山西森林生态系统碳密度分配格局及碳储量研究
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摘要
由于人类大量使用化石能源资源等原因,导致了全球气候逐渐变暖,极大的威胁着人类生存,气候变化已经成为全世界各国共同面对的严峻挑战。而森林被称为陆地最大的“碳储库”和最经济的“吸碳器”,对全球碳循环起着重要的调节和控制作用,因此森林碳循环也成为全球气候变化研究的热点。估计区域森林生态系统碳储量也是森林生态系统碳循环研究的热点之一。
本文以山西省森林生态系统为研究对象,基于自建异速生长方程,研究了不同起源、不同龄组林分生态系统各组成部分(乔木层、灌木层、草本层、枯落物层、土壤层)及各器官的碳含量、生物量、碳密度和分配格局,估算并分析了山西森林生态系统的碳储量及其动态变化。主要研究结果如下：
(1)山杨和辽东栎各器官生物量拟合的最优模型形式均为CAR (Constant Allometric Ratio)型,而油松和侧柏各器官生物量拟合最优模型形式则均为VAR(Variable Allometric Ratio)型,研究基于树木胸径(DBH)的山杨、油松、侧柏和辽东栎各器官单变量模型可解释量均达到或超过了90%。山杨的地下生物量占21%,地上生物量占79%,油松地下生物量占19.18%,地上生物量占80.82%,侧柏地下生物量占28.37%,地上生物量占71.63%,辽东栎地下生物量占30.09%,地上生物量占69.91%。
(2)山西省森林无论是起源还是龄组,各器官碳含量、林分平均碳含量均有差异,针叶树种(林分)和阔叶树种(林分)差异明显,针叶树种(林分)碳含量普遍高于阔叶树种(林分),人工林普遍高于天然林。针叶林林分平均碳含量为475.61g/kg,阔叶林林分平均碳含量为468.72g/kg,小于50.00%,大于45.00%,山杨林、油松林、侧柏林、辽东栎林、落叶松林、刺槐林和白桦林平均碳含量分别为460.47g/kg、476.08g/kg.477.03g/kg.472.08g/kg.446.66g/kg.464.85g/kg和501.33g/kg,林分总体平均碳含量为472.17g/kg。
(3)山西森林乔木层平均生物量和碳密度分别为81981.62kg/hm2和38849.91kg/hm2。乔木干的生物量和碳密度均最大,分别占整个乔木层的41.51%-58.64%和41.37%-58.79%,乔木层碳分配比例干>根>枝>叶,地上部分占乔木层碳密度的77.57%；灌木层、草本层和枯落物层的碳密度平均分别占生态系统碳密度的0.09%、0.11%、1.54%,合计占生态系统的1.74%,灌木层碳主要分配在枝上,草本层叶和枝的碳则平均分配；土壤层(0-100cm)平均碳密度为96229.96kg/hm2,平均占到生态系统的70.00%,土壤碳主要集中在0-50cm以上的土体中。山西森林生态系统生物量和碳密度平均分为91981.10kg/hm2和137472.14kg/hm2。
(4)山西省4次森林资源连续清查森林生态系统总碳储量呈线性增长规律,分别为197.13Tg(1995年)、218.15Tg(2000年)、238.73Tg(2005年)、253.66Tg(2010年),平均每年固碳3.77Tg,年均增长率为1.61%。天然林总碳储量189.92Tg,平均每年固碳2.69Tg,人工林总碳储量63.74Tg,平均每年固碳1.08Tg。辽东栎和油松生态系统合计碳储量平均占山西总碳储量的54.78%,是山西省森林生态系统固碳的主力军,天然辽东栎林、油松林和白桦林生态系统合计碳储量平均占天然林总碳储量的79.69%,人工油松林和山杨林生态系统合计碳储量平均占人工林总碳储量的69.99%。
(5)山西省森林生态系统乔木层、灌木层、草本层、枯落物层和土壤层碳储量分别为90.38Tg、0.24Tg、0.21Tg、5.80Tg和157.02Tg,天然林乔木层、灌木层、草本层、枯落物层和土壤层碳储量分别为68.86Tg、0.21Tg、0.15Tg、5.182Tg和115.52Tg,人工林乔木层、灌木层、草本层、枯落物层和土壤层碳储量分别为21.52Tg.0.03Tg、0.07Tg、0.61Tg和41.50Tg。土壤层是生态系统固碳的主要层次,其次是乔木层,枯落物层、灌木层和草本层合计碳储量虽所占的比例虽较小,但如果忽略,将造成碳储量估算的不精确。
(6)山西森林生态系统碳储量主要以近熟林(81.71Tg)、中龄林(78.38Tg)和幼龄林(53.54Tg)为主,三者合计占山西森林生态系统总碳储量的84.23%；山西省天然林生态系统碳储量主要以近熟林(68.18Tg)和中龄林(58.45Tg)为主,两者碳储量合计占天然林生态系统总碳储量的66.67%；人工林生态系统碳储量主要以中龄林(19.94Tg)和幼龄林(19.25Tg)为主,两者碳储量合计占人工林生态系统总碳储量的61.48%。
(7)预计到2015年,山西省森林生态系统总碳储量为274.47Tg,其中乔木层98.09Tg,灌木层0.262Tg,草本层0.222Tg,枯落物层6.287Tg,土壤层169.60Tg。
随天然林保护工程的开展,山西省天然林得到充分的保护,天然森林生长健康和自然演替更新良好,同时近年来山西省加大人工林种植面积,加之对人工林进行抚育更新,人工林生长与演替良好。总体上山西森林在全国森林碳储量中扮演着重要的角色并发挥了重要的碳汇功能。
Due to the fossil energy resources were widely used in various industries, which led to a gradual warming of the global climate and threat to the human survival, the climate change has become the common challenges faced by the countries of the world. The forest is known as the largest "carbon reservoir" and the most economical "carbon sinks", which plays an important role in adjustment and control to the global carbon cycle, so the forest carbon cycle has become a central issue of the global climate change researches. The estimation of regional forest ecosystem carbon stock has been one of the hotspots of the forest ecosystem carbon cycle researches.
The present study is primarily focused on the forest ecosystems in Shanxi Procince, China. In this paper, the carbon content, biomass, carbon density and distribution pattern of the various layers (including arbor layer, shrub layer, grass layer, litter layer, soil layer) and the various organs were estimated and measured in the different origins and different age groups of the forest ecosystems, and the carbon pool of the forest ecosystem in Shanxi was calculated. In addition, the dynamics of carbon stock of the forest ecosystem in Shanxi was analyzed. The results were mainly concluded as follows:
Firstly, the best fitting model form of biomass of Populus davidiana and Quercus wutaishanica was CAR(Constant Allometric Ratio) type, and Pinus tabulaeformis Carr and Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco in the form od best fitting model were VAR(Variable Allometric Ratio) type. The model's explanation of various organs of the four species reached or exceeded90%that based on DBH(diameter at breast height). The aboveground biomass of Populus davidiana, Pinus tabulaeformis Carr, Platycladus orientalis (L.) and Quercus wutaishanica accounted for79%,80.82%, 71.63%and69.91%of the total biomass respectively.
Secondly, the carbon contents among the carious organs or the different forests were difference whether the origins or the age groups of forests. The carbon contents of the coniferous species (stands) were generally higher than the broadleaf species (stands), and which of the artificial forests generally higher than the natural forests. The average carbon content of coniferous forests was475.61g/kg and that of the broadleaf forests was468.72g/kg. The average carbon contents of Populus davidiana, Pinus tabulaeformis Carr, Platycladus orientalis (L.), Quercus liaotungensis, Larix principis-rupprechtii, Robinia pseudoacacia L., Betula platyphylla Suk and the forest stands were460.47g/kg,476.08g/kg,477.03g/kg,472.08g/kg,446.66g/kg,464.85g/kg,501.33g/kg and472.17g/kg respectively.
Thirdly, the average biomass and carbon density of arbor layer of forest in Shanxi were81981.62kg/hm2and38849.91kg/hm2. The biomass and carbon density of tree trunk accounting for41.51%-58.64%and41.37%-58.79%of the tree layer respectively. The proportional allocation of the carbon of tree layer showed stem> root> branch> leaf, and the aboveground carbon accounted for77.57%of the arbor layer. The mean carbon densities of shrub layer, herb layer and litter layer accounted for0.09%,0.11%,1.54%of total of the forest ecosystem respectively. The carbons of the shrub mainly distributed in the branches, and the leaves and branches of the herb layer of carbon is evenly distributed. The average carbon density of the soil layer (0-100cm) was96229.96kg/hm2, which accounted for70.00%of forest ecosystems and was mainly concentrated in the0-50cm depth. The average biomass and carbon density of the forest ecosystem in Shanxi were91981.10kg/hm2and137472.14kg/hm2.
Fourthly, the total carbon storage of the forest ecosystem showed linear growth law based on four forest continuous inventory data in Shanxi, which were197.13Tg(1995a),218.15Tg(2000a),238.73Tg(2005a),253.66Tg(2010a) and the average annual carbon sequestration3.77Tg with an average annual growth rate of1.61percent. The carbon storage of natural forest was189.92Tg that the average annual carbon sequestration2.69Tg, and which of artificial forests was63.74Tg that the average annual carbon sequestration1.08Tg. The ecosystem carbon storage of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz and Pinus tabulaeformis Carr accounted for54.78%of the forest ecosystems in Shanxi, which was the mainly forests in carbon sequestration. The carbon stocks of natural Quercus liaotungensis Koidz, natural Pinus tabulaeformis Carr and natural Betula platyphylla Suk accounted for79.69%of the natural forest ecosystems. The carbon stocks of artificial Pinus tabulaeformis Carr and artificial Populus davidiana accounted for69.99%of the artificial forest ecosystems.
Fifth, the carbon stocks of tree layer, shrub layer, herb layer, litter layer and soil layer of the forest ecosystem were90.38Tg,0.24Tg,0.21Tg,5.80Tg and157.02Tg respectively, which of the natural forest ecosystem were68.86Tg,0.21Tg,0.15Tg,5.182Tg and115.52Tg respectively and the artificial forest ecosystem were21.52Tg,0.03Tg,0.07Tg,0.61Tg and41.50Tg respectively. The soil layer is the main layer of ecosystem carbon sequestration, followed by the arbor layer, litter layer, shrub layer and grass layer. If ignored the carbon stocks of litter layer, shrub layer and grass layer, the estimate of carbon stocks was imprecise.
Sixth, the carbon storage of the forest ecosystem was distributed in near-mature forest(81.71Tg), middle-aged forest (78.38Tg) and young forest (53.54Tg) which accounted for84.23%of total carbon stocks of the forest ecosystem in Shanxi. The carbon storage of the natural forest ecosystem was distributed in near-mature forest(68.18Tg) and middle-aged forest (58.45Tg) which accounted for66.67%of total carbon stocks of the natural forest ecosystem in Shanxi. The carbon storage of the artificial forest ecosystem was distributed in near-mature forest(19.94Tg) and middle-aged forest (19.25Tg) which accounted for61.48%of total carbon stocks of the artificial forest ecosystem in Shanxi.
Seventh, the total carbon stock of the forest ecosystem will reach274.47Tg in2015year, and the carbon stocks of the tree layr, shrub layer, grass layer, litter layer, soil layer will reach98.09Tg,0.262Tg,0.222Tg,6.287Tg,169.60Tg respectively.
With the commencement of natural forest protection project in Shanxi, the natural forest was fully protected, growing better and natural succession updates. In recent years, with the plantation acreage had increasing and combined with tending treatments, the artificial forests was growing better and succession updates in Shanxi. Overall, the forests of Shanxi played an important role of carbon sink in China.
本文以山西省森林生态系统为研究对象,基于自建异速生长方程,研究了不同起源、不同龄组林分生态系统各组成部分(乔木层、灌木层、草本层、枯落物层、土壤层)及各器官的碳含量、生物量、碳密度和分配格局,估算并分析了山西森林生态系统的碳储量及其动态变化。主要研究结果如下：
(1)山杨和辽东栎各器官生物量拟合的最优模型形式均为CAR (Constant Allometric Ratio)型,而油松和侧柏各器官生物量拟合最优模型形式则均为VAR(Variable Allometric Ratio)型,研究基于树木胸径(DBH)的山杨、油松、侧柏和辽东栎各器官单变量模型可解释量均达到或超过了90%。山杨的地下生物量占21%,地上生物量占79%,油松地下生物量占19.18%,地上生物量占80.82%,侧柏地下生物量占28.37%,地上生物量占71.63%,辽东栎地下生物量占30.09%,地上生物量占69.91%。
(2)山西省森林无论是起源还是龄组,各器官碳含量、林分平均碳含量均有差异,针叶树种(林分)和阔叶树种(林分)差异明显,针叶树种(林分)碳含量普遍高于阔叶树种(林分),人工林普遍高于天然林。针叶林林分平均碳含量为475.61g/kg,阔叶林林分平均碳含量为468.72g/kg,小于50.00%,大于45.00%,山杨林、油松林、侧柏林、辽东栎林、落叶松林、刺槐林和白桦林平均碳含量分别为460.47g/kg、476.08g/kg.477.03g/kg.472.08g/kg.446.66g/kg.464.85g/kg和501.33g/kg,林分总体平均碳含量为472.17g/kg。
(3)山西森林乔木层平均生物量和碳密度分别为81981.62kg/hm2和38849.91kg/hm2。乔木干的生物量和碳密度均最大,分别占整个乔木层的41.51%-58.64%和41.37%-58.79%,乔木层碳分配比例干>根>枝>叶,地上部分占乔木层碳密度的77.57%；灌木层、草本层和枯落物层的碳密度平均分别占生态系统碳密度的0.09%、0.11%、1.54%,合计占生态系统的1.74%,灌木层碳主要分配在枝上,草本层叶和枝的碳则平均分配；土壤层(0-100cm)平均碳密度为96229.96kg/hm2,平均占到生态系统的70.00%,土壤碳主要集中在0-50cm以上的土体中。山西森林生态系统生物量和碳密度平均分为91981.10kg/hm2和137472.14kg/hm2。
(4)山西省4次森林资源连续清查森林生态系统总碳储量呈线性增长规律,分别为197.13Tg(1995年)、218.15Tg(2000年)、238.73Tg(2005年)、253.66Tg(2010年),平均每年固碳3.77Tg,年均增长率为1.61%。天然林总碳储量189.92Tg,平均每年固碳2.69Tg,人工林总碳储量63.74Tg,平均每年固碳1.08Tg。辽东栎和油松生态系统合计碳储量平均占山西总碳储量的54.78%,是山西省森林生态系统固碳的主力军,天然辽东栎林、油松林和白桦林生态系统合计碳储量平均占天然林总碳储量的79.69%,人工油松林和山杨林生态系统合计碳储量平均占人工林总碳储量的69.99%。
(5)山西省森林生态系统乔木层、灌木层、草本层、枯落物层和土壤层碳储量分别为90.38Tg、0.24Tg、0.21Tg、5.80Tg和157.02Tg,天然林乔木层、灌木层、草本层、枯落物层和土壤层碳储量分别为68.86Tg、0.21Tg、0.15Tg、5.182Tg和115.52Tg,人工林乔木层、灌木层、草本层、枯落物层和土壤层碳储量分别为21.52Tg.0.03Tg、0.07Tg、0.61Tg和41.50Tg。土壤层是生态系统固碳的主要层次,其次是乔木层,枯落物层、灌木层和草本层合计碳储量虽所占的比例虽较小,但如果忽略,将造成碳储量估算的不精确。
(6)山西森林生态系统碳储量主要以近熟林(81.71Tg)、中龄林(78.38Tg)和幼龄林(53.54Tg)为主,三者合计占山西森林生态系统总碳储量的84.23%；山西省天然林生态系统碳储量主要以近熟林(68.18Tg)和中龄林(58.45Tg)为主,两者碳储量合计占天然林生态系统总碳储量的66.67%；人工林生态系统碳储量主要以中龄林(19.94Tg)和幼龄林(19.25Tg)为主,两者碳储量合计占人工林生态系统总碳储量的61.48%。
(7)预计到2015年,山西省森林生态系统总碳储量为274.47Tg,其中乔木层98.09Tg,灌木层0.262Tg,草本层0.222Tg,枯落物层6.287Tg,土壤层169.60Tg。
随天然林保护工程的开展,山西省天然林得到充分的保护,天然森林生长健康和自然演替更新良好,同时近年来山西省加大人工林种植面积,加之对人工林进行抚育更新,人工林生长与演替良好。总体上山西森林在全国森林碳储量中扮演着重要的角色并发挥了重要的碳汇功能。
Due to the fossil energy resources were widely used in various industries, which led to a gradual warming of the global climate and threat to the human survival, the climate change has become the common challenges faced by the countries of the world. The forest is known as the largest "carbon reservoir" and the most economical "carbon sinks", which plays an important role in adjustment and control to the global carbon cycle, so the forest carbon cycle has become a central issue of the global climate change researches. The estimation of regional forest ecosystem carbon stock has been one of the hotspots of the forest ecosystem carbon cycle researches.
The present study is primarily focused on the forest ecosystems in Shanxi Procince, China. In this paper, the carbon content, biomass, carbon density and distribution pattern of the various layers (including arbor layer, shrub layer, grass layer, litter layer, soil layer) and the various organs were estimated and measured in the different origins and different age groups of the forest ecosystems, and the carbon pool of the forest ecosystem in Shanxi was calculated. In addition, the dynamics of carbon stock of the forest ecosystem in Shanxi was analyzed. The results were mainly concluded as follows:
Firstly, the best fitting model form of biomass of Populus davidiana and Quercus wutaishanica was CAR(Constant Allometric Ratio) type, and Pinus tabulaeformis Carr and Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco in the form od best fitting model were VAR(Variable Allometric Ratio) type. The model's explanation of various organs of the four species reached or exceeded90%that based on DBH(diameter at breast height). The aboveground biomass of Populus davidiana, Pinus tabulaeformis Carr, Platycladus orientalis (L.) and Quercus wutaishanica accounted for79%,80.82%, 71.63%and69.91%of the total biomass respectively.
Secondly, the carbon contents among the carious organs or the different forests were difference whether the origins or the age groups of forests. The carbon contents of the coniferous species (stands) were generally higher than the broadleaf species (stands), and which of the artificial forests generally higher than the natural forests. The average carbon content of coniferous forests was475.61g/kg and that of the broadleaf forests was468.72g/kg. The average carbon contents of Populus davidiana, Pinus tabulaeformis Carr, Platycladus orientalis (L.), Quercus liaotungensis, Larix principis-rupprechtii, Robinia pseudoacacia L., Betula platyphylla Suk and the forest stands were460.47g/kg,476.08g/kg,477.03g/kg,472.08g/kg,446.66g/kg,464.85g/kg,501.33g/kg and472.17g/kg respectively.
Thirdly, the average biomass and carbon density of arbor layer of forest in Shanxi were81981.62kg/hm2and38849.91kg/hm2. The biomass and carbon density of tree trunk accounting for41.51%-58.64%and41.37%-58.79%of the tree layer respectively. The proportional allocation of the carbon of tree layer showed stem> root> branch> leaf, and the aboveground carbon accounted for77.57%of the arbor layer. The mean carbon densities of shrub layer, herb layer and litter layer accounted for0.09%,0.11%,1.54%of total of the forest ecosystem respectively. The carbons of the shrub mainly distributed in the branches, and the leaves and branches of the herb layer of carbon is evenly distributed. The average carbon density of the soil layer (0-100cm) was96229.96kg/hm2, which accounted for70.00%of forest ecosystems and was mainly concentrated in the0-50cm depth. The average biomass and carbon density of the forest ecosystem in Shanxi were91981.10kg/hm2and137472.14kg/hm2.
Fourthly, the total carbon storage of the forest ecosystem showed linear growth law based on four forest continuous inventory data in Shanxi, which were197.13Tg(1995a),218.15Tg(2000a),238.73Tg(2005a),253.66Tg(2010a) and the average annual carbon sequestration3.77Tg with an average annual growth rate of1.61percent. The carbon storage of natural forest was189.92Tg that the average annual carbon sequestration2.69Tg, and which of artificial forests was63.74Tg that the average annual carbon sequestration1.08Tg. The ecosystem carbon storage of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz and Pinus tabulaeformis Carr accounted for54.78%of the forest ecosystems in Shanxi, which was the mainly forests in carbon sequestration. The carbon stocks of natural Quercus liaotungensis Koidz, natural Pinus tabulaeformis Carr and natural Betula platyphylla Suk accounted for79.69%of the natural forest ecosystems. The carbon stocks of artificial Pinus tabulaeformis Carr and artificial Populus davidiana accounted for69.99%of the artificial forest ecosystems.
Fifth, the carbon stocks of tree layer, shrub layer, herb layer, litter layer and soil layer of the forest ecosystem were90.38Tg,0.24Tg,0.21Tg,5.80Tg and157.02Tg respectively, which of the natural forest ecosystem were68.86Tg,0.21Tg,0.15Tg,5.182Tg and115.52Tg respectively and the artificial forest ecosystem were21.52Tg,0.03Tg,0.07Tg,0.61Tg and41.50Tg respectively. The soil layer is the main layer of ecosystem carbon sequestration, followed by the arbor layer, litter layer, shrub layer and grass layer. If ignored the carbon stocks of litter layer, shrub layer and grass layer, the estimate of carbon stocks was imprecise.
Sixth, the carbon storage of the forest ecosystem was distributed in near-mature forest(81.71Tg), middle-aged forest (78.38Tg) and young forest (53.54Tg) which accounted for84.23%of total carbon stocks of the forest ecosystem in Shanxi. The carbon storage of the natural forest ecosystem was distributed in near-mature forest(68.18Tg) and middle-aged forest (58.45Tg) which accounted for66.67%of total carbon stocks of the natural forest ecosystem in Shanxi. The carbon storage of the artificial forest ecosystem was distributed in near-mature forest(19.94Tg) and middle-aged forest (19.25Tg) which accounted for61.48%of total carbon stocks of the artificial forest ecosystem in Shanxi.
Seventh, the total carbon stock of the forest ecosystem will reach274.47Tg in2015year, and the carbon stocks of the tree layr, shrub layer, grass layer, litter layer, soil layer will reach98.09Tg,0.262Tg,0.222Tg,6.287Tg,169.60Tg respectively.
With the commencement of natural forest protection project in Shanxi, the natural forest was fully protected, growing better and natural succession updates. In recent years, with the plantation acreage had increasing and combined with tending treatments, the artificial forests was growing better and succession updates in Shanxi. Overall, the forests of Shanxi played an important role of carbon sink in China.
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