空间目标的光学特性分析
|
摘要
空间目标的光学特性是实现空间目标探测与识别的重要基础。本文就空间目标探测过程中目标的可见光特性及其影响因素展开讨论,在前人理论的基础上提出了新的空间目标等效视星等计算模型,直接阐述了探测器参数、轨道参数与目标视星等的关系。
轨道是决定空间目标和探测器位置的重要因素,因此对各种轨道进行深入的了解是非常必要的。首先我们介绍了常用卫星轨道的定义以及六大轨道要素,并对太阳同步轨道的轨道要素之间关系进行分析。由于时间原因本文只讨论了太阳同步轨道上目标光学特性分析,因此我们对太阳同步轨道的概念和性质进行了深入的了解和讨论,得出了太阳同步轨道的特性,为轨道参数对目标亮度的影响的研究奠定了基础。
在深入了解了轨道后,我们分别从探测器参数、轨道参数两个方面探讨了目标的亮度特性。在太阳常数的选取方面,我们综合参数计算和仪器测量两个方面,利用参数计算出的比例和仪器测量的全太阳辐射值得出了较为精确的可见光波段的太阳常数值。在此基础上,首先我们假设太阳入射角已知,根据信噪比的不同表达方式得出新的视星等值的数学计算模型。然后再分别从对地定向和惯性定向两个方面讨论了轨道参数、卫星姿势等对太阳入射角的影响,从而最终获得轨道参数和探测器参数组成的目标是星等数学计算模型。
最后,我们针对外在干扰导致目标不可见的情况进行了详细的分析。当卫星运行于轨道上时,若受到外在干扰的直接影响或者进入地影区都将直接导致目标的不可探测。因此文章的最后详细探讨了太阳光线对观测器的直射、地球反照太阳光对观测器的直射以及地影区三个方面的影响,并分别对其进行了数学建模,从而使得该问题得到了非常直观的解决。
Luminosity features of the space object are the basis for its detection and recognition. In the paper we mainly discuss the luminosity features of the space object and the factors which have a direct influence on them. Based on the precedent theoretical achievements,A new mathematical model for the luminosity feature of the space object is discussed and established, which shows the relationship among parameters and the equivalent stellar magnitude directly.
First we simply introduce the conception of several common orbits and six orbit elements, which determine the geometry of the space target and detector. Due to the time limits, in this paper we only discussed the space target in the sunsynchronous orbit. So we give out a detailed conception of the sunsynchronous orbit and a deep analysis about the relationship of its orbit elements, which help us to find out the particular characteristic of the sunsynchronous orbit. After the orbit introduction, we discuss the luminosity features from the perspective of detector parameters and orbit parameters respectively. Particularly we combine two methods to get the more exact solar-constant in the visible range: parameters computation and equipment measurement. Then we first assume that the angle of incidence is known and derive two different mathematical expressions for SNR. Through comparing these two expressions we get a new mathematical model for luminosity feature computation. After that, we study the orbit parameters and satellite attitudes which influence the angle of incidence and get an expression of it. At last we combine above two models and finally establish a new mathematical model composed by the orbit parameters and detector parameters for luminosity features.
At the end of this paper the influence of exterior interference- the sunlight, earth flash back and earth shadow-is studied. Three mathematical models are established for them respectively, which made the problem much more perspicuous.
轨道是决定空间目标和探测器位置的重要因素,因此对各种轨道进行深入的了解是非常必要的。首先我们介绍了常用卫星轨道的定义以及六大轨道要素,并对太阳同步轨道的轨道要素之间关系进行分析。由于时间原因本文只讨论了太阳同步轨道上目标光学特性分析,因此我们对太阳同步轨道的概念和性质进行了深入的了解和讨论,得出了太阳同步轨道的特性,为轨道参数对目标亮度的影响的研究奠定了基础。
在深入了解了轨道后,我们分别从探测器参数、轨道参数两个方面探讨了目标的亮度特性。在太阳常数的选取方面,我们综合参数计算和仪器测量两个方面,利用参数计算出的比例和仪器测量的全太阳辐射值得出了较为精确的可见光波段的太阳常数值。在此基础上,首先我们假设太阳入射角已知,根据信噪比的不同表达方式得出新的视星等值的数学计算模型。然后再分别从对地定向和惯性定向两个方面讨论了轨道参数、卫星姿势等对太阳入射角的影响,从而最终获得轨道参数和探测器参数组成的目标是星等数学计算模型。
最后,我们针对外在干扰导致目标不可见的情况进行了详细的分析。当卫星运行于轨道上时,若受到外在干扰的直接影响或者进入地影区都将直接导致目标的不可探测。因此文章的最后详细探讨了太阳光线对观测器的直射、地球反照太阳光对观测器的直射以及地影区三个方面的影响,并分别对其进行了数学建模,从而使得该问题得到了非常直观的解决。
Luminosity features of the space object are the basis for its detection and recognition. In the paper we mainly discuss the luminosity features of the space object and the factors which have a direct influence on them. Based on the precedent theoretical achievements,A new mathematical model for the luminosity feature of the space object is discussed and established, which shows the relationship among parameters and the equivalent stellar magnitude directly.
First we simply introduce the conception of several common orbits and six orbit elements, which determine the geometry of the space target and detector. Due to the time limits, in this paper we only discussed the space target in the sunsynchronous orbit. So we give out a detailed conception of the sunsynchronous orbit and a deep analysis about the relationship of its orbit elements, which help us to find out the particular characteristic of the sunsynchronous orbit. After the orbit introduction, we discuss the luminosity features from the perspective of detector parameters and orbit parameters respectively. Particularly we combine two methods to get the more exact solar-constant in the visible range: parameters computation and equipment measurement. Then we first assume that the angle of incidence is known and derive two different mathematical expressions for SNR. Through comparing these two expressions we get a new mathematical model for luminosity feature computation. After that, we study the orbit parameters and satellite attitudes which influence the angle of incidence and get an expression of it. At last we combine above two models and finally establish a new mathematical model composed by the orbit parameters and detector parameters for luminosity features.
At the end of this paper the influence of exterior interference- the sunlight, earth flash back and earth shadow-is studied. Three mathematical models are established for them respectively, which made the problem much more perspicuous.
引文
[1] Harrison D C, Chow J C.The Space-Based Visible Sensor[J].Johns Hopkins Apl.Technical Digest, 1996, 17: 226-236.
[2] ZHANG Ke-ke, ZOU Feng, FU Dan-ying.Research on Space-Based Space Surveillance Visible Sensor[J].Spacecraft Recovery & Remote Sensing, 2005, 26(4): 10-14.
[3] Stokes Grant H, von Braun Curt, Sridharan Ramaswam, et al. Space-Based Visible Program[J].Lincoln Laboratory Journal, 1998, 11(2): 205-229.
[4] Sharma Jayant, Stokes Grant H, von Braun Curt, et al. Toward Operational Space-Based Space Surveillance[J].Lincoln Laboratory Journal, 2002, 13(2): 309-334.
[5] Earl M A, Racey T J. Progress report for the Canadian automated small telescope for orbital research satellite tracking facility[R]. The Space-surveillance Research and Analysis Laboratory, 2003.
[6] Tamara E. Payne, Stephen A. Gregory, Darryl J. Sanchez. Color Photometry of Geosynchronous Satellites Using the SILC Filters[A]. Proceedings of SPIE[C]. 2001, 4490: 194~199.
[7] Tamara Payne, Stephen Gregory, Nina Houtkooper. Long Term Analysis of GEO Photometric Signatures[A]. 2003 Amos Technical Conference Proceedings[C]. September 2003.
[8] Tamara E. Payne, Stephen A. Gregory, Kim Luu. Electro-Optical Signatures Comparisons of Geosynchronous Satellites[A]. Aerospace Conference, 2006 IEEE[C], 2006: 6~11.
[9] Darryl J. Sanchez, Stephen A. Gregory, Deboran K. Werling. Photometric Measurements of Deep Space Satellites[A]. Proceedings of SPIE[C], 2000, 4091: 164~182.
[10]陈荣利,韩乐,车弛骋,马臻,樊学武.非自发光空间目标的可见光探测技术研究[J].光子学报, 2005, 34(9): 1438～1440.
[11] Rock E W, Lin S S and Yakutis A J. Ground-based electro-optical detection of artificial satellites in daylight from reflected sunlight, AD-A 117413, 1985.
[12] Rask J D. Modeling of diffuse photometric signatures of satellites for space object identification, AD-A 127415, 1983.
[13] Shree K Nayar, Katsushi Ikeuchi, and Takeo Kanade. Determining Shape and Reflection of Lambertian, Secular, and Hybrid Surfaces using Extended Sources. IEEE Trans on MIV-89, 1989,1: 169-175.
[14] Hossein Ragheb and Edwin R, Hancock, Lambertian Reflectance Correction for Rough and Shiny Surfaces. IEEE Trans on ICIP. 2002,2: 553-556.
[15] Jan J, Koenderink and Andrea J. van Doorn, Shading in the case of translucent objects. Proc of SPIE[C], 2001, 4299: 312-320.
[16]李斌成.空间目标的光学特性分析[J].光学工程,1989,80(2): 21-26[Li Bin-cheng. Analyzing Light Characteristic of Spatial Target[M]. Optics Engineering. 1989,80(2): 21-26]
[17]张光明,郭军海.空间目标反射太阳辐射研究[J].飞行器测控技术, 1994,1(2): 26-31[ZHANG Guang-ming, GUO Jun-hai. Reflecting the Radiation of sun by spatial target[J]. Aerocraft Control Technology, 1994,1(2): 26-31]
[18]李淑军,高晓东,朱耆祥.带太阳能帆板的卫星广度特性分析[J].光电工程, 2004, 31(4): 1-8[LI Shu-jun, GAO Xiao-dong, ZHU Qi-xiang. Analysis for luminosity features of a satellite with solar battery panels[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering. 2004,31(4): 1-8]
[19] Nicodemus F E. Geometric consideration and nomenclature for reflectance[R]. NBSN2160 ,1977.
[20]吴振森,窦玉红.空间目标的可见光散射与红外辐射[J].光学学报, 2003, 23(10): 1250-1254[WU Zhen-sen, DOU Yu-hong. Visible light scattering and infrared radiation of spatial object[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2003,23(10): 1250-1254]
[21]李道勇,王云强,宫彦军.空间目标的光散射特性研究[J].烟台大学学报, 2004, 17(3): 183-187[LI Dao-yong, WANG Yun-qiang, GONG Yan-jun. Research on light scattering from spatial objects[J]. Journal of Yantai University(Natural Science and Engineering Edition)2004,17(3): 183-187]
[22]孙成明,张伟,王治乐.双向反射分布函数在空间目标可见光反射特性建模中的应用.光学技术, 2008, 34(5): 750～753.
[23] Y. J . Shen Y J , Zhang Z M , Tsai B K et al. Bidirectional reflectance distribution function of rough silicon wafers[J] . International Journal of Thermophysics, 2004 ,22 (4).
[24]刘建斌,吴健.空间目标的光散射研究[J].宇航学报, 2006, 27(4): 802～805.
[25]袁家虎.受限于CCD光子噪声的探测能力分析[J].测试技术学报, 1998, 12(3): 71～75.
[26]陈新锦,袁艳,李立英,肖相国,刘辉.目标探测的信噪比分析[J].应用光学, 2007, 28(4): 397～400.
[27]毛宏霞,南华,马静,董雁冰,吴开峰.姿态运动对空间目标光学特性的影响分析[J].红外与激光工程, 2007, 36: 411～414.
[28] Martin V Zombeck. Handbook of space astronomy and astrophysics[M]. Beijing: Science Press.
[29] LI Qingli, XUE Yongqi, WANG Jianyu, et al. Atmospheric correction of PH I hyperspectral imagery[J]. J. Infrared Millim Waves.
[30] Brasoveanu D, Sedlak J. Analysis of Earth Aledo Effect on Sun Sensor Measurements Based on Theoretical Model and Mission Experience[J]. Spaceflight Dynamics 1998, Volume 100 Part1, Advances in Astronautical Sciences (AAS 98 - 338).
[31] Ketchum E A, Flatley TW, Morrissey J R. Application and Flight Data Test Results of an Earth Aledo Model [J]. Guidance and control 1997 (AAS 97 - 011).
[32]王谢先. GPS精密定规定位[M].上海:上海同济大学出版社, 1997. 42~46.
[33] Mullins L D. Calculating satellite umbra/penumbra entry and exit positions and times [J]. The Journal of the Austronautical Sciences, 1991, 39(4): 411~422.
[34] Neta B, Vallado D A. On satellite umbra/penumbra entry and exit times [J]. The Journal of the Austronautical Sciences, 1998, 46(1): 91~103.
[35]王永刚,刘玉文.军事卫星及应用概论[M].北京:国防工业出版社, 2003
[36]范秦鸿,张云彤等.航天器轨道动力学与控制[M].北京:宇航出版社, 1995
[37] Fiete R D, Tantal T. Comparison of SNR image quality metrics for remote sensing systems[J]. Opt. Eng., 2001, 40(4): 574~585.
[38]张建奇,方小平.红外物理[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社, 2004.
[39] George J Z. The Infrared & Electro-Optical Systems Handbook[M]. SPIE Optical Engineering Press, 1993,1:151~157.
[40]都享.低轨道航天器空间环境手册[M].北京:国防工业出版社.
[2] ZHANG Ke-ke, ZOU Feng, FU Dan-ying.Research on Space-Based Space Surveillance Visible Sensor[J].Spacecraft Recovery & Remote Sensing, 2005, 26(4): 10-14.
[3] Stokes Grant H, von Braun Curt, Sridharan Ramaswam, et al. Space-Based Visible Program[J].Lincoln Laboratory Journal, 1998, 11(2): 205-229.
[4] Sharma Jayant, Stokes Grant H, von Braun Curt, et al. Toward Operational Space-Based Space Surveillance[J].Lincoln Laboratory Journal, 2002, 13(2): 309-334.
[5] Earl M A, Racey T J. Progress report for the Canadian automated small telescope for orbital research satellite tracking facility[R]. The Space-surveillance Research and Analysis Laboratory, 2003.
[6] Tamara E. Payne, Stephen A. Gregory, Darryl J. Sanchez. Color Photometry of Geosynchronous Satellites Using the SILC Filters[A]. Proceedings of SPIE[C]. 2001, 4490: 194~199.
[7] Tamara Payne, Stephen Gregory, Nina Houtkooper. Long Term Analysis of GEO Photometric Signatures[A]. 2003 Amos Technical Conference Proceedings[C]. September 2003.
[8] Tamara E. Payne, Stephen A. Gregory, Kim Luu. Electro-Optical Signatures Comparisons of Geosynchronous Satellites[A]. Aerospace Conference, 2006 IEEE[C], 2006: 6~11.
[9] Darryl J. Sanchez, Stephen A. Gregory, Deboran K. Werling. Photometric Measurements of Deep Space Satellites[A]. Proceedings of SPIE[C], 2000, 4091: 164~182.
[10]陈荣利,韩乐,车弛骋,马臻,樊学武.非自发光空间目标的可见光探测技术研究[J].光子学报, 2005, 34(9): 1438～1440.
[11] Rock E W, Lin S S and Yakutis A J. Ground-based electro-optical detection of artificial satellites in daylight from reflected sunlight, AD-A 117413, 1985.
[12] Rask J D. Modeling of diffuse photometric signatures of satellites for space object identification, AD-A 127415, 1983.
[13] Shree K Nayar, Katsushi Ikeuchi, and Takeo Kanade. Determining Shape and Reflection of Lambertian, Secular, and Hybrid Surfaces using Extended Sources. IEEE Trans on MIV-89, 1989,1: 169-175.
[14] Hossein Ragheb and Edwin R, Hancock, Lambertian Reflectance Correction for Rough and Shiny Surfaces. IEEE Trans on ICIP. 2002,2: 553-556.
[15] Jan J, Koenderink and Andrea J. van Doorn, Shading in the case of translucent objects. Proc of SPIE[C], 2001, 4299: 312-320.
[16]李斌成.空间目标的光学特性分析[J].光学工程,1989,80(2): 21-26[Li Bin-cheng. Analyzing Light Characteristic of Spatial Target[M]. Optics Engineering. 1989,80(2): 21-26]
[17]张光明,郭军海.空间目标反射太阳辐射研究[J].飞行器测控技术, 1994,1(2): 26-31[ZHANG Guang-ming, GUO Jun-hai. Reflecting the Radiation of sun by spatial target[J]. Aerocraft Control Technology, 1994,1(2): 26-31]
[18]李淑军,高晓东,朱耆祥.带太阳能帆板的卫星广度特性分析[J].光电工程, 2004, 31(4): 1-8[LI Shu-jun, GAO Xiao-dong, ZHU Qi-xiang. Analysis for luminosity features of a satellite with solar battery panels[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering. 2004,31(4): 1-8]
[19] Nicodemus F E. Geometric consideration and nomenclature for reflectance[R]. NBSN2160 ,1977.
[20]吴振森,窦玉红.空间目标的可见光散射与红外辐射[J].光学学报, 2003, 23(10): 1250-1254[WU Zhen-sen, DOU Yu-hong. Visible light scattering and infrared radiation of spatial object[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2003,23(10): 1250-1254]
[21]李道勇,王云强,宫彦军.空间目标的光散射特性研究[J].烟台大学学报, 2004, 17(3): 183-187[LI Dao-yong, WANG Yun-qiang, GONG Yan-jun. Research on light scattering from spatial objects[J]. Journal of Yantai University(Natural Science and Engineering Edition)2004,17(3): 183-187]
[22]孙成明,张伟,王治乐.双向反射分布函数在空间目标可见光反射特性建模中的应用.光学技术, 2008, 34(5): 750～753.
[23] Y. J . Shen Y J , Zhang Z M , Tsai B K et al. Bidirectional reflectance distribution function of rough silicon wafers[J] . International Journal of Thermophysics, 2004 ,22 (4).
[24]刘建斌,吴健.空间目标的光散射研究[J].宇航学报, 2006, 27(4): 802～805.
[25]袁家虎.受限于CCD光子噪声的探测能力分析[J].测试技术学报, 1998, 12(3): 71～75.
[26]陈新锦,袁艳,李立英,肖相国,刘辉.目标探测的信噪比分析[J].应用光学, 2007, 28(4): 397～400.
[27]毛宏霞,南华,马静,董雁冰,吴开峰.姿态运动对空间目标光学特性的影响分析[J].红外与激光工程, 2007, 36: 411～414.
[28] Martin V Zombeck. Handbook of space astronomy and astrophysics[M]. Beijing: Science Press.
[29] LI Qingli, XUE Yongqi, WANG Jianyu, et al. Atmospheric correction of PH I hyperspectral imagery[J]. J. Infrared Millim Waves.
[30] Brasoveanu D, Sedlak J. Analysis of Earth Aledo Effect on Sun Sensor Measurements Based on Theoretical Model and Mission Experience[J]. Spaceflight Dynamics 1998, Volume 100 Part1, Advances in Astronautical Sciences (AAS 98 - 338).
[31] Ketchum E A, Flatley TW, Morrissey J R. Application and Flight Data Test Results of an Earth Aledo Model [J]. Guidance and control 1997 (AAS 97 - 011).
[32]王谢先. GPS精密定规定位[M].上海:上海同济大学出版社, 1997. 42~46.
[33] Mullins L D. Calculating satellite umbra/penumbra entry and exit positions and times [J]. The Journal of the Austronautical Sciences, 1991, 39(4): 411~422.
[34] Neta B, Vallado D A. On satellite umbra/penumbra entry and exit times [J]. The Journal of the Austronautical Sciences, 1998, 46(1): 91~103.
[35]王永刚,刘玉文.军事卫星及应用概论[M].北京:国防工业出版社, 2003
[36]范秦鸿,张云彤等.航天器轨道动力学与控制[M].北京:宇航出版社, 1995
[37] Fiete R D, Tantal T. Comparison of SNR image quality metrics for remote sensing systems[J]. Opt. Eng., 2001, 40(4): 574~585.
[38]张建奇,方小平.红外物理[M].西安:西安电子科技大学出版社, 2004.
[39] George J Z. The Infrared & Electro-Optical Systems Handbook[M]. SPIE Optical Engineering Press, 1993,1:151~157.
[40]都享.低轨道航天器空间环境手册[M].北京:国防工业出版社.