甲磺隆降解菌与抗性菌的筛选及其相关基因的克隆
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摘要
从长期受甲磺隆污染的土壤中分离筛选获得一株能够高效降解甲磺隆的菌株S113。根据S113的表型特征、生理生化特性，16S rDNA同源性比较，系统进化分析将其鉴定为噬甲基菌Methylopila sp．。
该菌能够能以甲磺隆为唯一碳源生长，72h对50mg L~(-1)甲磺隆的降解率达98％。S113的最适生长温度30℃，最适生长初始pH7.0。装液量小于100mL／250mL时，S113生长旺盛。在供试的几种碳源中，S113对丁二酸钠和淀粉利用较好。S113以有机氮为氮源生长较好，在供试的无机氮源中，S113对NH_4NO_3利用最好。
降解谱实验结果表明，S113还可以降解噻吩磺隆，苄磺隆，胺苯磺隆，降解率都在95％以上。但在同样条件下，S113不能降解绿磺隆，吡嘧磺隆。S113降解甲磺隆的最适pH值为7.0。S113对甲磺隆的降解率和起始接种量呈正相关。改变通气量对S113降解甲磺隆没有显著影响。加入蛋白胨和酵母膏可以促进S113对甲磺隆的降解。
在室内条件下对S113的水解酶进行了研究，发现该酶为胞内酶、非诱导酶。建立了甲磺隆水解酶的酶促反应体系：2830μL Na_2HPO_(4-)NaH_2PO_4缓冲液(0.2mol L~(-1)，pH7.0)，150μL甲磺隆(1000mg L~(-1))，20μL粗酶液(约1.2μg粗蛋白)，30℃水浴30min。甲磺隆水解酶pH稳定范围为6-9，最适pH为8。水解酶热不稳定，45℃处理30min，酶活下降59.22％，70℃处理30min可完全灭活。测定了8种金属离子对水解酶的作用，发现1mmol L~(-1)的Ca~(2+)对酶活有促进作用。
本论文工作中还筛选到一株降解甲磺隆的菌株FLDA，根据表型特征、生理生化特性及16SrDNA序列同源性分析，将FLDA鉴定为假单胞菌(Pseudomonassp．)。该菌降解30mg L~(-1)甲磺隆，5d降解率达72.6％。FLDA降解甲磺隆的最适pH为7.0，最适温度为30℃。该菌降解甲磺隆的速率和起始接种量呈正相关。酶的定域实验表明，该菌中甲磺隆水解酶为胞内酶。FLDA投加土壤，可提高土壤中甲磺隆的降解速率。
本论文工作中还筛选到一株能高效降解噻吩磺隆的菌株FLX，根据表型特征、生理生化特性及16SrDNA序列同源性分析，将FLX鉴定为寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas sp．)。FLX降解50mg L~(-1)噻吩磺隆，2d降解率达83.34％。FLX降解噻吩磺隆的最适pH为7.0，最适温度为35℃。在所试的金属离子中Zn~(2+)，Al~(3+)，Cu~(2+)，Ba~(2+)，Fe~(3+)等对FLX的降解没有影响；Hg~(2+)，Co~(2+)则抑制FLX的生长与降解。酶的定域实验表明，该菌中噻吩磺隆水解酶为胞内酶。
研究了S113对甲磺隆污染土壤的修复作用。甲磺隆浓度为10 mg kg~(-1)干土，S113接种量为10~8个g~(-1)干土时，第30d土壤中甲磺隆降解率为76.9％，而未接种降解菌土壤中甲磺隆降解率仅为11.9％。S113降解甲磺隆的速率和接种量呈正相关，S113的接种量减少为10~5个g~(-1)干土时，接种S113对土壤中甲磺隆降解无促进作用。土壤中初始甲磺隆浓度为50mg kg~(-1)时，S113对甲磺隆的降解率仅为39.6％。S113降解土壤中甲磺隆的最适温度是30℃。土壤中添加葡萄糖和尿素可以提高S113降解甲磺隆的速率。S113菌剂灌根、浸种，能不同程度地解除土壤中浓度为40、80μg kg~(-1)的甲磺隆对玉米生长的抑制作用，但当土壤甲磺隆浓度增加到120μgkg~(-1)时，接种S113对药害解除作用不显著。结果表明，人工接种降解菌S113，能有效去除土壤中甲磺隆残留。
从长期受甲磺隆污染的土壤中分离，纯化了2株甲磺隆的抗性菌L6、L36。经形态、生理生化特性测定、16S rDNA序列同源性比较、系统进化树的分析和细胞脂肪酸分析，将甲磺隆抗性菌L6、L36鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonasaeruginosa)。甲磺隆对铜绿假单胞菌敏感菌株PAO1及抗性菌株L6、L36的有效中浓度(Medium Effective Concentration，EC_(50))分别为0.36、2.75、2.89mM；最低抑制浓度(Minimal Inhibition Concentration，MIC)分别为1.31、6.03、6.03mM。L6、L36的EC_(50)值分别是PAO1的EC_(50)值的7.63、8.03倍。甲磺隆的抗性菌株与普施特无交互抗性。
测定了甲磺隆对Pseudomonas aeruginosa敏感菌株PAO1及抗性菌株L6、L36的乙酰乳酸合酶(Acetolactate synthase，ALS)的抑制作用。发现抗性菌株L6、L36的ALS活性均显著低于敏感菌株PAO1的ALS活性，如在不加甲磺隆处理的情况下，PAO1、L6、L36的ALS活性分别为391.4、122.8、120.4U。同时发现L6、L36的ALS对甲磺隆抑制作用不敏感，如400nM甲磺隆对PAO1的ALS活性的抑制率为75.5％，而对L6、L36的ALS活性无抑制作用。与PAO1相比，L6、L36的ALS活性对pH敏感，pH为8.5时抗性菌株ALS酶活显著降低。PAO1、L6、L36的ALS对温度的敏感性无显著差异。ALS酶抑制剂Val对PAO1、L6、L36的ALS酶都有反馈抑制作用，500nM的Val对PAO1、L6、L36的抑制率分别为68.6％，45.3％，46.2％。
通过PCR扩增的方法，得到了编码Pseudomonas aeruginosa乙酰乳酸合酶的两个亚基(IlvI，IlvH)的基因全序列，ilvl，ilvH基因序列全长分别为1725bp、492bp，分别编码含有575、164个氨基酸残基的多肽链。其中IlvI，IlvH亚基氨基酸序列在Pseudomonas sp．及其它许多生物中的保守性较高。通过序列比较，在IlvH亚基中未发现氨基酸突变，而在抗性菌株L36，L6的IlvI亚基中同时发现了单个氨基酸突变，高度保守的Ala29(GCC)变异为Val29(GTC)。通过功能互补实验，将含有这一突变的抗性菌株L36的ilvI基因与广宿主载体pBBR1-MCS5连接，通过三亲接合导入Pseudomonas aeruginosa的敏感菌株PAO1，结果转化子对甲磺隆产生抗性。实验结果证实了发生在ALS的IlvI亚基中的Ala_(29)变异为Val_(29)突变是导致Pseudomonas aeruginosa对甲磺隆产生抗药性的原因。
A bacterium S113 capable of degrading metsulfuron-methyl was isolated from metsulfuron-methyl contaminated soil. Based on the morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and the homology analysis of its 16S rDNA sequence, S113 was identified preliminarily as Methylopila Sp.。
S113 was capable of utilizing metsulfuron-methyl as the sole carbon source for its growth. This bacterium could degrade 98% of 50mg L~(-1) metsulfuron-methyl within 72h. Biological properties of S113 were studied. The optimal growth temperature and initial pH are 30℃, 7.0 respectively. The aeration had little effect on the growth of S113. The optimal medium for the growth of strain S113 was amylum as carbon source and organic nitrogen as nitrogen source.
S113 could also degrade thifensulfuron-methy, bensulfuron, ethametsulfuron, but could not degrade chlorsulfuron and pyrazosulfuron. The optimal pH of S113 for degrading metsulfuron-methyl was 7.0. The degradation rate of metsulfuron-methyl by S113 was related positively to initial amount of inoculation. The aeration has little effect on degrading ability of S113。The speed of degradation of metsulfuron-methyl by S113 was related positively to initial amount of inoculum size. Peptone and yeast extract at certain concentration could promote the degradation of the strain.
Metsulfuron-methyl hydrolase from metsulfuron-methyl degrading strain S113 was studied. The hydrolase in the bacterium was endoemzyme. The enzymatic reaction system was found as follows: Na_2HPO_4-NaH_2PO_4 buffer 2830μL, metsulfuron-methyl (1000 mg L~(-1)) 150μL, crude enzyme 20μL (about 1.2μg crude protein), 30℃water bathing 30 min. The characteristics of metsulfuron-methyl hydrolase were determined. The pH suitable for keeping enzyme was 6-9, with the optimum pH 8.0. The activity of enzyme was down to 59.22% and zero when treated at 45℃for 30 min and 70℃for 30min respectively. Eight metal ions were chosen to study their effects on the metsulfuron-methyl hydrolase activity, and the results showed that 1 mmol L~(-1) Ca~(2+) could enhance the enzyme activity.
A Strain of FLDA capable of degrading metsulfuron-methyl was isolated from sludge collected from a pesticide (metsulfuron-methyl) plant. Based on its morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and the homology analysis of its 16S rDNA sequence, FLDA was identified preliminarily as Pseudomonas sp. FLDA could degrade 72.6% of 30 mg L~(-1) metsulfuron-methyl in liquid medium within 5 days. The optimal pH and temperature of FLDA for degrading metsulfuron-methyl was 7.0 and 30℃respectively. The degradation rate was related positively to initial inoculation rate. Enzyme distribution experiment showed that the metsulfuron-methyl degradeing enzyme in the bacterium was endoenzyme. The addition of strain FLDA could accelerate the degradation of metsulfuron-methyl in soil.
A Strain of FLX capable of highly degrading thifensulfuron-methyl was isolated from the soil sample collected from a producing thifensulfuron-methyl pesticide plant after taming and enrichment. Based on analysis of phenotype, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and the homology analysis of its 16S rDNA sequence, FLX was identified preliminarily as Stenotrophomonas sp. FLX could degrade thifensulfuron-methyl in its 50 mg L~(-1) liquor medium, with 83.34% degrading rate in 48h. The optimal pH and temperature of FLX for degrading thifensulfuron-methyl were 7.0 and 35℃respectively. In the tested metal ions, Zn~(2+)、Al~(3+)、Cu~(2+)、Ba~(2+)、Fe~(3+) had little influence on FLX, while Hg~(2+)、Co~(2+) inhibited its growth and degradation. The distribution experiment showed that the thifensulfuron-methyl hydrolysis enzyme in the bacterium was endoenzyme.
The bioremediation of metsulfuron-methyl contaminated soil by inoculating S113 was studied under laboratory conditions. After addition of 10~8 cells g~(-1) dry soil into soil, 76.9% of metsulfuron-methyl at concentration of 10 mg kg~(-1) dry soil was degraded at 30d, whereas only 11.9% of metsulfuron-methyl was degraded in uninoculated soil. The degradation rate was related positively to the amount of inoculation. Only 39.6% of metsulfuron-methyl was degraded when the concentration of metsulfuron-methyl was 50 mg kg~(-1) dry soil. The optimal temperature for metsulfuron-methyl degradation by S113 in soil was 30℃. The addition of glucose and urea could accelerate the degradation of metsulfuron-methyl. Pour root and seed soaked with S113 could protect maize from the phytotoxicity of metsulfuron-methyl of 40, 80μg kg~(-1) in varying degrees. When the concentration of metsulfuron-methyl increased to 120μg kg~(-1), the effects were not distinct. It suggested that the metsulfuron-methyl in soil could be degraded effectively by inoculating S113.
Two metsulfuron-methyl resistant strains, L6 and L36 were isolated from metsulfuron-methyl contaminated soil. Based on the homology analysis of its 16S rDNA sequence, morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics, the L6, L36 were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Medium effective concentration (EC_(50)) of metsulfuron-methyl against the growth of wild-type isolate PAO1 and resistant isolates L6, L36 were 0.36, 2.75, 2.89mM respectively; and the minimal inhibition concentrations (MICs) were 1.31mM, 6.03mM, 6.03mM respectively. The metsulfuron-methyl resistant strains showed no cross resistance with imazethapyr.
Inhibition by metsulfuron-methyl of acetolactate synthase (ALS) activities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa wild-type isolate PAO1 and two resistant strains were assayed. The ALS activities of PAO1、L6、L36 were 391.4、122.8、120.4U respectively, the results showed ALS activities of resistant strains were significantly lower than that of PAO1. The activity of PAO1 ALS was inhibited 75.5% by 400nM SM, whereas the ALS produced by the resistant strains was not affected, which suggested that the occurrence of metsulfuron-methyl resistance were related to the decreased sensitivity of ALS to it. The ALS of L6 and L36 were not sensitive to metsulfuron-methyl. The ALS of L6 and L36 were sensitive to pH compared with that of PAO1.There was no difference among the sensitive of ALS produced by the SM sensitive or resistant strains to temperature. The ALS of PAO1, L6 and L36 were inhibited 68.6%, 45.3%, 46.2% by 500nM Val.
The complete nucleotide sequences of two subunits (IlvI, IlvH) of acetolactate synthase (ALS) were cloned by PCR arnplification. The entire nucleotide sequences of ilvI, ilvH were 1725bp, 492bp in length, which encoded two polypeptides of 575, 164 amino acid residues respectively. The IlvI and IlvH subunits were highly conserved not only in Pseudomonas sp., but also in other organisms. By sequence blasting, an amino acid mutation Ala29(GCC)→Va129 (GTC) in IlvI subunit was found in L6 and L36, which might confer resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to metsulfuron-methyl. The mutant ilvI gene from a resistant strain L36, containing the Ala29(GCC)→Va129 (GTC)mutation, was cloned by PCR amplification. The mutant ilvI gene was then ligated into vector pBBR1-MCS5, and shown to confer metsulfuron-methyl resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa when transfer into the wild-type sensitive strain PAO1. It was confirmed that the substitution of Ala to Val in the IlvI of ALS conferred metsulfuron-methyl resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
该菌能够能以甲磺隆为唯一碳源生长，72h对50mg L~(-1)甲磺隆的降解率达98％。S113的最适生长温度30℃，最适生长初始pH7.0。装液量小于100mL／250mL时，S113生长旺盛。在供试的几种碳源中，S113对丁二酸钠和淀粉利用较好。S113以有机氮为氮源生长较好，在供试的无机氮源中，S113对NH_4NO_3利用最好。
降解谱实验结果表明，S113还可以降解噻吩磺隆，苄磺隆，胺苯磺隆，降解率都在95％以上。但在同样条件下，S113不能降解绿磺隆，吡嘧磺隆。S113降解甲磺隆的最适pH值为7.0。S113对甲磺隆的降解率和起始接种量呈正相关。改变通气量对S113降解甲磺隆没有显著影响。加入蛋白胨和酵母膏可以促进S113对甲磺隆的降解。
在室内条件下对S113的水解酶进行了研究，发现该酶为胞内酶、非诱导酶。建立了甲磺隆水解酶的酶促反应体系：2830μL Na_2HPO_(4-)NaH_2PO_4缓冲液(0.2mol L~(-1)，pH7.0)，150μL甲磺隆(1000mg L~(-1))，20μL粗酶液(约1.2μg粗蛋白)，30℃水浴30min。甲磺隆水解酶pH稳定范围为6-9，最适pH为8。水解酶热不稳定，45℃处理30min，酶活下降59.22％，70℃处理30min可完全灭活。测定了8种金属离子对水解酶的作用，发现1mmol L~(-1)的Ca~(2+)对酶活有促进作用。
本论文工作中还筛选到一株降解甲磺隆的菌株FLDA，根据表型特征、生理生化特性及16SrDNA序列同源性分析，将FLDA鉴定为假单胞菌(Pseudomonassp．)。该菌降解30mg L~(-1)甲磺隆，5d降解率达72.6％。FLDA降解甲磺隆的最适pH为7.0，最适温度为30℃。该菌降解甲磺隆的速率和起始接种量呈正相关。酶的定域实验表明，该菌中甲磺隆水解酶为胞内酶。FLDA投加土壤，可提高土壤中甲磺隆的降解速率。
本论文工作中还筛选到一株能高效降解噻吩磺隆的菌株FLX，根据表型特征、生理生化特性及16SrDNA序列同源性分析，将FLX鉴定为寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas sp．)。FLX降解50mg L~(-1)噻吩磺隆，2d降解率达83.34％。FLX降解噻吩磺隆的最适pH为7.0，最适温度为35℃。在所试的金属离子中Zn~(2+)，Al~(3+)，Cu~(2+)，Ba~(2+)，Fe~(3+)等对FLX的降解没有影响；Hg~(2+)，Co~(2+)则抑制FLX的生长与降解。酶的定域实验表明，该菌中噻吩磺隆水解酶为胞内酶。
研究了S113对甲磺隆污染土壤的修复作用。甲磺隆浓度为10 mg kg~(-1)干土，S113接种量为10~8个g~(-1)干土时，第30d土壤中甲磺隆降解率为76.9％，而未接种降解菌土壤中甲磺隆降解率仅为11.9％。S113降解甲磺隆的速率和接种量呈正相关，S113的接种量减少为10~5个g~(-1)干土时，接种S113对土壤中甲磺隆降解无促进作用。土壤中初始甲磺隆浓度为50mg kg~(-1)时，S113对甲磺隆的降解率仅为39.6％。S113降解土壤中甲磺隆的最适温度是30℃。土壤中添加葡萄糖和尿素可以提高S113降解甲磺隆的速率。S113菌剂灌根、浸种，能不同程度地解除土壤中浓度为40、80μg kg~(-1)的甲磺隆对玉米生长的抑制作用，但当土壤甲磺隆浓度增加到120μgkg~(-1)时，接种S113对药害解除作用不显著。结果表明，人工接种降解菌S113，能有效去除土壤中甲磺隆残留。
从长期受甲磺隆污染的土壤中分离，纯化了2株甲磺隆的抗性菌L6、L36。经形态、生理生化特性测定、16S rDNA序列同源性比较、系统进化树的分析和细胞脂肪酸分析，将甲磺隆抗性菌L6、L36鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonasaeruginosa)。甲磺隆对铜绿假单胞菌敏感菌株PAO1及抗性菌株L6、L36的有效中浓度(Medium Effective Concentration，EC_(50))分别为0.36、2.75、2.89mM；最低抑制浓度(Minimal Inhibition Concentration，MIC)分别为1.31、6.03、6.03mM。L6、L36的EC_(50)值分别是PAO1的EC_(50)值的7.63、8.03倍。甲磺隆的抗性菌株与普施特无交互抗性。
测定了甲磺隆对Pseudomonas aeruginosa敏感菌株PAO1及抗性菌株L6、L36的乙酰乳酸合酶(Acetolactate synthase，ALS)的抑制作用。发现抗性菌株L6、L36的ALS活性均显著低于敏感菌株PAO1的ALS活性，如在不加甲磺隆处理的情况下，PAO1、L6、L36的ALS活性分别为391.4、122.8、120.4U。同时发现L6、L36的ALS对甲磺隆抑制作用不敏感，如400nM甲磺隆对PAO1的ALS活性的抑制率为75.5％，而对L6、L36的ALS活性无抑制作用。与PAO1相比，L6、L36的ALS活性对pH敏感，pH为8.5时抗性菌株ALS酶活显著降低。PAO1、L6、L36的ALS对温度的敏感性无显著差异。ALS酶抑制剂Val对PAO1、L6、L36的ALS酶都有反馈抑制作用，500nM的Val对PAO1、L6、L36的抑制率分别为68.6％，45.3％，46.2％。
通过PCR扩增的方法，得到了编码Pseudomonas aeruginosa乙酰乳酸合酶的两个亚基(IlvI，IlvH)的基因全序列，ilvl，ilvH基因序列全长分别为1725bp、492bp，分别编码含有575、164个氨基酸残基的多肽链。其中IlvI，IlvH亚基氨基酸序列在Pseudomonas sp．及其它许多生物中的保守性较高。通过序列比较，在IlvH亚基中未发现氨基酸突变，而在抗性菌株L36，L6的IlvI亚基中同时发现了单个氨基酸突变，高度保守的Ala29(GCC)变异为Val29(GTC)。通过功能互补实验，将含有这一突变的抗性菌株L36的ilvI基因与广宿主载体pBBR1-MCS5连接，通过三亲接合导入Pseudomonas aeruginosa的敏感菌株PAO1，结果转化子对甲磺隆产生抗性。实验结果证实了发生在ALS的IlvI亚基中的Ala_(29)变异为Val_(29)突变是导致Pseudomonas aeruginosa对甲磺隆产生抗药性的原因。
A bacterium S113 capable of degrading metsulfuron-methyl was isolated from metsulfuron-methyl contaminated soil. Based on the morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and the homology analysis of its 16S rDNA sequence, S113 was identified preliminarily as Methylopila Sp.。
S113 was capable of utilizing metsulfuron-methyl as the sole carbon source for its growth. This bacterium could degrade 98% of 50mg L~(-1) metsulfuron-methyl within 72h. Biological properties of S113 were studied. The optimal growth temperature and initial pH are 30℃, 7.0 respectively. The aeration had little effect on the growth of S113. The optimal medium for the growth of strain S113 was amylum as carbon source and organic nitrogen as nitrogen source.
S113 could also degrade thifensulfuron-methy, bensulfuron, ethametsulfuron, but could not degrade chlorsulfuron and pyrazosulfuron. The optimal pH of S113 for degrading metsulfuron-methyl was 7.0. The degradation rate of metsulfuron-methyl by S113 was related positively to initial amount of inoculation. The aeration has little effect on degrading ability of S113。The speed of degradation of metsulfuron-methyl by S113 was related positively to initial amount of inoculum size. Peptone and yeast extract at certain concentration could promote the degradation of the strain.
Metsulfuron-methyl hydrolase from metsulfuron-methyl degrading strain S113 was studied. The hydrolase in the bacterium was endoemzyme. The enzymatic reaction system was found as follows: Na_2HPO_4-NaH_2PO_4 buffer 2830μL, metsulfuron-methyl (1000 mg L~(-1)) 150μL, crude enzyme 20μL (about 1.2μg crude protein), 30℃water bathing 30 min. The characteristics of metsulfuron-methyl hydrolase were determined. The pH suitable for keeping enzyme was 6-9, with the optimum pH 8.0. The activity of enzyme was down to 59.22% and zero when treated at 45℃for 30 min and 70℃for 30min respectively. Eight metal ions were chosen to study their effects on the metsulfuron-methyl hydrolase activity, and the results showed that 1 mmol L~(-1) Ca~(2+) could enhance the enzyme activity.
A Strain of FLDA capable of degrading metsulfuron-methyl was isolated from sludge collected from a pesticide (metsulfuron-methyl) plant. Based on its morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and the homology analysis of its 16S rDNA sequence, FLDA was identified preliminarily as Pseudomonas sp. FLDA could degrade 72.6% of 30 mg L~(-1) metsulfuron-methyl in liquid medium within 5 days. The optimal pH and temperature of FLDA for degrading metsulfuron-methyl was 7.0 and 30℃respectively. The degradation rate was related positively to initial inoculation rate. Enzyme distribution experiment showed that the metsulfuron-methyl degradeing enzyme in the bacterium was endoenzyme. The addition of strain FLDA could accelerate the degradation of metsulfuron-methyl in soil.
A Strain of FLX capable of highly degrading thifensulfuron-methyl was isolated from the soil sample collected from a producing thifensulfuron-methyl pesticide plant after taming and enrichment. Based on analysis of phenotype, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and the homology analysis of its 16S rDNA sequence, FLX was identified preliminarily as Stenotrophomonas sp. FLX could degrade thifensulfuron-methyl in its 50 mg L~(-1) liquor medium, with 83.34% degrading rate in 48h. The optimal pH and temperature of FLX for degrading thifensulfuron-methyl were 7.0 and 35℃respectively. In the tested metal ions, Zn~(2+)、Al~(3+)、Cu~(2+)、Ba~(2+)、Fe~(3+) had little influence on FLX, while Hg~(2+)、Co~(2+) inhibited its growth and degradation. The distribution experiment showed that the thifensulfuron-methyl hydrolysis enzyme in the bacterium was endoenzyme.
The bioremediation of metsulfuron-methyl contaminated soil by inoculating S113 was studied under laboratory conditions. After addition of 10~8 cells g~(-1) dry soil into soil, 76.9% of metsulfuron-methyl at concentration of 10 mg kg~(-1) dry soil was degraded at 30d, whereas only 11.9% of metsulfuron-methyl was degraded in uninoculated soil. The degradation rate was related positively to the amount of inoculation. Only 39.6% of metsulfuron-methyl was degraded when the concentration of metsulfuron-methyl was 50 mg kg~(-1) dry soil. The optimal temperature for metsulfuron-methyl degradation by S113 in soil was 30℃. The addition of glucose and urea could accelerate the degradation of metsulfuron-methyl. Pour root and seed soaked with S113 could protect maize from the phytotoxicity of metsulfuron-methyl of 40, 80μg kg~(-1) in varying degrees. When the concentration of metsulfuron-methyl increased to 120μg kg~(-1), the effects were not distinct. It suggested that the metsulfuron-methyl in soil could be degraded effectively by inoculating S113.
Two metsulfuron-methyl resistant strains, L6 and L36 were isolated from metsulfuron-methyl contaminated soil. Based on the homology analysis of its 16S rDNA sequence, morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics, the L6, L36 were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Medium effective concentration (EC_(50)) of metsulfuron-methyl against the growth of wild-type isolate PAO1 and resistant isolates L6, L36 were 0.36, 2.75, 2.89mM respectively; and the minimal inhibition concentrations (MICs) were 1.31mM, 6.03mM, 6.03mM respectively. The metsulfuron-methyl resistant strains showed no cross resistance with imazethapyr.
Inhibition by metsulfuron-methyl of acetolactate synthase (ALS) activities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa wild-type isolate PAO1 and two resistant strains were assayed. The ALS activities of PAO1、L6、L36 were 391.4、122.8、120.4U respectively, the results showed ALS activities of resistant strains were significantly lower than that of PAO1. The activity of PAO1 ALS was inhibited 75.5% by 400nM SM, whereas the ALS produced by the resistant strains was not affected, which suggested that the occurrence of metsulfuron-methyl resistance were related to the decreased sensitivity of ALS to it. The ALS of L6 and L36 were not sensitive to metsulfuron-methyl. The ALS of L6 and L36 were sensitive to pH compared with that of PAO1.There was no difference among the sensitive of ALS produced by the SM sensitive or resistant strains to temperature. The ALS of PAO1, L6 and L36 were inhibited 68.6%, 45.3%, 46.2% by 500nM Val.
The complete nucleotide sequences of two subunits (IlvI, IlvH) of acetolactate synthase (ALS) were cloned by PCR arnplification. The entire nucleotide sequences of ilvI, ilvH were 1725bp, 492bp in length, which encoded two polypeptides of 575, 164 amino acid residues respectively. The IlvI and IlvH subunits were highly conserved not only in Pseudomonas sp., but also in other organisms. By sequence blasting, an amino acid mutation Ala29(GCC)→Va129 (GTC) in IlvI subunit was found in L6 and L36, which might confer resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to metsulfuron-methyl. The mutant ilvI gene from a resistant strain L36, containing the Ala29(GCC)→Va129 (GTC)mutation, was cloned by PCR amplification. The mutant ilvI gene was then ligated into vector pBBR1-MCS5, and shown to confer metsulfuron-methyl resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa when transfer into the wild-type sensitive strain PAO1. It was confirmed that the substitution of Ala to Val in the IlvI of ALS conferred metsulfuron-methyl resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
引文
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