物反应器—在污水处理中的研究和应用．2002，北京：化学工业出版社．
[8] Lesjean, B., Leiknes, T., Hochstrat, R., et al. MBR: Technology gets timely EU cash boost. Filtration and Separation, 2006, 43(9): 20-23
[9] 郑祥，朱小龙，张绍园．膜生物反应器在水处理中的研究及应用．环境污染治理技术与设备，2000，1(5)：12-19
[10] http://www.mbr-network.eu/.
[11] Yang, W., Cicek, N., and Ilg, J. State-of-the-art of membrane bioreactors: Worldwide research and commercial applications in North America. Journal of Membrane Science, 2006, 270(1-2): 201-211
[12] 刑传宏，T．，E．，钱易．无机膜生物反应器处理生活污水实验研究．环境科学，1997，18(3)：1-4
[13] 李红兵，顾国维，谢维民．中空纤维膜生物反应器处理生活污水的特性．环境科学，1999，20(2)：53-56
[14] 邹连沛，王宝贞，迟军．膜生物反应器处理污水性能的研究．哈尔滨建筑大学学报，2001，34(2)：57-60
[15] 张捍民，张兴文，杨凤林．宾馆污水及蒸汽冷凝水的再生回用工程．中国给水排水，2003，19(2)：72-74
[16] Scholz, W.G., Rouge, P., Bodalo, A. Desalination of mixed tannery effluent with membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis treatment. Environmental Science and Technology, 2005, 39(21): 8505-8511
[17] Qin, J.J., Kekre, K.A., Tao, G. New option of MBR-RO process for production of NEWater from domestic sewage. Journal of Membrane Science, 2006, 272(1-2): 70-77
[18] Chen, T.K. and Chen, J.N. Combined membrane bioreactor (MBR) and reverse osmosis (RO) system for thin-film transistor-Liquid crystal display TFT-LCD, industrial wastewater recycling Water Science and Technology, 2004, 50(2): 99-106
[19] Chen, T.K., Ni, C.H., Chan, Y.C., et al. MBR/RO/ozone processes for TFT-LCD industrial wastewater treatment and recycling. Water Science and Technology, 2005, 51(6-7): 411-419
[20] Comerton, A.M., Andrews, R.C., and Bagley, D.M. Evaluation of an MBR-RO system to produce high quality reuse water: Microbial control, DBP formation and nitrate. Water Research, 2005, 39(16): 3982-3990
[21] Lesjean, B., Gnirss, R., Adam, C, et al. Enhanced biological phosphorus removal process implemented in membrane bioreactors to improve phosphorous recovery and recycling. Water Science and Technology, 2003, 48(1): 87-94
[22] Lee, J., Ahn, W.Y., and Lee, C.H. Comparison of the filtration characteristics between attached and suspended growth microorganisms in submerged membrane bioreactor. Water Research, 2001, 35(10): 2435-2445
[23] LaPara, T.M., Klatt, C.G., and Chen, R. Adaptations in bacterial catabolic enzyme activity and community structure in membrane-coupled bioreactors fed simple synthetic wastewater. Journal of Biotechnology, 2006, 121(3): 368-380
[24] Lesjean, B., Gnirrs, R., Buisson, H., et al. Outcome of a 2-year investigation on enhanced biological nutrients removal and trace organics elimination in membrane bioreactor (MBR). Water Science and Technology, 2005, 52(10-11): 453-460
[25] Vocks, M., Adam, C, Lesjean, B., et al. Enhanced post-denitrification without addition of an external carbon source in membrane bioreactors. Water Research, 2005, 39(14): 3360-3368
[26] Zhang, H.M., Xiao, J.N., Cheng, Y.J., et al. Comparison between a sequencing batch membrane bioreactor and a conventional membrane bioreactor. Process Biochemistry, 2006, 41(1): 87-95
[27] Buttiglieri, G., Malpei, F., Daverio, E., et al. Denitrification of drinking water sources by advanced biological treatment using a membrane bioreactor. Desalination, 2005, 178(1-3): 211-218
[28] Ergas, S.J. and Rheinheimer, D.E. Drinking water denitrification using a membrane bioreactor. Water Research, 2004, 38(14-15): 3225-3232
[29] Crespo, J.G., Velizarov, S., and Reis, M.A. Membrane bioreactors for the removal of anionic micropollutants from drinking water. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2004, 15(5): 463-468
[30] Chang, J., Manem, J., and Beaubien, A. Membrane bioprocesses for the denitrification of drinking water supplies. Journal of Membrane Science, 1993, 80(233-239
[31] Wasik, E., Bohdziewicz, J., and Blaszczyk, M. Removal of nitrates from ground water by a hybrid process of biological denitrification and microfiltration membrane. Process Biochemistry, 2001, 37(1): 57-64
[32] Wasik, E., Bohdziewicz, J., and Blaszczyk, M. Removal of nitrate ions from natural water using a membrane bioreactor. Separation and Purification Technology, 2001, 22-23(383-392
[33] Reemtsma, T., Zywicki, B., Stueber, M., et al. Removal of sulfur-organic polar micropollutants in a membrane bioreactor treating industrial wastewater. Environmental Science and Technology, 2002, 36(5): 1102-1106
[34] Alvarez-Vazquez, H., Jefferson, B., and Judd, S.J. Membrane bioreactors vs conventional biological treatment of landfill leachate: A brief review. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 2004, 79(10): 1043-1049
[35] Setiadi, T. and Fairus, S. Hazardous waste landfill leachate treatment using an activated sludge-membrane system. Water Science and Technology, 2003, 48(8): 111-117
[36] Ahn, K.H., Song, K.G., Cho, E., et al. Enhanced biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal using a sequencing anoxic/anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAM) process. Desalination, 2003, 157(1-3): 345-352
[37] Fuchs, W., Resch, C, Kernstock, M., et al. Influence of operational conditions on the performance of a mesh filter activated sludge process. Water Research, 2005, 39(5): 803-810
[38] Quintana, J.B., Weiss, S., and Reemtsma, T. Pathways and metabolites of microbial degradation of selected acidic pharmaceutical and their occurrence in municipal wastewater treated by a membrane bioreactor. Water Research, 2005, 39(12): 2654-2664
[39] Wintgens, T., Gallenkemper, M., and Melin, T. Occurrence and removal of endocrine disrupters in landfill leachate treatment plants. Water Science and Technology, 2003, 48(3): 127-134
[40] Wintgens, T., Gallenkemper, M., and Melin, T. Removal of endocrine disrupting compounds with membrane processes in wastewater treatment and reuse. Water Science and Technology, 2004, 50(5): 1-8
[41] Gander, M., Jefferson, B., and Judd, S. Aerobic MBRs for domestic wastewater treatment: a review with cost considerations. Separation and Purification Technology, 2000,18(2): 119-130
[42] Chang, I.S., Clech, P.L., Jefferson, B., et al. Membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2002, 128(11): 1018-1029
[43] Kang, I.J., Yoon, S.H., and Lee, CH. Comparison of the filtration characteristics of organic and inorganic membranes in a membrane-coupled anaerobic bioreactor. Water Research, 2002, 36(7): 1803-1813
[44] Defrance, L. and Jaffrin, M.Y. Comparison between filtrations at fixed transmembrane pressure and fixed permeate flux: Application to a membrane bioreactor used for wastewater treatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 1999,152(2): 203-210
[45] Choo, K.H. and Lee, CH. Effect of anaerobic digestion broth composition on membrane permeability. Water Science and Technology, 1996, 34(9 pt 5): 173-179
[46] Meireles, M., Aimar, P., and Sanchez, V. Effects of protein fouling on the apparent pore size distribution of sieving membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 1991, 56(1): 13
[47] Magara, Y. and Itoh, M. The effect of operational factors on solid/liquid separation by ultra-membrane filtration in a biological denitrification system for collected human excreta treatment plants. Water Science and Technology, 1991, 23(7-9): 1583
[48] Shimizu, Y., Rokudai, M., Thoya, S., et al. Effect of membrane resistance on filtration characteristics for methanogenic waste. Kakaku Kogaku Ronbunshu, 1990, 16: 45
[49] Reihanian, H., Robertson, C.R., and Michaels, A.S. Mechanisms of polarization and fouling of ultrafiltration membranes by proteins. Journal of Membrane Science, 1983, 16: 237-246
[50] Choi, J.-G., Bae, T.-H., Kim, J.-H., et al. The behavior of membrane fouling initiation on the crossflow membrane bioreactor system. Journal of Membrane Science, 2002, 203(1-2): 103-113
[51] Hong, S.P., Bae, T.H., Tak, T.M., et al. Fouling control in activated sludge submerged hollow fiber membrane bioreactors. Desalination, 2002, 143(3): 219-228
[52] Zhang, S., Yang, F., Liu, Y., et al. Performance of a metallic membrane bioreactor treating simulated distillery wastewater at temperatures of 30 to 45℃. Desalination, 2006, 194(1-3): 146-155
[53] Nagaoka, H., Yamanishi, S., and Miya, A. Modeling of biofouling by extracellular polymers in a membrane separation activated sludge system. Water Science and Technology, 1998, 38(4-5 -5 pt 4): 497-504
[54] Zhang, J., Chua, H.C., Zhou, J., et al. Effect of sludge retention time on membrane bio-fouling intensity in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Separation Science and Technology, 2006, 41(7): 1313-1329
[55] Lee, W., Kang, S., and Shin, H. Sludge characteristics and their contribution to microfiltration in submerged membrane bioreactors. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 216(1-2): 217-227
[56] Chang, I.S. and Kim, S.N. Wastewater treatment using membrane filtration-Effect of biosolids concentration on cake resistance. Process Biochemistry, 2005, 40(3-4): 1307-1314
[57] Devereux, N. and Hoare, M. Membrane separation of protein precipitates: studies with cross flow in hollow fibers. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 1986, 28(3): 422
[58] Ueda, T., Hata, K., Kikuoka, Y., et al. Effects of aeration on suction pressure in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Water Research, 1997, 31(3): 489-494
[59] Gui, P., Huang, X., Chen, Y., et al. Effect of operational parameters on sludge accumulation on membrane surfaces in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Desalination, 2003, 151(2): 185-194
[60] Ji, L. and Zhou, J. Influence of aeration on microbial polymers and membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactors. Journal of Membrane Science, 2006, 276(1-2): 168-177
[61] Tam, L.S., Tang, T.W., Leung, W.Y., et al. A pilot study on performance of a membrane bio-reactor in treating fresh water sewage and saline sewage in Hong Kong. Separation Science And Technology, 2006, 41(7): 1253-1264
[62] 纪磊．膜生物反应器中微生物聚合物的代谢与膜污染．博士论文．2006，大连理工大学：大连．
[63] Field, R.W., Wu, D., and Howell, J.A. Critical flux concept for microfiltration fouling. Journal of Membrane Science, 1995, 100:259-272
[64] Yu, K., Wen, X., Bu, Q., et al. Critical flux enhancements with air sparging in axial hollow fibers cross-flow microfiltration of biologically treated wastewater. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 224(1-2): 69-79
[65] Hong, S.P., Bae, T.H., Tak, T.M., et al. Fouling control in activated sludge submerged hollow fiber membrane bioreactors. Desalination, 2002, 143(3): 219-228
[66] Defrance, L. and Jaffrin, M.Y. Comparison between filtrations at fixed transmembrane pressure and fixed permeate flux: application to a membrane bioreactor used for wastewater treatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 1999, 152(2): 203-210
[67] Jefferson, B., Laine, A.L., Judd, S.J., et al. Membrane bioreactors and their role in wastewater reuse. Water Science and Technology, 2000, 41(1): 197-204
[68] Defrance, L., Jaffrin, M.Y., Gupta, B., et al. Contribution of various constituents of activated sludge to membrane bioreactor fouling. Bioresource Technology, 2000, 73(2): 105-112
[69] Bouhabila, E.H., Ben Aim, R., and Buisson, H. Fouling characterisation in membrane bioreactors. Separation and Purification Technology, 2001, 22-23: 123-132
[70] Harada, H., Momonoi, K., Yamazaki, S., et al. Application of anaerobic-UF membrane reactor for treatment of a wastewater containing high strength particulate organics. Water Science and Technology, 1994, 30(12): 307-319
[71] Choo, K.H. and Lee, C.H. Effect of anaerobic digestion broth composition on membrane permeability. Water Science and Technology, 1996, 34(9): 173-179
[72] 刘锐，黄霞，范彬等．膜—生物反应器中溶解性微生物产物的研究进展．环境污染治理技术与设备，2002，3(1)：1-7
[73] Huang, X., Liu, R., and Qian, Y. Behaviour of soluble microbial products in a membrane bioreactor. Process Biochemistry, 2000, 36(5): 401
[74] Salanitro, J.P., Johnson, P.C., Spinnler, G.E., et al. Field-scale demonstration of enhanced MTBE bioremediation through aquifer bioaugmentation and oxygenation. Environmental Science and Technology, 2000, 34(19): 4152-4162
[75] Sato, T. and Ishii, Y. Effects of activated sludge properties on water flux of ultrafiltration membrane used for human excrement treatment. Water Science and Technology, 1991, 23(7-9): 1601
[76] Nagaoka, H., Ueda, S., and Miya, A. Influence of bacterial extracellular polymers on the membrane separation activated sludge process. Water Science and Technology, 1996, 34(9 pt 5): 165-172
[77] Huang, X., Liu, R., and Qian, Y. Behaviour of soluble microbial products in a membrane bioreactor. Process Biochemistry, 2000, 36(5): 401-406
[78] Yamamoto, K., Hiasa, M., Mahmood, T., et al. Direct solid-liquid separation using hollow fiber membrane in an activated sludge aeration tank. Water Science and Technology, 1989, 21(4-5): 43-54
[79] Churchouse, S. Membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment--operating experiences with the Kubota submerged membrane activated sludge process. Membrane Technology, 1997, 1997(83): 5-9
[80] Liu, R., Huang, X., Sun, Y.F., et al. Hydrodynamic effect on sludge accumulation over membrane surfaces in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Process Biochemistry, 2003, 39(2): 157-163
[81] Lee, J., Alan, W.-Y., and Lee, C.-H. Comparison of the filtration characteristics between attached and suspended growth microorganisms in submerged membrane bioreactor. Water Research, 2001, 35(10): 2435-2445
[82] Lim, A.L. and Bai, R. Membrane fouling and cleaning in microfiltration of activated sludge wastewater. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 216(1-2): 279-290
[83] Choo, K.H. and Lee, C.H. Effect of anaerobic digestion broth composition on membrane permeability. Water Science and Technology, 1996, 34(9): 173-179
[84] Lee, J., Ahn, W.-Y., and Lee, C.-H. Comparison of the filtration characteristics between attached and suspended growth microorganisms in submerged membrane bioreactor. Water Research, 2001, 35(10): 2435-2445
[85] Chang, I.-S. and Lee, C.-H. Membrane filtration characteristics in membrane-coupled activated sludge system--the effect of physiological states of activated sludge on membrane fouling. Desalination, 1998, 120(3): 221-233
[86] Lee, Y., Cho, J., Seo, Y. Modeling of submerged membrane bioreactor process for wastewater treatment. Desalination, 2002, 146(1-3): 451-457
[87] Shimizu, Y., Okuno, Y.-I., Uryu, K. Filtration characteristics of hollow fiber microfiltration membranes used in membrane bioreactor for domestic wastewater treatment. Water Research, 1996, 30(10): 2385-2392
[88] Bai, R. and Leow, H.F. Microfiltration of activated sludge wastewater-The effect of system operation parameters. Separation and Purification Technology, 2002, 29(2): 189-198
[89] IWA著．张亚雷，李咏梅译．活性污泥数学模型．2002，上海：同济大学出版社．
[90] Wintgens, T., Rosen, J., Melin, T., et al. Modelling of a membrane bioreactor system for municipal wastewater treatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 216(1-2): 55-65
[91] 飞思科技产品研发中心．MATLAB 6.5辅助神经网络分析与设计．2003，北京：电子工业出版社．
[92] Shetty, G.R. and Chellam, S. Predicting membrane fouling during municipal drinking water nanofiltration using artificial neural networks. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 217(1-2): 69-86
[93] Dornier, M., Decloux, M., Trystram, G., et al. Dynamic modeling of crossflow microfiltration using neural networks. Journal of Membrane Science, 1995, 98(3): 263-273
[94] Delgrange, N., Cabassud, C., Cabassud, M., et al. Neural networks for prediction of ultrafiltration transmembrane pressure-Application to drinking water production. Journal of Membrane Science, 1998, 150(1): 111-123
[95] 罗茜，徐新阳．关于过滤理论与滤饼可压缩性的探讨—第二部分 滤饼的可压缩性及比阻过滤与分离，1999，2(1-8
[96] Bourgeois, F.S. and Lyman, G.J., Morphological analysis and modelling of fine coal filter cake microstructure. Chemical Engineering Science, 1997, 52(7): 1151-1162
[97] 周北海，王占生，全浩．纤维球—砂直接过滤积泥形态学的研究．环境科学进展，1993，1(2)：71-79
[98] Kaye, B.H. Describing filtration dynamics from the perspective fractal geometry. KONA, 1991, 9(48
[99] Brock, S.T. and H.E.S, T. The use of fractal dimensions in filtration, in World Congress (?)art Technology. 1998.
[100] Tansel, B., Bao, W.Y., and Tansel, I.N. Characterization of fouling kinetics in ultrafiltra(?)ion systems by resistances in series model. Desalination, 2000, 129(1): 7-14
[101] Tarabara, V.V., Pierrisnard, F., Parron, C., et al. Morphology of Deposits Formed from Chemically Heterogeneous Suspensions: Application to Membrane Filtration. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2002, 256(2): 367-377
[102] James, B.J., Jing, Y., and Dong Chen, X. Membrane fouling during filtration of milk--a microstructural study. Journal of Food Engineering, 2003, 60(4): 431-437
[103] Hwang, E.J., Sun, D.D., and Tay, J.H. Operational factors of submerged inorganic membrane bioreactor for organic wastewater treatment: Sludge concentration and aeration rate. Water Science and Technology, 2003, 47(1): 121-126
[104] Lencki, R.W. and Riedl, K. Effect of fractal flocculation behavior on fouling layer resistance during apple juice microfiltration. Food Research International, 1999, 32(4): 279-288
[105] Feitz, A.J., Waite, T.D., Jones, G.J., et al. Photocatalytic degradation of the blue green algal toxin microcystin-LR in a natural organic-aqueous matrix. Environmental Science and Technology, 1999, 33(2): 243-249
[106] Mandelbrot, B.B. The Fractal Geometry of Nature. 1982, New York: WH Freeman.
[107] 王德英，沈自求．纤维束直接过滤积泥结构的分形分析及其应用．环境科学学报，2001，21(3)：263-266
[108] 许莉，李文萍，鲁淑群等．，滤饼结构的分形研究．过滤与分离，2000，10(4)：22-25
[109] Frolund, B., Palmgren, R., Keiding, K., et al., Extraction of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation exchange resin. Water Research, 1996, 30(8): 1749
[110] 耿霞，梁冰，梁玉祥等．苯酚-硫酸导数光谱法快速测定中药中多糖的研究．四川大学学报，2002，34(3)：62-64
[111] Lowery, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 1951, 193: 265-275
[112] Wilen, B.-M., Jin, B., and Lant, P. The influence of key chemical constituents in activated sludge on surface and flocculating properties. Water Research, 2003, 37(9): 2127-2139
[113] Chang, G.R., Liu, J.C., and Lee, D.J. CO-conditioning and dewatering of chemical sludge and waste activated sludge. Water Research, 2001, 35(3): 786-794
[114] Jenkins, D., Richard, M.G., and Daigger, G.T. Manuel on the Causes and Control of Activated Sludge Bulking and Foaming. 1986, Lafayette, CA: Ridgetine Press.
[115] Eikelboom, D.H. and van Bijisen, H.J. Microscopic sludge investigation manual. 1983, The Netherlands: TNO Institute for Environmental Hygiene.
[116] 水和废水检测分析方法．第四版．国家环境保护总局水和废水检测分析方法编委会．2002，北京：中国环境科学出版社．
[117] Bouhabila, E.H., Ai?m, R.B., and Buisson, H. Fouling characterisation in membrane bioreactors. Separation and Purification Technology, 2001, 22-23(123-132
[118] Wisniewski, C. and Grasmick, A. Floc size distribution in a membrane bioreactor and consequences for membrane fouling. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 1998, 138(2-3): 403-411
[119] Zaloum, R., Coron-Ramstri?m, A.F., and Gehr, R. Final clarification by integrated filtration within the activated sludge aeration tank. Environmental Technology, 1996, 17(9): 1007-1014
[120] Houghton, J.I., Quarmby, J., and Stephenson, T. Municipal wastewater sludge dewaterability and the presence of microbial extracellular polymer. Water Science and Technology, 2001, 44(2-3): 373-379
[121] Hodgson, C.J., Perkins, J., and Labadz, J.C. The use of microbial tracers to monitor seasonal variations in effluent retention in a constructed wetland. Water Research, 2004, 38(18): 3833-3844
[122] Rosenberger, S. and Kraume, M. Filterability of activated sludge in membrane bioreactors. Desalination, 2002, 146(1-3): 373-379
[123] Lee, W., Kang, S., and Shin, H. Sludge characteristics and their contribution to microfiltration in submerged membrane bioreactors. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 216(1-2): 217-227
[124] Kim, J.S., Lee, C.H., and Chang, I.S. Effect of pump shear on the performance of a cross(?)low membrane bioreactor. Water Research, 2001, 35(9): 2137-2144
[125] Mikkelsen, L.H. The shear sensitivity of activated sludge: Relations to filterability, rheology and surface chemistry. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2001, 182(1-3): 1-9
[126] Rosenberger, S. and Kraume, M. Filterability of activated sludge in membrane bioreactors. Desalination, 2003, 151(2): 195-200
[127] Defrance, L., Jaffrin, M.Y., Gupta, B., et al. Contribution of various constituents of activated sludge to membrane bioreactor fouling. Bioresource Technology, 2000, 73(2): 105-112
[128] Ueda, T. and Hata, K. Domestic wastewater treatment by a submerged membrane bioreactor with gravitational filtration. Water Research, 1999, 33(12): 2888-2892
[129] Liew, M.K.H., Fane, A.G., and Rogers, P.L. Hydraulic resistance and fouling of microfilter(?) by Candida utilis in fermentation broth. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 1995, 48(2): 108-117
[130] Emanuelsson, E.A.C., Arcangeli, J.P., and Livingston, A.G. The anoxic extractive memb(?)ane bioreactor. Water Research, 2003, 37(6): 1231-1238
[131] Jin, B., Wilen, B.-M., and Lant, P. Impacts of morphological, physical and chemical properties of sludge flocs on dewaterability of activated sludge. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2004, 98(1-2): 115-126
[132] Jorand, F., Boue?-Bigne, F., Block, J.C., et al. Hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties of activated sludge exopolymeric substances. Water Science and Technology, 1998, 37(4-5): 307-315
[133] McCarthy, A.A., O'Shea, D.G., Murray, N.T., et al. Effect of cell morphology on dead end filtration of the dimorphic yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus NRRLy2415. Biotechnology Progress, 1998, 14(2): 279-285
[134] Choi, J.G., Bae, T.H., Kim, J.H., et al. The behavior of membrane fouling initiation on the crossflow membrane bioreactor system. Journal of Membrane Science, 2002, 203(1-2): 103-113
[135] 王勇，孙寓姣，黄霞．丝状菌对膜-生物反应器中膜污染过程的影响．中国环境科学，2004，24(2)：247-251
[136] Choi, J.-G., Bae, T.-H., Kim, J.-H., et al. The behavior of membrane fouling initiation on the crossflow membrane bioreactor system. Journal of Membrane Science, 2002, 203(1-2): 103-113
[137] Liao, B.Q., Allen, D.G., Droppo, I.G., et al. Surface properties of sludge and their role in bioflocculation and settleability. Water Research, 2001, 35(2): 339-350
[138] Sutherland, I.W. Exopolysaccharides in biofilms, flocs and related structures. Water Science and Technology, 2001, 43(6): 77-86
[139] van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Lyklema, J., Norde, W., et al. Electrophoretic mobility and hydrophobicity as a measure to predict the initial steps of bacterial adhesion. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 1987, 53(1898-1901
[140] Chang, I.-S. and Lee, C.-H. Membrane filtration characteristics in membrane-coupled activated sludge system--the effect of physiological states of activated sludge on membrane fou(?)ing. Desalination, 1998, 120(3): 221-233
[141] Dewanti, R. and Wong, A.C.L. Influence of culture conditions on biofilm formation by Escherichia coli O157:H7. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 1995, 26(2): 147-164
[142] Contreras, E.M., Giannuzzi, L., and Zaritzky, N.E. Use of image analysis in the study of competition between filamentous and non-filamentous bacteria Water Research, 2004, 38(11): 2621-2630
[143] Grijspeerdt, K. and Verstraete, W. Image analysis to estimate the settleability and concentration of activated sludge. Water Research, 1997, 31(5): 1126-1134
[144] Zartarian, F., Mustin, C, Villemin, G., et al. Three-dimensional modeling of an activated sludge floc. Langmuir, 1997, 13(1): 35-40
[145] Ren, N., Chen, Z., Wang, X., et al. Optimized operational parameters of a pilot scale membrane bioreactor for high-strength organic wastewater treatment International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2005, 56(4): 216-223
[146] Cho, J., Song, K.-G., Hyup Lee, S., et al. Sequencing anoxic/anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAM) pilot plant for advanced wastewater treatment. Desalination, 2005, 178(1-3): 219-225
[147] Yoon, S.H., Kim, H.S., and Yeom, LT. The optimum operational condition of membrane bioreactor (MBR): Cost estimation of aeration and sludge treatment. Water Research, 2004, 38(1): 37-46
[148] Han, S.S., Bae, T.H., Jang, G.G., et al. Influence of sludge retention time on membrane fouling and bioactivities in membrane bioreactor system. Process Biochemistry, 2005,40(7): 2393-2400
[149] Huang, X., Gui, P., and Qian, Y. Effect of sludge retention time on microbial behaviour in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Process Biochemistry, 2001, 36(10): 1001-1006
[150] Ueda, T., Hata, K., and Kikuoka, Y. Treatment of domestic sewage from rural settlements by a membrane bioreactor. Water Science and Technology, 1996, 34(9 pt 5): 189-196
[151] Han, S.-S., Bae, T.-H., Jang, G.-G., et al. Influence of sludge retention time on membrane fouling and bioactivities in membrane bioreactor system. Process Biochemistry, 2005, 40(7): 2393-2400
[152] Chae, S.-R., Ann, Y.-T., Kang, S.-T., et al. Mitigated membrane fouling in a vertical submerged membrane bioreactor (VSMBR). Journal of Membrane Science, In Press, Corrected Proof
[153] Drews, A., Evenblij, H., Roenberger, S. Potential and drawbacks of microbiology-membrane interaction in membrane bioreactors. Environmental Progress, 2005, 24(4): 426-433
[154] Gao, M., Yang, M., Li, H., et al. Nitrification and sludge characteristics in a submerged membrane bioreactor on synthetic inorganic wastewater. Desalination, 2004, 170(2): 177-185
[155] Yoon, S.-H., Kim, H.-S., and Yeom, I.-T. The optimum operational condition of membrane bioreactor (MBR): cost estimation of aeration and sludge treatment. Water Research, 2004, 38(1): 37-46
[156] Meng, F., Zhang, H., Yang, F., et al. Identification of activated sludge properties affecting membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactors. Separation and Purification Technology, In Press, Corrected Proof
[157] Meng, F., Zhang, H., Li, Y., et al. Application of fractal permeation model to investigate membrane fouling in membrane bioreactor. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 262(1-2): 107-116
[158] Katayon, S., Megat Mohd Noor, MJ., Ahmad, J., et al. Effects of mixed liquor suspended solid concentrations on membrane bioreactor efficiency for treatment of food industry wastewater. Desalination, 2004, 167: 153-158
[159] Chang, I.-S., Bag, S.-O., and Lee, C.-H. Effects of membrane fouling on solute rejection during membrane filtration of activated sludge. Process Biochemistry, 2001, 36(8-9): 855-860
[160] Xing, C.H., Qian, Y., Wen, X.H., et al. Physical and biological characteristics of a tangential-flow MBR for municipal wastewater treatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 2001, 191(1-2): 31-42
[161] Nagaoka, H. Nitrogen removal by submerged membrane separation activated sludge process. Water Science and Technology, 1999, 39(8): 107-114
[162] Meng, F., Zhang, H., Yang, F., et al. Effect of filamentous bacteria on membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactor. Journal of Membrane Science, 2006, 272(1-2): 161-168
[163] Liu, R., Huang, X., Wang, C., et al. Study on hydraulic characteristics in a submerged membrane bioreactor process. Process Biochemistry, 2000, 36(3): 249-254
[164] Bian, R., Yamamoto, K., and Watanabe, Y. The effect of shear rate on controlling the concentration polarization and membrane fouling. Desalination, 2000, 131(1-3): 225-236
[165] Wisniewski, C., Grasmick, A., and Leon Cruz, A. Critical particle size in membrane bioreactors: Case of a denitrifying bacterial suspension. Journal of Membrane Science, 2000, 178(1-2): 141-150
[166] Tardieu, E., Grasmick, A., Geaugey, V., et al. Hydrodynamic control of bioparticle deposition in a MBR applied to wastewater treatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 1998, 147(1): 1-12
[167] Tardieu, E., Grasmick, A., Geaugey, V., et al. Influence of hydrodynamics on fouling velocity in a recirculated MBR for wastewater treatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 1999, 156(1): 131-140
[168] Davis, R.H. Modeling of fouling of crossflow microfiltration membranes. Separation and purification methods, 1992, 21(2): 75-126
[169] Bae, T.H. and Tak, T.M. Interpretation of fouling characteristics of ultrafiltration membranes during the filtration of membrane bioreactor mixed liquor. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 264(1-2): 151-160
[170] Sethi, S. and Wiesner, M.R. Modeling of transient permeate flux in cross-flow membrane filtration incorporating multiple particle transport mechanisms. Journal of Membrane Science, 1997, 136(1-2): 191-205
[171] Lahoussine-Turcaud, V., Wiesner, M.R., and Bottero, J.Y. Fouling in tangential-flow ultrafiltration: The effect of colloid size and coagulation pretreatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 1990, 52(2): 173-190
[172] Rosenberger, S., Laabs, C., Lesjean, B., et al. Impact of colloidal and soluble organic material on membrane performance in membrane bioreactors for municipal wastewater treatment. Water Research, 2006, 40(4): 710-720
[173] Rosenberger, S., Evenblij, H., te Poele, S., et al. The importance of liquid phase analyses to understand fouling in membrane assisted activated sludge processes--six case studies of different European research groups. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 263(1-2):113-126
[174] Li, Q. and Elimelech, M. Synergistic effects in combined fouling of a loose nanofiltration membrane by colloidal materials and natural organic matter. Journal of Membrane Science, 2006, 278(1-2): 72-82
[175] 林红军，陆晓峰，段伟等．膜生物反应器中膜过滤特征及膜污染机理的研究．环境科学，2006，27(13)：2511-2517
[176] Chu, H.P. and Li, X.Y. Membrane fouling in a membrane bioreactor (MBR): Sludge cake formation and fouling characteristics. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2005, 90(3): 323-331
[177] Fan, B. and Huang, X. Characteristics of a self-forming dynamic membrane coupled with a bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment. Environmental Science and Technology, 2002, 36(23): 5245-5251
[178] Bae, T.-H. and Tak, T.-M. Interpretation of fouling characteristics of ultrafiltration membranes during the filtration of membrane bioreactor mixed liquor. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 264(1-2): 151-160
[179] Yang, F., Shi, B., Meng, F., et al. Membrane fouling behavior during filtration of sludge supernatant. Environmental Progress, 2007, In Press
[180] Baker, J.S. and Dudley, L.Y. Biofouling in membrane systems — A review. Desalination, 1998, 118(1-3): 81-89
[181] Schneider, R.P., Ferreira, L.M., Binder, P., et al. Analysis of foulant layer in all elements of an RO train. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 261(1-2): 152-162
[182] Demadis, K.D., Neofotistou, E., Mavredaki, E., et al. Inorganic foulants in membrane systems: chemical control strategies and the contribution of "green chemistry". Desalination, 2005, 179(1-3): 281-295
[183] Choo, K.-H. and Lee, C.-H. Membrane fouling mechanisms in the membrane-coupled anaerobic bioreactor. Water Research, 1996,30(8): 1771-1780
[184] Kumar, M., Adham, S.S., and Pearce, W.R. Investigation of seawater reverse osmosis fouling and its relationship to pretreatment type. Environmental Science and Technology, 2006, 40(6): 2037-2044
[185] Jarusutthirak, C. and Amy, G. Role of soluble microbial products (SMP) in membrane fouling and flux decline. Environmental Science and Technology, 2006,40(3): 969-974
[186] Kimura, K., Yamato, N., Yamamura, H., et al. Membrane fouling in pilot-scale membrane bioreactors (MBRs) treating municipal wastewater. Environmental Science and Technology, 2005, 39(16): 6293-6299
[187] Ivnitsky, H., Katz, I., Minz, D., et al. Characterization of membrane biofouling in nanofiltration processes of wastewater treatment. Desalination, 2005, 185(1-3): 255-268
[188] Jarusutthirak, C, Amy, G., and Croue, J.P. Fouling characteristics of wastewater effluent organic matter (EfOM) isolates on NF and UF membranes. Desalination, 2002, 145(1-3): 247-255
[189] Cho, J., Amy, G., Pellegrino, J., et al. Characterization of clean and natural organic matter (NOM) fouled NF and UF membranes, and foulants characterization. Desalination, 1998, 118(1-3): 101-108
[190] Howe, K.J., Ishida, K.P., and Clark, M.M. Use of ATR/FTIR spectrometry to study fouling of microfiltration membranes by natural waters. Desalination, 2002, 147(1-3): 251-255
[191] Ghafour, E.E.A. Enhancing RO system performance utilizing antiscalants. Desalination, 2003, 153(1-3): 149-153
[192] Chen, D., Weavers, L.K., Walker, H.W., et al. Ultrasonic control of ceramic membrane fouling caused by natural organic matter and silica particles. Journal of Membrane Science, 2006, 276(1-2): 135-144
[193] Seidel, A. and Elimelech, M. Coupling between chemical and physical interactions in natural organic matter (NOM) fouling of nanofiltration membranes: implications for fouling control. Journal of Membrane Science, 2002, 203(1-2): 245-255
[194] Hong, S. and Elimelech, M. Chemical and physical aspects of natural organic matter (NOM) fouling of nanofiltration membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 1997, 132(2): 159-181
[195] Choo, K.H., Kang, I.J., Yoon, S.H., et al. Approaches to membrane fouling control in anaerobic membrane bioreactors. Water Science and Technology, 2000, 41(10-11): 363-371
[196] Bruus, J.H., Nielsen, P.H., and Keiding, K. On the stability of activated sludge flocs with implications to dewatering. Water Research, 1992, 26(12): 1597-1604
[197] James, B.J., Jing, Y., and Chen, X.D. Membrane fouling during filtration of milk-A microstructural study. Journal of Food Engineering, 2003, 60(4): 431-437
[198] Kiriyama, K., Tanaka, Y., and Mori, I. Field test on a methane fermentation treatment system incorporating a membrane module for municipal sewage. Desalination, 1994, 98(1-3): 199-206
[199] Tanaka, T., Usui, K., and Nakanishi, K. Formation of the Gel Layer of Polymers and Its Effect on the Permeation Flux in Crossflow Filtration of Corynebacterium glutamicum Broth. Separation Science and Technology, 1998, 33(5): 707-722
[200] Xu-Jiang, Y., Dodds, J., Leclerc, D., et al. A technique for the study of the fouling of microfiltration membranes using two membranes in series. Journal of Membrane Science, 1995, 105(1-2): 23-30
[201] 徐新阳等译．，分形漫步．1994，沈阳：东北大学出版社．
[202] 李艳松，膜污染因子识别与凝胶层结构分析．2006，大连理工大学，硕士研究生论文．1-52．
[203] Yu, B. and Li, J. Fractal dimensions for unsaturated porous media. Fractals, 2004, 12(1): 17-22
[204] Pitchumani, R. and Ramakrishnan, B., A fractal geometry model for evaluating permeabilities of porous preforms used in liquid composite molding. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 1999, 42(12): 2219-2232
[205] Le-Clech, P., Jefferson, B., and Judd, S.J. Impact of aeration, solids concentration and membrane characteristics on the hydraulic performance of a membrane bioreactor. Journal of Membrane Science, 2003, 218(1-2): 117-129
[206] Chang, I.S. and Lee, C.H. Membrane filtration characteristics in membrane-coupled activated sludge system-The effect of physiological states of activated sludge on membrane fouling. Desalination, 1998, 120(3): 221-233
[207] Mukai, T., Takimoto, K., Kohno, T., et al., Ultrafiltration behaviour of extracellular and metabolic products in activated sludge system with UF separation process. Water Research, 2000, 34(3): 902-908
[208] Kim, J.S., Lee, C.H., and Chun, H.D. Comparison of ultrafiltration characteristics between activated sludge-and BAC sludge. Water Research, 1998, 32(11): 3443-3451
[209] Cicek, N., Franco, J.P., Suidan, M.T., et al., Characterization and comparison of a membrane bioreactor and a conventional activated-sludge system in the treatment of wastewater containing high-molecular-weight compounds. Water Environment Research, 1999, 71(1): 64-70
[210] Zhang, B., Yamamoto, K., Ohgaki, S., et al. Floc size distribution and bacterial activities in membrane separation activated sludge processes for small-scale wastewater treatment/reclamation. Water Science and Technology, 1997, 35(6): 37-44
[211] Nagaoka, H. and Nemoto, H. Influence of extracellular polymeric substance on nitrogen removal in an intermittently-aerated membrane bioreactor. Water Science and Technology, 2005, 51(11): 151-158
[212] 刘燕，王越兴，莫华娟等．有机底物对活性污泥胞外聚合物的影响．环境化学，2004，23(3)：252-257
[213] 周健，柴宏祥，龙腾锐．活性污泥胞外聚合物EPS的影响因素研究．给水排水，2005，31(8)：19-23
[214] Zhang, S., Yang, F., Liu, Y., et al. Performance of a metallic membrane bioreactor treating simulated distillery wastewater at temperatures of 30 to 45℃. Desalination, 2006, 194(1-3): 146-155
[215] 布多，张颖，顾平．氯化铁絮凝法减轻膜污染．城市环境与城市生态，2003，16(6)：46-48
[216] Lee, J.C., Kim, J.S., Kang, I.J., et al. Potential and limitations of alum or zeolite addition to improve the performance of a submerged membrane bioreactor. Water Science and Technology, 2001, 43(11): 59-66
[217] Kim, I.S. and Jang, N. The effect of calcium on the membrane biofouling in the membrane bioreactor (MBR). Water Research, 2006, 40(14): 2756-2764
[218] 邹海燕，奚旦立．生物铁法—SMBR性能的研究．环境科学，2005，26(6)：65-70
[219] Ng, C.A., Sun, D., and Fane, A.G. Operation of membrane bioreactor with powdered activated carbon addition. Separation Science And Technology, 2006, 41(7): 1447-1466
[220] 曹效鑫，魏春海，黄霞．投加粉末活性炭对一体式膜—生物反应器膜污染的影响研究．环境科学学报，2005，25(11)：1443-1447
[221] 李耀中，贺延龄，刘永红等．投加粉末活性炭对SMBR过滤性能的影响．中国给水排水，2004，20：10-13
[222] Li, Y.Z., He, Y.L., Liu, Y.H., et al. Comparison of the filtration characteristics between biological powdered activated carbon sludge and activated sludge in submerged membrane bioreactors. Desalination, 2005, 174(3): 305-314
[223] Li, Y.-Z., He, Y.-L., Liu, Y.-H., et al. Comparison of the filtration characteristics between biological powdered activated carbon sludge and activated sludge in submerged membrane bioreactors. Desalination, 2005, 174(3): 305-314
[224] Park, D., Lee, D.S., and Park, J.M. Continuous biological ferrous iron oxidation in a submerged membrane bioreactor. Water Science and Technology, 2005, 51(6-7): 59-68
[225] Chang, I.-S. and Judd, S.J. Air sparging of a submerged MBR for municipal wastewater treatment. Process Biochemistry, 2002, 37(8): 915-920
[226] Psoch, C. and Schiewer, S. Long-term study of an intermittent air sparged MBR for synthetic wastewater treatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 260(1-2): 56-65
[227] Psoch, C. and Schiewer, S. Critical flux aspect of air sparging and backflushing on membrane bioreactors. Desalination, 2005, 175(1): 61-71
[228] Psoch, C. and Schiewer, S. Resistance analysis for enhanced wastewater membrane filtration. Journal of Membrane Science, In Press, Corrected Proof
[229] 翟守亮，黄显怀，刘绍根等．膜生物反应器在污水处理中膜污染及其防治．工业水处理，2004，24(8)：9-13
[230] Harada, H. Application of anaerobic-UF membrane reactor for treatment of a wastewater containing high strength particulate organics. Water Science and Technology, 1996, 30(12): 307-319
[231] Ng, H.Y., Tan, T.W., and Ong, S.L. Membrane fouling of submerged membrane bioreactors: Impact of mean cell residence time and the contributing factors. Environmental Science and Technology, 2006, 40(8): 2706-2713
[232] Bouhabila, E.H., Ai?m, R.B., and Buisson, H. Microfiltration of activated sludge using submerged membrane with air bubbling (application to wastewater treatment). Desalination, 1998, 118(1-3): 315-322
[233] Defrance, L. and Jaffrin, M.Y. Reversibility of fouling formed in activated sludge filtration. Journal of Membrane Science, 1999, 157(1): 73-84
[234] 桂萍，黄霞，陈颖．膜—生物反应器运行条件对膜过滤特性的影响．环境科学，1999，20(3)：38—41
[235] Bae, T.-H. and Tak, T.-M. Effect of TiO2 nanoparticles on fouling mitigation of ultrafiltration membranes for activated sludge filtration. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 249(1-2): 1-8
[236] Bae, T.-H., Kim, I.-C., and Tak, T.-M. Preparation and characterization of fouling-resistant TiO_2 self-assembled nanocomposite membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 2006, 275(1-2): 1-5
[237] Bae, T.-H. and Tak, T.-M. Preparation of TiO_2 self-assembled polymeric nanocomposite membranes and examination of their fouling mitigation effects in a membrane bioreactor system. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 266(1-2): 1-5
[238] Yu, H.Y., Hu, M.X., Xu, Z.K., et al. Surface modification of polypropylene microporous membranes to improve their antifouling property in MBR: NH_3 plasma treatment. Separation and Purification Technology, 2005, 45(1): 8-15
[239] Yu, H.Y., Xie, Y., Hu, M.X., et al. Surface modification of polypropylene microporous membrane to improve its antifouling property in MBR: CO_2 plasma treatment. Journal of Membrane Science, 2005, 254(1-2): 219-227
[240] Kiso, Y., Jung, Y.J., Ichinari, T., et al. Wastewater treatment performance of a filtration bio-reactor equipped with a mesh as a filter material. Water Research, 2000, 34(17): 4143-4150
[241] Meng, Z.G., Yang, F.L., and Zhang, X.W. Nonwovens-bioreactor with gravity outflow for treating municipal wastewater. Xiandai Huagong/Modern Chemical Industry, 2005, 25(SUPPL.): 189-193
[242] Meng, Z., Yang, F., and Zhang, X. MBR focus: do nonwovens offer a cheaper option? Filtration & Separation, 2005, 42(5): 28-30
[243] Seo, G.T., Moon, B.H., Lee, T.S., et al. Non-woven fabric filter separation activated sludge reactor for domestic wastewater reclamation. Water Science and Technology, 2003, 47(1): 133-138
[244] Chang, M.C., Horng, R.Y., Shao, H., et al. Performance and filtration characteristics of non-woven membranes used in a submerged membrane bioreactor for synthetic wastewater treatment. Desalination, 2006, 191(1-3): 8-15
[245] Ye, M., Zhang, H., Wei, Q., et al. Study on the suitable thickness of a PAC-precoated dynamic membrane coupled with a bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment. Desalination, 2006, 194(1-3): 108-120
[246] Mayer, M., Braun, R., and Fuchs, W. Comparison of various aeration devices for air sparging in crossflow membrane filtratioa Journal of Membrane Science, In Press, Corrected Proof
[247] Ivanovic, I., Leiknes, T., and Odegaard, H. Influence of loading rates on production and characteristics of retentate from a biofilm membrane bioreactor (BF-MBR). Desalination, 2006, 199(1-3): 490-492
[248] Leiknes, T., Bolt, H., Engmann, M., et al. Assessment of membrane reactor design in the performance of a hybrid biofilm membrane bioreactor (BF-MBR). Desalination, 2006, 199(1-3): 328-330
[249] Li, X.F., Gao, F.S., Hua, Z.Z., et al. Treatment of synthetic wastewater by a novel MBR with granular sludge developed for controlling membrane fouling. Separation and Purification Technology, 2005,46(1-2): 19-25
[250] Farizoglu, B. and Keskinler, B. Sludge characteristics and effect of crossflow membrane filtration on membrane fouling in a jet loop membrane bioreactor (JLMBR). Journal of Membrane Science, 2006, 279(1-2): 578-587
[251] Farizoglu, B., Keskinler, B., Yildiz, E., et al. Cheese whey treatment performance of an aerobic jet loop membrane bioreactor. Process Biochemistry, 2004, 39(12): 2283-2291
[252] Kouakou, E., Salmon, T., Toye, D., et al. Gas-liquid mass transfer in a circulating jet-loop nitrifying MBR Chemical Engineering Science, 2005, 60(22): 6346-6353
[253] Park, J.-S. and Lee, C.-H. Removal of soluble COD by a biofilm formed on a membrane in a jet loop type membrane bioreactor. Water Research, 2005, 39(19): 4609-4622
[254] Yeon, K.M., Park, J.S., Lee, C.H., et al. Membrane coupled high-performance compact reactor: A new MBR system for advanced wastewater treatment. Water Research, 2005, 39(10): 1954-1961
[255] Chae, S.R. and Shin, H.S. Effect of condensate of food waste (CFW) on nutrient removal and behaviours of intercellular materials in a vertical submerged membrane bioreactor (VSMBR). Bioresource Technology, In Press, Corrected Proof
[256] Chae, S.R., Kang, S.T., Watanabe, Y., et al. Development of an innovative vertical submerged membrane bioreactor (VSMBR) for simultaneous removal of organic matter and nutrients. Water Research, 2006, 40(11): 2161-2167
[257] Chae, S.R. and Shin, H.S. Characteristics of simultaneous organic and nutrient removal in a pilot-scale vertical submerged membrane bioreactor (VSMBR) treating municipal wastewater at various temperatures. Process Biochemistry, In Press, Corrected Proof
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |