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沙坡头地区人工植被群落结构及动态
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摘要
本文以腾格里沙漠东南缘宁夏中卫县沙坡头地区人工固沙植被作为研究对象,采用传统生态学的野外调查方法,从植被群落的组成、多样性、生活型、群落生长动态、垂直结构特征、水平结构特征、群落结构与周围环境(土壤含水量、温度)相互关系及其与植物自身生理生态适应特征关系等多个角度研究了人工植被群落的结构及其动态变化,取得了如下研究结果:
     1、植被群落组成、多样性及生活型:沙坡头地区人工植被经过近50年的演变,从流动沙丘到固定沙地,沙地植被的动态变化经历了从人工植被到人工—自然植被的转变,从人工植被建立初期的少数几种引种植物到现有30多种植物,随着固定沙地时间的延长,植物种类日趋丰富,并且人工植被在15~25年、40~50年两个阶段,物种的周转速率最大,即群落结构变化最大。该研究区植物生活型谱不完整,以高位芽植物和一年生植物为主,辅以少量的地面芽植物,没有地上芽和隐芽植物。
     2、植被垂直结构及水平结构:沙坡头地区人工固沙植被垂直结构可分为三个显著的片层结构:灌木片层、草本片层和生物结皮片层。灌木片层的主要植物种是柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、花棒(Hydysarum scoparim)、油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)等灌木植物,其中优势种为油蒿;草本片层的主要植物种有小画眉草(Eragrostis
     poaeoides)、雾冰藜(Bassia dasyphylla)等,其中优势种是小画眉草;
    
    生物结皮由藻类和苔鲜类构成,其中,银叶真鲜(Bryum argenteum夕
    为固沙植被区鲜类地被层优势成分。由于研究区沙地固定时间和微地
    形条件的不同,人工植被水平结构呈明显的镶嵌性特征。灌木植物的
    密度和覆盖度与沙地固定时间呈负相关;草本植物密度和覆盖度与人
    工植被沙地固定时间呈正相关。不同地形条件下,丘间低地灌木植物
    密度、盖度最大,草本植物的密度和盖度却最小;背风坡灌木植物密
    度、盖度最小,而草本植物的密度、盖度却最大。
     3、植被生长动态:研究区内灌木植物生长曲线呈S型,生长停
    滞期在4月左右,生长指数期在5月到7月,生长静止期在8月到
    10月,10月前后停止生长。不同年代固沙区灌木植物的生长速度各
    不相同,沙地固定时一间短的样地内灌木植物的生长较快,这可能直接
    导致不同年代固沙区灌木植物密度和盖度的差异。草本植物在7月初
    萌发,平均密度大,但植株较小,盖度也小;随着降雨量的增加,在
    8月份一一草本植物的快速生长期,草本植株个体长大,平均盖度达
    最大值,但是密度却有所下降;到了9月中下旬基本成熟并逐渐死亡,
    盖度和密度均下降。
     4、植被结构与环境因子间的相互作用:植被结构及其动态变化
    与水分、温度等周围环境因子关系密切。栽植时间长的固沙区沙层土
    壤水分含量相对一较低,其间灌木的生长速度较慢,灌木盖度也较低。
    不同地形条件下,丘间低地比背风坡沙层土壤水分含量高,灌木生长
    状况相对较好,盖度也相对较高;但草本植物却因‘4:物结皮的影响,
    在丘间低地表现出较低的盖度和密度。不同的植被结构中,其植被表
    
    面的温度也不同,固定沙地的结皮层表面温度最高且变化幅度最大,
    其次为无植被的流沙区地表和植物冠层,而草本植物冠层的表面温度
    较灌木植物冠层要高。
     5、植物自身生理生态特征与植被结构间的关系:在干旱环境的
    长期影响下,沙地植物本身产生了生理生态适应机制,其适应性的强
    弱又直接反映到植被结构中来。沙坡头人工植被区内两个片层的优势
    种:油篙、小画眉草。它们的叶片都具有较低的胞间COZ浓度,但其
    光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率却始终高于其他沙漠植物种,这
    种较强的适应性进一步奠定了它们成为优势种的基础。同时,周围环
    境因子对沙漠植物的生理活动也产生影响,进而作用于植被结构。水
    分条件不好的试验地内植物净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率较
    低,其生长状况不好,灌木盖度较小。总之,环境因子和沙漠植物自
    身的生理生长特性影响着植被结构及其动态,但植物的生长也同时反
    作用于周围环境,使沙地局部小环境得到改善。
     综上所述,本项研究将传统生态学与自然地理学、植物生理生态
    学方面的内容结合起来,研究了沙地植被的结构、动态及其与环境条
    件的关系,以期为我国北方地区沙漠化治理和植被恢复等生态环境建
    设提供科学依据。
The artifical sand-fixing vegetation in Shapotou region, which is situated in southeast of Tengger Desert at Zhongwei county, Ningxia province, was taken as the object studied in this paper. The structures and dynamic changes of the artifical sand-fixing vegetation were studied based on the follow views: components of vegetation community, plant diversity, life-forms of vegetation, trends of plant growth, characteristics of the vertical and horizontal structure of vegetation, relationship between the vegetation community and environment(including soil moisture temperature etc.), relationship between the vegetation community and characteristics of plant physiological activities. Some results were showed as follow:
    1. Components, Diversity and Life Style of Artificial Vegetation in Shapotou Region
    The marked changes of artificial vegetation have taken place during more than 40 years, since the establishment of sand-fixing vegetation. The old sand dunes became the fixing-dune, the components of vegetation in the sand fixing region had increased from only a few species to more than 30 species with the time extending of sand-fixing vegetation. There were two stages with the obvious change velocity of plant species: the period of 15-25 years and the period of 40-50 years. The biological spectrum of vegetation in Shapotu region was not complete. It consisted of only three parts, including phanerophytes. therophytes hemicryptophytes, but lack of hemicryptophytes and cryptophytes.
    2. The Structure of Artificial Vegetation in Shapotou Region
    The structure of vegetation usually consisted of a vertical structure
    
    
    and a horizontal structure of vegetation. Based on the vertical structure of vegetation, there were three layers of artificial vegetation in Shapotou region. Those were shrubs' layer herbs' layer and microbiotic crusts layer. There were different species of vegetation in different layers. The species were separately Caragana korshinskii Hydysarum scoparim Artemisia ordosica in shrubs layer, Eragrostis poaeoides Bassia dasyphylla in herbs layer, Bryum argenteum Barbula ditrichodies in microbiotic crusts layer. And the dominant species of them were Artemisia ordosica Eragrostis poaeoides Bryum argenteum respectively.
    Due to the different time and the topographical varieties in the fixing-sand region, the horizontal structure of artificial vegetation manifested out the mosaic characteristics. The density and coverage of shrubs in vegetation had a negative correlation with the fixing-sand time, but those of herbs had a positive correlation. The results showed that the density and coverage of shrubs growing in the intervale of sand fixing region were biggest, but those of herbs were smallest. In contrast, the density and coverage of shrubs growing in the lee slope of dune were smallest, but those of herbs were biggest.
    3. The Growth Dynamic of Artificial Vegetation in Shapotou Region In Shapotou area, the growth curve of shrubs was like the form of "S". The stagnant period of growth was in April, the exponential period of growth was from May to July, the stable period of growth was from August to October. The plant growth stopped after October. The velocities of growth in shrubs were different in different sand fixing region. The growth of plants in the sand fixing region with a shorter time were faster than that with a longer time. This maybe directly resulted in the difference of the density and coverage of shrubs. Herbs bourgeoned with a high density and a low coverage in early July. With the coming of
    
    rain season, the velocity of growth in herbs enhanced with the higher coverage in August. In September, the growth of herbs stopped and the density and coverage of herbs descended.
    4. Effect of Environmental Factors on the Structure of Vegetation The relationship between vegetative structure and environment
    factors (including soil moisture temperature etc.) was affinitive. Due to the low content of soil water in the sand-fixing area with a longer time, the growing velocity of shrubs decre
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