艺术体操运动员脊柱侧弯特征及椎旁肌功能变化的研究
|
摘要
脊柱侧弯对人体健康的危害很大,艺术体操运动员脊柱侧弯发生率远远高于普通人群,大部分艺体运动员都饱受颈腰背痛的折磨。目前艺术体操运动员脊柱侧弯的特征并不明确,在特征不明的情况下侧弯的康复治疗也缺乏针对性。本研究的目的在于通过一系列客观指标对艺术体操运动员脊柱侧弯的特征进行分析和研究；通过观察艺术体操运动员椎旁肌的物理状态和肌电特征,以及比较侧弯与非侧弯运动员之间暴露因素的异同,探索艺术体操运动员脊柱侧弯的形成和进展的原因,为其损伤预防和康复治疗提供理论依据。
第一部分研究使用数字化全脊柱摄影技术(LDR)取得国家队全部26名队员正常站姿和挺胸站姿的后前位和正侧位全脊柱无缝拼接影像。通过专业X光片测量软件,得到每名队员的侧弯cobb角、顶椎位置、颈椎、腰椎曲度、椎体旋转程度等指标。通过上述指标,分别描述艺术体操运动员在冠状面、矢状面和水平面上脊柱各个节段的紊乱或侧弯特征,包括冠状面上的左凸和右凸,矢状面上的前凸或后凸,以及水平面上的左旋和右旋。同时,比较挺胸亮相姿势与正常姿势时,脊柱形态的改变。
第二部分研究选取20名艺术体操运动员,在不同的椎体水平和不同三维平面,将艺术体操运动员分为侧弯组和非侧弯组。另与艺术体操运动员年龄匹配的健康青少年20人为对照组。通过比较3组受试者C5、T2、T7、T10、L3两侧椎旁肌的物理状态,不同动作下的标准化积分肌电值,以及躯干不同方向的等长肌力,探讨艺术体操脊柱侧弯运动员椎旁肌的功能变化。
研究发现,国家艺术体操队冠状面脊柱侧弯患病率达53.85%,所有运动员都存在脊柱矢状面的曲度异常。艺体运动员的脊柱侧弯有如下特征：冠状面侧弯顶椎集中在下胸段,且凸向右侧；矢状面脊柱颈段、胸段、腰段曲度均明显减小；水平面易发上胸段椎体右旋畸形。艺体侧弯运动员椎旁肌物理状态受损不显著；冠状面侧弯和矢状面曲度异常的艺体运动员顶椎两侧椎旁肌肌电活动显著增加,不对称现象不显著。
Scoliosis is highly harmful to human health; the occurrence of scoliosis in artistic gymnastics athletes is much higher than that of ordinary people and makes most of them suffer from neck and lumbodorsal pain. The features of scoliosis in artistic gymnastics athletes are not clear at present, which lead to a lack of pertinence of the rehabilitation. The purpose of this research is to analyze and study the features of scoliosis in artistic gymnastics athletes through a series of objective indicators. By observing the physical conditions and EMG characteristics of the paravertebral muscles and comparing the similarities and differences between scoliotic and nonscoliotic athletes, this research aims to explore the reasons of formation and development of scoliosis in artistic gymnastics athletes, thereby providing theoretical basis of scoliosis prevention and rehabilitation for artistic gymnastics athletes.
Part I of this research collected the seamless image of the posture of standing normal and tall of all the26national athletes in China via LDR technology, and then obtained the Cobb angle, apical vertebral position, cervical and lumbar curvature and vertebral rotation of each athlete via X-ray measuring software. By using the indicators listed above, this part not only described the disorder and scoliosis features of each spinal vertebral in coronal, sagittal and horizontal plane separately, which including the left and right curve in coronal plane, the lordosis and kyphosis in sagittal plane and the left and right rotation in horizontal plane, but also compared the morphological change of spine between the posture of standing normal and tall.
Part II of this research selected20age-matched healthy teenagers as control group and20artistic gymnastics athletes as scoliotic and nonscoliotic group according to different vertebral levels and section planes. Then discussed the metergasis of paravertebral muscles of scoliotic artistic gymnastics athletes by comparing the physical condition, standardized IEMG of different movements and isometric strength in different bogy directions of bilateral paravertebral muscles of C5, T2, T7, T10and L3.
This research found that the prevalence rate of scoliosis in Chinese Artistic Gymnastics Team is53.85%(sagittal). All of the athletes'spines are abnormal in sagittal plane. The features of scoliosis in artistic gymnastics athletes were as follows:the apical vertebral in coronal plane focused on lower thoracic portion and convex to right; cervical, thoracic and lumbar curvature decreases significantly; Upper thoracic vertebras were prone to be right-rotated deformity. The impairment of physical conditions of paravertebral muscles was non-significant; the EMG activity of coronal-plane-curvature-convexed and sagittal-plane-curvature-abnormal scoliotic artistic gymnastics athletes increased significantly and presented a significant asymmetry.
第一部分研究使用数字化全脊柱摄影技术(LDR)取得国家队全部26名队员正常站姿和挺胸站姿的后前位和正侧位全脊柱无缝拼接影像。通过专业X光片测量软件,得到每名队员的侧弯cobb角、顶椎位置、颈椎、腰椎曲度、椎体旋转程度等指标。通过上述指标,分别描述艺术体操运动员在冠状面、矢状面和水平面上脊柱各个节段的紊乱或侧弯特征,包括冠状面上的左凸和右凸,矢状面上的前凸或后凸,以及水平面上的左旋和右旋。同时,比较挺胸亮相姿势与正常姿势时,脊柱形态的改变。
第二部分研究选取20名艺术体操运动员,在不同的椎体水平和不同三维平面,将艺术体操运动员分为侧弯组和非侧弯组。另与艺术体操运动员年龄匹配的健康青少年20人为对照组。通过比较3组受试者C5、T2、T7、T10、L3两侧椎旁肌的物理状态,不同动作下的标准化积分肌电值,以及躯干不同方向的等长肌力,探讨艺术体操脊柱侧弯运动员椎旁肌的功能变化。
研究发现,国家艺术体操队冠状面脊柱侧弯患病率达53.85%,所有运动员都存在脊柱矢状面的曲度异常。艺体运动员的脊柱侧弯有如下特征：冠状面侧弯顶椎集中在下胸段,且凸向右侧；矢状面脊柱颈段、胸段、腰段曲度均明显减小；水平面易发上胸段椎体右旋畸形。艺体侧弯运动员椎旁肌物理状态受损不显著；冠状面侧弯和矢状面曲度异常的艺体运动员顶椎两侧椎旁肌肌电活动显著增加,不对称现象不显著。
Scoliosis is highly harmful to human health; the occurrence of scoliosis in artistic gymnastics athletes is much higher than that of ordinary people and makes most of them suffer from neck and lumbodorsal pain. The features of scoliosis in artistic gymnastics athletes are not clear at present, which lead to a lack of pertinence of the rehabilitation. The purpose of this research is to analyze and study the features of scoliosis in artistic gymnastics athletes through a series of objective indicators. By observing the physical conditions and EMG characteristics of the paravertebral muscles and comparing the similarities and differences between scoliotic and nonscoliotic athletes, this research aims to explore the reasons of formation and development of scoliosis in artistic gymnastics athletes, thereby providing theoretical basis of scoliosis prevention and rehabilitation for artistic gymnastics athletes.
Part I of this research collected the seamless image of the posture of standing normal and tall of all the26national athletes in China via LDR technology, and then obtained the Cobb angle, apical vertebral position, cervical and lumbar curvature and vertebral rotation of each athlete via X-ray measuring software. By using the indicators listed above, this part not only described the disorder and scoliosis features of each spinal vertebral in coronal, sagittal and horizontal plane separately, which including the left and right curve in coronal plane, the lordosis and kyphosis in sagittal plane and the left and right rotation in horizontal plane, but also compared the morphological change of spine between the posture of standing normal and tall.
Part II of this research selected20age-matched healthy teenagers as control group and20artistic gymnastics athletes as scoliotic and nonscoliotic group according to different vertebral levels and section planes. Then discussed the metergasis of paravertebral muscles of scoliotic artistic gymnastics athletes by comparing the physical condition, standardized IEMG of different movements and isometric strength in different bogy directions of bilateral paravertebral muscles of C5, T2, T7, T10and L3.
This research found that the prevalence rate of scoliosis in Chinese Artistic Gymnastics Team is53.85%(sagittal). All of the athletes'spines are abnormal in sagittal plane. The features of scoliosis in artistic gymnastics athletes were as follows:the apical vertebral in coronal plane focused on lower thoracic portion and convex to right; cervical, thoracic and lumbar curvature decreases significantly; Upper thoracic vertebras were prone to be right-rotated deformity. The impairment of physical conditions of paravertebral muscles was non-significant; the EMG activity of coronal-plane-curvature-convexed and sagittal-plane-curvature-abnormal scoliotic artistic gymnastics athletes increased significantly and presented a significant asymmetry.
引文
[1]缪鸿石主编.康复医学理论与实践.上海：上海科技出版社,2000：1686-1683.
[2]Lonstein JE.BjorklundS. Voluntary school screening in Minnesota.JBJS,1982,64-A:481-488.
[3]郭秀文,庞琼.艺术体操运动员成材规律的研究.北京体育大学学报,2007,30,1
[4]王煜,陈岚筠,王强.艺术体操运动员腰部结构变异的X线片表现与分析.第13届全国中西医结合骨伤科学术研讨会论文集.562-564(562).
[5]张景,等.艺术体操运动员脊柱腰段损伤特征.中国临床康复,2005,9(28)：208-210.
[6]Gielen JL and Van den Eede E. FMIS Position Statement: Scoliosis and sports participation[J]. Internaitonal Journal of Sports Medicine,2008,9(3):131-140.
[7]Birkns JK, White AP, Alber TJ, et al. Adult degenerative scoliosis:a review[J]. Neurosurgery, 2008,63(3):94-103.
[8]潘少川青年型特发性脊柱侧弯[讲座]Journal of Clinical Pediatric Surgery February2004,3,(1)：41-47&61,(2)：110-118&138.
[9]American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. The Burden of Musculoskeletal Diseases in the United States[M]. US Bone and Joint Decade organizations,2008:57-74.
[10]柯扬.青少年脊柱侧弯流行病学研究进展[J].中国矫形外科杂志.2009,17(13)：990-994.
[11]刘帆.MR三维曲面重建在脊柱侧弯诊断中的应用价值[D].吉林：吉林大学第一临床医院,2009：1-56
[12]Lonstein JE.Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.Lancet,1994,344:1407-1412.
[13]Soucacos PN,Soucacos PK.School-screening for scoliosis:a prospective epidemiological study in northwestern and central Greece[J].Bone Joint SurgAm,1997,79:1498-1503.
[14]Karachalios T,Sofianos J,Nikolopoulos K.Ten-year follow-up evaluation of a school screening program of scoliosis:is the forward bending test an accurate diagnostic criterion for the screenin of scoliosis[J].Spine,1999,24:2318-2324.
[15]Smith JS, Shaffrey CI, Kuntz IV C, et al. Classification system for adolescent and adult scoliosis[J]. Neurosurgery,2008,63(3):16-24.
[16]Ramirez N, Johnston CE, Browne RH. The prevelence of back pain in children who have idiopathic scoliosis. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery,1997,79(3):364-368
[17]Reamy BV and Slakey JB. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis:review and current concepts. Amer ican Family Physician,2001,64(1):111-116
[18]Somoskeoy S, Tunyogi-Csapo M, Bogyo C,Illes T. Accuracy and reliability of coronal and sagittal spinal curvature data based on patient-specific three-dimensional models created by the EOS 2D/3D imaging system. Eur Spine J.2012,10,21
[19]张光铂,李小荣,魏新荣等.波纹照像在脊柱侧凸普查中的应用.中华外科杂志,1978,25：387.
[20]Adair IV.Moir" topography in scoliosis screening.Clin Orrthop,1977,129:165.
[21]Daruwalla JS, Balasubramaniam P. More photography in scoliosis:its accuracy in detecting the site and size of the curve.J Bone Joint Surg,1985,67-B:221.
[22]Daruwalla JS, Balasubramaniam P, Chay SO et al. Idiopathic scoliosis-prevalence and ethnic distribution in Singapore school children.J Bone Joint Surg,1985,67-B:182
[23]Ashworth MD.Measurement of the rib hump inclination-a potential aid in scoliosis screening. Orthop Trans,1981,5:33.
[24]马迅,赵斌,林庆宽等.山西省对中小学脊柱侧弯患病率调查.中华流行病学杂志,1995,16(2)：109-110.
[25]Murray JF, Nadel JA. Murray and Nadel's textbook of respiratory medicine[J]. Journal of Surgical Research.U.S.,2012:173 45-45.
[26]Davies G, Reid L. Effect of scoliosis on growth of alveoli and pulmonary arteries and on right ventricle[J]. Arch Dis Child. U.K.,1971:46(249) 623-32.
[27]Smyth RJ, Chapman KR, Wright TA, et al. Pulmonary function in adolescents with mild idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Thorax. U.K.,1984:39(12) 901-4.
[28]Schmid AB, Dyer L, Boni T, Held U, Brunner F. Paraspinal muscle activity during symmetrical and asymmetrical weight training in idiopathic scoliosis [J]. J Sport Rehabil. Switzerland,2010:19(3) 315-27.
[29]叶启彬.脊柱侧弯外科学[M].北京：中国协和医科大学出版社,2003：12-25.
[30]Rigo M, Quera-Salva G, Villagrasa M, et al. Scoliosis intensive out-patient rehabilitation based on Schroth method [J].Stud Health Technol Inform. U.S.,2008:135208-27.
[31]Mannion AF, Meier M, Grob D, et al. Paraspinal muscle fibre type alterations associated with scoliosis:an old problem revisited with new evidence [J]. Eur Spine J. Germany,1998:7(4) 289-93.
[32]Weiss HR. Imbalance of electromyographic activity and physical rehabilitation of patients with idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Eur Spine J. Germany,1993:1(4) 240-3.
[33]Keller TS, Colloca CJ, Harrison DE, et al. Muscular contributions to dynamic dorsoventral lumbar spine stiffness [J].Eur Spine J. U.S.,2007:16(2) 245-54.
[34]Dickson RA, Lawton JO, Archer IA, et al. The pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis. Biplanar spinal asymmetry[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br. U.K.,1984:66(1) 8-15.
[35]Guo X, Chau WW, Chan YL, et al. Relative anterior spinal overgrowth in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Results of disproportionate endochondral-membranous bone growth[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br. Hong Kong,2003:85(7) 1026-31.
[36]Dubousset J. Scoliosis and its pathophysiology:do we understand it [J].Spine (Phila Pa 1976). U.S.,2001:26(9) 1001.
[37]Bialek M, M'Hango A. "FITS" concept Functional Individual Therapy of Scoliosis [J]. Stud Health Technol Inform. Poland.2008:135250-61.
[38]James JIP, Idiopathic scoliosis:the prognosis, diagnosis and operative indications related to curce patterns and age of onset. J Bone Joint Surg(Br),1954,36:36-49.
[39]邱贵兴,仉建国.特发性脊柱侧凸的PUMC(协和)分型系统[J].中华骨科杂志,2003,23(1)：1-9.
[40]成功.借助三维重建建立特发性脊柱侧凸新分型[D].广州：广州医学院第一附属医院,2010：1-80.
[41]李其一.我国的脊柱侧凸分型系统优势明显——浅谈特发性脊柱侧凸的协和(PUMC)分型[J].中国医药报.2009.B03：1-2.
[42]Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, Blanke K, et al. Radiographic results of arthrodesis with Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation for the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A five to ten-year follow-up study. J Bone Joint Surg Am1998;80:807-814.
[43]Bbridwell KH, Betz R, Capelli AM, et al. Sagittal plane analysis in idiopathic scoliosis patients treated with Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation.Spine 1990,15:921-926
[44]Richards BS, Birch JG, Herring JA, et al. Frontal plane and sagittal plane balance following Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation for idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 1989;14:733-737
[45]Roye DP Jr, Farcy JP, Rickert JB, et al. Results of spinal instrumentation of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis by King type. Spine 1992; 17 (8Suppl) S270-273.
[46]Shufflebarger HL, Clark CE.Fusion levels and hook patterns in thoracic scoliosiswith Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation. Spine 1990,15:916-920.
[47]郑新峰.特发性脊柱侧凸的临床分型及融合策略[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2007,15(19)：1477-1480.
[48]邱贵兴,于斌,’Ventura N特发性脊柱侧凸King、 Lenke和PUMC I临床分型的应用比较[J].中华骨科杂志,2006,26：145-150.
[49]邱贵兴.青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的分型与治疗[J].中华医学会第十二届骨科学术会议暨第五届国际COA学术大会骨科教教.1-3.
[50]Qiu Q Zhang J, Wang Y, et al. A new operative classification of idiopathic scoliosis:a peking union medical method.Spine,2005,30:1419-26.
[51]邱勇,朱泽章,朱峰.青少年特发性脊柱侧凸King, Lenke和PUMC(协和)分型的可信度和可重复性比较及意义.中华骨科杂志,2007,27：748-752.27：748-52.
[52]王华东,侯树勋,史亚民.两种特发性脊柱侧凸分型方法比较[J].国外医学.骨科学分册,2004,25(6)：350-352.
[53]俞扬,邱勇,李世怀.支点弯曲位X线片预测三维矫形效果的价值[J].中国脊柱脊髓杂志,2003,13：273
[54]杨绍伟,秦增辉,张穗,胡向群.儿童脊柱侧弯与全脊柱摄影术的应用[J].临床放射学杂志,2010,29(12)：1664-1666.
[55]刘帆.MR三维曲面重建在脊柱侧弯诊断中的应用价值[D].吉林：吉林大学第一临床医院,2009：1-56.
[56]费军,张朝利,金真,王宗晔.脊柱侧凸的影像学诊断[J].放射学实践,2003,18(2)116-117.
[57]彭雪华,何玲,朱铭,蔡金华.脊柱侧弯影像检查的临床评价[J].重庆医科大学学报,2009,34(10)：1421-1424.
[58]刘帆.MR三维曲面重建在脊柱侧弯诊断中的应用价值[D].吉林：吉林大学第一临床医 院,2009：1-56.
[59]Bradford DS, Heithoff KB, Cohen M. Intraspinal abnormalities and congenital spine deformities:a radiographic and MRI study[J]. J Pediatr Orthop,1991,11(1):36-41.
[60]盛文辉.手工测量特发性脊柱侧凸Cobb角的一致性评价[D].新疆：新疆医科大学第一临床医院.2010：1-56
[61]Lonstein JE.Scoliosis:surgical versus nonsurgical treatment[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,2006, 443:248-259.
[62]Bridwell KH. Surgical treatment of idiopathic adolescent scoliosis [J]. Spine,1999,24(24): 2607-2616.
[63]King HA, Moe JH, Bradford DS, et al. The selection of fusion levels in thoracic idiopathic scoliosis [J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am,1983,65(9):1302-1313.
[64]Michaela G, Katrin S, Nadja W, et al. Inter-and intraobserver reliability assessment of the Cobb angle manual versus digital measurement tools[J]. Eur Spine J,2007,16:1587-1592.
[65]Timothy RK, Benjamin KP, Michael FO, et al. Reliability analysis for digital adolescent idiopathic scoliosis measurements[J], J Spinal Disord Teeh,2005,18(2):152-159.
[66]Timothy RK, Benjamin KP, David WP, et al. Reliability analysis for manual adolescent idiopathic scoliosis measurements[J].Spine.2005,30(4):444-454.
[67]Natasha RD, Marc JM, Douglas LH, et al. lntra-observer reproducibility and interobserver reliability of the radiographic parameters in the Spinal Deformity Study Group's AIS radiographic measurement manual[J].Spine.2005,30(9):1064-1069.
[68]Antonio DC, Raphael V, Laurent T, et al. Reliability analysis for manual measurement of coronal plane deformity in adolescent scoliosis. Are 30x90 cm plain films better than digitized small films[J].Eur Spine J,2007,16:1615-1620.
[69]Kohchi R, Takebayashi S, Hiroki T, et al. Significance of adventitial inflammation of the coronary artery in patients with unstable angina:results at aryopsy[J].Circulation, 1985,71:709-716.
[70]Dinerman JL, Saldeen TG, Emerson S, et al. Increased nertrophil elastase release in unstable angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,1990,15:1559-1563.
[71]Liuzzo Q Biasuci LM, Rebuzzi AQ et al. Plasma protein acutephase response on unstable angina is not induced by ischemic injury[J]. Circulation,1996,94:2373-2380.
[72]杜欣,陈立民,肖艳秋.特发性脊柱侧凸Cobb's角与顶椎多变量旋转畸形的相关性[J].中国临床康,2004,8(14)：2763.
[73]于斌,王以朋,邱贵兴.特发性脊柱侧凸患者上胸弯的识别和处理[J].中华骨科杂志,2006,26(5)：342-345.
[74]邱勇.特发性胸椎侧凸上胸弯的认定及其临床意义[J].中国脊柱脊髓杂志,2006,16(3)：165-166.
[75]倪春鸿,李明.特发性脊柱侧凸患者肩部失平衡的临床分析及其意义.中国脊柱脊髓杂志,2006,16(8)：576-581.
[76]Harrison DE, Harrison DD, Caillie R, et al. Cobb method or Harrison posterior tangent method which to choose for lateral cervical radiographic analysis[J]. Spine,2000,25:2072-2078.
[77]Troyanovich SJ, Stroink AR, Kattner KA, et al. Does anterior plating maintain cervical lordosis versus conventional fusion techniques? A retrospective analysis of patients receiving single-level fusions[J].SpinalDisord Tech,2002,15:69-74.
[78]Loder RT. The sagittal profile of the cervical and lumbosacral spine in scheuermann thoracic kyphosis[J]1J SpinalDisord,2001,14:226-231.
[79]Hilibrand AS,Tannenbaum DA,GrazianoGP,etallThe sagittal alignment of the cervical spine in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis [J]. J Pediatr Orthop,1995,15:627-632.
[80]Cannada LK, Scherping SC,Yoo JU,et al IPseudarthrosis of the cervical spine:a comparison of radiographic diagnostic measures [J] Spine,2003,28:46-51.
[81]曹师锋,贾连顺,孔庆毅1颈椎单椎体次全切除后撑开植骨对颈椎曲度的影响[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2002,10：1394-1396.
[82]叶添文,贾连顺.青年非创伤性颈椎生理弧度异常的病因及机理探讨[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2005,13：979-982.
[83]王成林·颈椎生理曲度的X线测量[J]·中华放射学杂志,1991,25：99-101·
[84]Chernukha KV. Lumbar lordosismeasurement:a new method versus Cobb technique[J]. Spine,1998,23:77-79.
[85]郭金明,刘冬娟,张国权,等.单纯腰椎间盘突出与腰椎管狭窄症对腰椎曲度的影响[J].解剖科学进展,2007,3：219-220
[86]郑丰裕.慢性下腰痛患者立位X线侧位片测量及其相关分析[J].中华骨科杂志,1996,16：7.
[87]Keith, H. The Textbook of Spinal Surgery[M]. Philadelphia:Lippincott-Raven Publishers,1997.188-535.
[88]Frez R,Cheng J C,Wong E M,Longitudinal changes in trunkal balance after selective fusion of King Ⅱ curves in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine,2000,25:1352.
[89]孙韶华,马维虎.特发性脊柱侧凸手术中胸腰段交界性后凸的预防[J].浙江实用医学,2009,14(1)：35-36.
[90]刘一,宋之明.特发性脊柱侧凸三维矫形术后失代偿原因及防治的研究进展[J].中国脊柱脊髓杂志,2003,13(5)：318-320.
[91]Mccance S E,DenisF,Lonsion J E,et al.Coronal and sagittal balance in surgically treated adolescent scoliosis with the King Ⅱ curve pattern: a review of 67 consecutive cases having selective thoracic arthrodesis.Spine,1998,23:2063.
[92]Birknes JK, WhiteAP, AlbertTJ, eta.l Adultdegenerative scolio-sis:a review[J]. Neurosurgery, 2008,63(3 Suppl):94-103.
[93]Bernhardt M, Keith H, Bridwell. Segmental analysis od the sagittal plant alignment of the normal thoracic and lumbar spines and thoracolumbar junction[J]. Spine,1989,14(7):717-721.
[94]HoEK, UpadhyaySS, Chan FL, et al. New methods of measuring vertebral rotation from computed tomographic scans. An intraobserver and interobserver study on girls with scoliosis[J]. Spine,1993,18(9):1173-1177.
[95]张雪琴,邓开鸿.青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的胸椎旋转和椎弓根径线变化CT特点及临床价值[J].华西医学2009,24(6)：1418-1421.
[96]高铁军,张光铂,史振才.脊柱旋转测量尺的研制及意义[J].中华外科杂志,1994,32(8)：466-469.
[97]Stephen JT, FRCSC, Bonita JS, et al. Rotations of a helix as a model for correction of the scoliotic spine[J].Spine,1999,24(12):1223-1227.
[98]Wafa S, Francois L, Jean-Luc D. Quantification of three dimensional vertebral rotations in scoliosis:What are the true values[J]Spine,1995,20(7):546-551.
[99]李中实,张光铂.对Nash-Moe法测量脊柱旋转度的定量研究[J].中国脊住脊髓杂志,2(2)：64-66.
[100]张承敏,姜洪和.特发性脊柱侧凸的椎骨旋转、Cobb's角及“弟叮刀背”的关系[J].中国脊柱脊髓杂志,1996,6(1)：34-36.
[101]池永龙,李仲荣,徐华梓,毛方敏.脊柱侧凸上、下终椎和顶椎椎骨旋转的研究[J].中国矫形外科杂志：193-195.
[102]Weinstein SL,Dolan LA,et al.Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis[J].Lancet,2008,371:1527-1537.
[103]张强.青少年特发性脊柱侧弯研究国外进展[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2009,8(15)：1184-1186.
[104]GoldbergCJ,Dowling FE, Fogarty EE et a.l Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and cerebral asymmetry. An examination of a nonspinal perceptual system [J]. Spine,1995,20(15): 1685-1691.
[105]Harrington PR.The etiology of idiopathic scoliosis[J].Clinical orthopae-dics& Related Researeh,1977,126:17-25.
[106]Inoue M,Minami S, Kitahara H, et a.l Idiopathic scoliosis in twins studied by DNA fingerprinting:the incidence and type of scoliosis [J]. J Bone Joint Surg(Br),1998,80(2):212-217.
[107]Riseborough EJ, Wynne Davies R. A genetic survey of idiopathic scoliosis in Boston, Massachusetts[J]. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery,1973,55(5):974 - 982.
[108]Hadley MN. Spine update:genetics of familial idiopathic scoliosis[J].Spine,2000,25(18):2416-2418
[109]Inoue M,Minami S, Nakata Y, et a.l Association between estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms and curve severity of idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Spine,2002,27(21):2357-2362.
[110]Chan V, Fong GC, Luk KD, eta.l A genetic locus for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis linked to chromosome 19p13.3 [J]. Am J Hum Genet,2002,71(2):401-406.
[111]Tang NLS,Yeung HY.A relook into the association of the estrogen receptor a gene (Pvu 11,Xba1)and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A study of 540 Chinese cases[J]. Spine,2006,31(21):2463-2468
[112]Brodner W,Krepler P,Nicolakis M,et al. Melatonin and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis[J]. J Bone Joint Surg (Br),2000,82(3):399-403.
[113]Bagnall KM,Raso VJ,Hill DL,et al. Melatonin levels in idiopathic scoliosis. Diurnal and nocturnal serum melatonin levels in girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Spine, 1996,21(17):1974-1978.
[114]Sadat-Ali M,a-1 Habdan I,a-1 Othman A Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Is low melatonin a cause [J] Joint Bone Spine,2000,67(1):62-64.
[115]InoueM,Minami S, Nakata Y, et a.l Association between estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms and curve severity of idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Spine,2002,27(21):2357-2362.
[116]Yamada K,Yamamoto H. Etiology of idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Clin Orthop,1984, (184): 50-57.
[117]Keessen W,Crowe A, Hearn M. Proprioceptive accuracy in idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Spine, 1992,17(2):149-155.
[118]Porter RW. Can a short spinal cord cause idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Eur Spine J,2001,10(1): 2-9.
[119]Normelli H,Sevastik JA. The length and ash weight of the ribs of normal and scoliotic person [J]. Spine,1985,10:590-592.
[120]郑振耀,唐盛平,郭霞.青少年特发性脊柱侧凸病因研究与进展[J].中国脊柱脊髓杂志,2002,12(2)：139-141.
[121]Heidari B, FitzPatrick D. Model ling of annulus fibrosus imbalance as an a etiological factor in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Clin Biomech (Bristo,l Avon),2004,19(3):217-224.
[122]Zaleske DJ,Ehrlich MG. Association of glycosaminoglycan depletionand degradative enzyme activity in scoliosis[J]. Clin Orthop,1980,148:177-181.
[123]OegemaTR Jr, Bradford DS.Comparison of the biochemistry of proteoglycans isolated from normal, idiopathic scoliotic and cerebral palsy spines[J].Spine,1983,8(4):378-384.
[124]郑斌,周永德.椎旁肌病理与脊柱侧弯的关系[J].中华骨科杂,1995,15(10)：702-703.
[125]Wynne-Davies R. Familial (idiopathic) scoliosis:A family survey[J].J Bone Joint Surg(Br),1968,50(1):24-30.
[126]吴亮,邱勇.脊柱侧凸椎旁肌肌纤维不对称性分布的研究[J].脊柱外科杂志,2004,2(5)：276-279.
[127]Reuber M, Schvtz A, Mcneill T, et al.Trunk muscle myoelectric activities in idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Spine,1983,8:147.
[128]Reid JD, Costigan PA. Trunk muscle balance and musclular force[J]. Spine,1987,12:783.
[129]Yarom R, Robin CG. Studies on spinal and peripheral muscles from patients with scoliosis[J]. Spine,1979,4:12.
[130]王渭君,邱勇.青少年特发性脊柱侧凸发病机制研究进展[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2005,13(5)：380-382.
[131]夏星,李宇清.特发性脊柱侧凸的病因学研究进展[J].医字前沿,2009,38(10)：16-18.
[132]Rigo M,Quera-Salva GScoliosis intensive out-patient rehabilitation based on Schroth method.Stud Health Technol Inform.2008; 135:208-27.
[133]Cowell HR,Hall JN,MacEwen GD.Genetic aspects of idiopathic scoliosis: A nicholas andry award essay 1970[J].ClinOrthop,1972,86:121-31.
[134]Carr AJ.Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in identical twins [J]. J Bone Joint Surg(Br),1990,72(6):1077.
[135]Kesling KL, Reinker KA. Scoliosis in twins. A meta-analysis of the literature and report of six cases[J].Spine,1997,22(17):2009-2015.
[136]Harrington PR.The etiology of idiopathic scoliosis[J].Clin Orthop,1977,126:17-25.
[137]许轶.青少年特发性脊柱侧弯症患者凸凹侧椎旁肌平均肌电比值与Cobb角度相关度的分析研究[J].中国康复医学杂志,2002,22(12)：1078-1080.
[138]游国鹏.青少年特发性脊柱侧弯患者运动功能的生物力学研究[M].上海体育学院,2010,6.
[139]于晓玲,黄泰安,贺晓英.18例特发性脊柱侧弯背伸肌超微结构观察.沈阳部队医药,1997,10(2)：168-169.
[140]吴士文,马维娅.青少年脊柱侧凸患者椎旁肌的病理观察[J].中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志,2008,15(4)：239-304.
[141]王长纯,张承敏,赵健刚.特发性脊柱侧弯肌组织形态学观察及电刺激疗法的应用[J].中国脊柱脊髓杂志,1996,(6)：145.
[142]袁泽农,肖子范,赵安仁.青少年特发性脊柱侧弯椎旁肌的病理学研究[J].山东医科大学学报,1996,34(4)：360.
[143]Mannion F, Meier M, Grob D,etal. Paraspinal muscle fibre type alterations associated with Scoliosis[J].Eur Spine,1998,7 (4):289-293.
[144]梁栋,毕五蝉.脊柱侧弯畸形的外科解剖及组织病理探讨[J].中华骨科杂志,1995,15(7)：462-465.
[145]李祁伟,周永德,吉士俊.实验性脊柱侧弯椎旁肌肌纤维型分布的观察[J].中国医科大学学报2002,31：16-18.
[146]于小玲,贺晓英,黄泰安.特发性脊柱侧弯两侧背伸肌光镜和电镜观察[J].中国矫形外科杂志,1998,5(2)：124.
[147]郑斌,周永德.青少年脊柱侧弯症椎旁肌神经终末支配的观察[J]. Chinese Journal of Orthopaedics,1996,16(6):340-343.
[148]Reuber M, Schvtz A, Mcneill T, et al.Trunk muscle myoelectric activities in idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Spine,1983,8:147.
[149]Kaneke. Histopathlolgic-histochmical studies on back muscles in muscles in scoliosis[J].Jap Orthop Ass,1968,42:13.
[150]Yarom R, Robin CG. Studies on spinal and peripheral muscles from patients with scoliosis[J]. Spine,1979,4:12.
[151]Gonyea W J. Moore-Woodard C, Moseley B, et al. An evaluation of muscles pathology in idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Pediatric Othop,1985,5:323.
[152]Pullman SL, Goodin DS, Marquinez AI, et al. Clinical utility of surface EMG[J].Neurology, 2000,55:171-177.
[153]Farina D, Merletti R, Enoka RM. The extraction of neural strategies from the surface EMG[J]. J Appl Physiol,2004,96:1486-1495.
[154]Onishi H,Yagi H.Relationship between EMG signals and force in human vastus lateralis musle using multiple bipolar wire ecleetrodes[J].Eleetromyogr Kinesiol,2000,10(1):59-67.
[155]杨坚,张颖.表面肌电图在神经肌肉病损功能评估中的应用[J].中国临床康复,2004,8(22)：4580-4581.
[156]黄远飞.运动性疲劳探微[J].湖北教育学院学报.2006,23(6)：84-85.
[157]赵俊.运动性疲劳产生机制及其消除途径[J].湖州师范学院学报.2004,26(1)：85-86.
[158]Moore BD,DrouinJ.The differential effeets of fatigue on reflex response timing and amplitude in males and females[J].Eleetromyogr Kinesiol,2002,12(5):351-360.
[159]卫杰.表面肌电图与腰椎间盘突出症临床表现和疗效的相关性研究[D].北京：中国中医科学院,1-93.
[160]Mohanunad Ali,Mohseni-Band Pei,MartinJohn Watson.EleetromyograPhie Power SPeetral Analysis of the ParasPinal Museles[J].Physiotherapy,2001,87(9):470-478.
[161]Dankaerts W.Reliability of EMG measurements for trunk museles during maximal and sub-maximal voluntary isometric contractions in healthy controls and CLBP Patients[J].Eleetromyogr Kinesiol,2004,14(3):333-342.
[162]吴文,黄国志.表面肌电图用于腰椎问盘突出症疗效评定的研究[J].中国康复医学杂志,2002,9：551-553.
[163]余洪俊,吴宗耀等.急性下腰痛者竖棘肌和臀大肌功能变化的研究[J].中国康复医学杂志,2003,18：342-344
[164]Randy Neblett,TomG,Mayer.Quantifying lumbarflexion-relaxation Phenomenon:theory and clinieal applications[J].The Spine Journal,2002,2(5):97.
[165]Cheung J, Halbertsma JP, Veldhuizen AG, et al. A preliminary study on electromyographic analysis of the paraspinal musculature in idiopathic scoliosis[J].Eur Spine J,2005,14(2):130-137.
[166]Odermatt D, Mathieu PA, Beausejour M, et al. Electromyography of scoliotic patients treated with a brace [J]. J Orthop Res,2003,21(5):931-936.
[167]Zetterberg C, Bjork R, Ortengren R, et al. Electromyography of the paravertebral muscles in idiopathic scoliosis. Measurements of amplitude and spectral changes under load[J]. Acta Orthop Scand,1984,55(3):304-309.
[168]Raymond Wiegand,D.C青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者治疗前后的椎旁表面肌电活动的研究[J].颈腰痛杂志,2005,26(3)：168-171.
[169]王楚怀.青少年特发性脊柱侧弯症患者椎旁肌表面肌电信号频域指标变化规律[J].中国康复理论与实践,2009,15(12)：1156-1158.
[170]梁崎.青少年特发性脊柱侧弯症患者椎旁肌表面肌电信号时域指标变化规律[J].中国康复医学杂志,2009,24(11)：989-991.
[171]Riddle HFV, Roaf R. Muscle imbalance in scoliosis.Laneet,1955,1:1245.
[172]Zuk T. The role of spinal and abdominal muscles in the pathogenesis of scoliosis.J Bone Joint Surg,1962,44B:102.
[173]Redford JB, Butterworth TR, Clements EI. Use of electromyography as a prognostic aid in the management of idropathic scoliosis, Arch Phys Med Rehabil,1969,50:434.
[174]Reuber M, Schultz A, Mc Neill T, et al. Trunk muscle myoelectricaxtivities in idiopathic scoliosls.Spine,1983,8:447.
[175]Alexander MA, Season EH, Idiopathic scoliosis an electromyographic study, Arch Phys Med Rehabil,1978,59:314.
[176]郑斌,周永德.特发性脊柱侧弯症推旁肌肌电活动的观察[J].中国脊柱脊髓杂志,1996,6(3)：128-130.
[177]周永德,郑斌,顾耀明.脊柱侧凸症与椎旁肌病理的相关因素[J].中华小儿外科杂志,2003,24(3)：211-214.
[178]Reuber, M, et al. Trunk muscle myoelectric activities in idiopathic scoliosis[J].Spine, 1983:8:447.
[179]郭秀文.我国优秀艺术体操运动员科学选材与应用系统的开发研究：[博士学位论文].北京：北京体育大学,2005
[180]洪小平.从2001年版国际艺术体操评分规则看现代艺术体操的发展趋势.成都体育学院学报,2001,27(2)：76-78
[181]Konermann w.The spine-a problem area in high performance artistic gymnastics.A retrospective analysis of 24 former artistic gymnasts of the German A team[J].Sportverletz Sportschaden.1992 Dec;6(4):156-60.
[182]王煜,凌蜀琪,易琳.艺术体操运动员腰部结构变异的X线片表现与分析.第七届全国体育科学大会论文摘要汇编(二),2004.
[183]侯金林,王伟平.我国优秀艺术体操运动员脊柱形态的调查研究[J].北京体育大学学报,1996,6：35-40.
[184]李允范.小针刀结合综合康万治疗对运动员青柱侧奋症的疗效观察.2009,5.
[185]Lonstein JE.etal. Voluntary school screening for scolio-sis in Minnesota, J Bone. Joint Sury 1982;64:481.
[187]山田宪吾.脊柱侧弯疤の早期发现,临床整外：1979；14：633.
[188]Drummond DS.etal spinal deformity Ratural history and the role of the school screening orthop clin. North America.1979;10:751.
[189]张光铂,等.学校青少年脊柱侧凸普查与治疗.中华骨科杂志.1989；9：44.
[190]江汉,等.天津市江桥区57所小学在校学生脊柱侧弯患病率的调查.1994；6(14)：362.
[191]丁绍省,张永平.电视透视筛查中小学生脊柱侧弯[J].中国医学影像学杂志,2005,13(6)：470.
[192]刘瑞田,辛崇干.沂蒙山区中小学生脊柱侧弯调查分析[J].职业与健康,2001,17(2)：75.
[193]程斌,李锋涛.西安市25725名中小学生脊柱侧弯患病率调查[J].中国临床康复,2006,20(8)：8-9.
[2]Lonstein JE.BjorklundS. Voluntary school screening in Minnesota.JBJS,1982,64-A:481-488.
[3]郭秀文,庞琼.艺术体操运动员成材规律的研究.北京体育大学学报,2007,30,1
[4]王煜,陈岚筠,王强.艺术体操运动员腰部结构变异的X线片表现与分析.第13届全国中西医结合骨伤科学术研讨会论文集.562-564(562).
[5]张景,等.艺术体操运动员脊柱腰段损伤特征.中国临床康复,2005,9(28)：208-210.
[6]Gielen JL and Van den Eede E. FMIS Position Statement: Scoliosis and sports participation[J]. Internaitonal Journal of Sports Medicine,2008,9(3):131-140.
[7]Birkns JK, White AP, Alber TJ, et al. Adult degenerative scoliosis:a review[J]. Neurosurgery, 2008,63(3):94-103.
[8]潘少川青年型特发性脊柱侧弯[讲座]Journal of Clinical Pediatric Surgery February2004,3,(1)：41-47&61,(2)：110-118&138.
[9]American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. The Burden of Musculoskeletal Diseases in the United States[M]. US Bone and Joint Decade organizations,2008:57-74.
[10]柯扬.青少年脊柱侧弯流行病学研究进展[J].中国矫形外科杂志.2009,17(13)：990-994.
[11]刘帆.MR三维曲面重建在脊柱侧弯诊断中的应用价值[D].吉林：吉林大学第一临床医院,2009：1-56
[12]Lonstein JE.Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.Lancet,1994,344:1407-1412.
[13]Soucacos PN,Soucacos PK.School-screening for scoliosis:a prospective epidemiological study in northwestern and central Greece[J].Bone Joint SurgAm,1997,79:1498-1503.
[14]Karachalios T,Sofianos J,Nikolopoulos K.Ten-year follow-up evaluation of a school screening program of scoliosis:is the forward bending test an accurate diagnostic criterion for the screenin of scoliosis[J].Spine,1999,24:2318-2324.
[15]Smith JS, Shaffrey CI, Kuntz IV C, et al. Classification system for adolescent and adult scoliosis[J]. Neurosurgery,2008,63(3):16-24.
[16]Ramirez N, Johnston CE, Browne RH. The prevelence of back pain in children who have idiopathic scoliosis. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery,1997,79(3):364-368
[17]Reamy BV and Slakey JB. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis:review and current concepts. Amer ican Family Physician,2001,64(1):111-116
[18]Somoskeoy S, Tunyogi-Csapo M, Bogyo C,Illes T. Accuracy and reliability of coronal and sagittal spinal curvature data based on patient-specific three-dimensional models created by the EOS 2D/3D imaging system. Eur Spine J.2012,10,21
[19]张光铂,李小荣,魏新荣等.波纹照像在脊柱侧凸普查中的应用.中华外科杂志,1978,25：387.
[20]Adair IV.Moir" topography in scoliosis screening.Clin Orrthop,1977,129:165.
[21]Daruwalla JS, Balasubramaniam P. More photography in scoliosis:its accuracy in detecting the site and size of the curve.J Bone Joint Surg,1985,67-B:221.
[22]Daruwalla JS, Balasubramaniam P, Chay SO et al. Idiopathic scoliosis-prevalence and ethnic distribution in Singapore school children.J Bone Joint Surg,1985,67-B:182
[23]Ashworth MD.Measurement of the rib hump inclination-a potential aid in scoliosis screening. Orthop Trans,1981,5:33.
[24]马迅,赵斌,林庆宽等.山西省对中小学脊柱侧弯患病率调查.中华流行病学杂志,1995,16(2)：109-110.
[25]Murray JF, Nadel JA. Murray and Nadel's textbook of respiratory medicine[J]. Journal of Surgical Research.U.S.,2012:173 45-45.
[26]Davies G, Reid L. Effect of scoliosis on growth of alveoli and pulmonary arteries and on right ventricle[J]. Arch Dis Child. U.K.,1971:46(249) 623-32.
[27]Smyth RJ, Chapman KR, Wright TA, et al. Pulmonary function in adolescents with mild idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Thorax. U.K.,1984:39(12) 901-4.
[28]Schmid AB, Dyer L, Boni T, Held U, Brunner F. Paraspinal muscle activity during symmetrical and asymmetrical weight training in idiopathic scoliosis [J]. J Sport Rehabil. Switzerland,2010:19(3) 315-27.
[29]叶启彬.脊柱侧弯外科学[M].北京：中国协和医科大学出版社,2003：12-25.
[30]Rigo M, Quera-Salva G, Villagrasa M, et al. Scoliosis intensive out-patient rehabilitation based on Schroth method [J].Stud Health Technol Inform. U.S.,2008:135208-27.
[31]Mannion AF, Meier M, Grob D, et al. Paraspinal muscle fibre type alterations associated with scoliosis:an old problem revisited with new evidence [J]. Eur Spine J. Germany,1998:7(4) 289-93.
[32]Weiss HR. Imbalance of electromyographic activity and physical rehabilitation of patients with idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Eur Spine J. Germany,1993:1(4) 240-3.
[33]Keller TS, Colloca CJ, Harrison DE, et al. Muscular contributions to dynamic dorsoventral lumbar spine stiffness [J].Eur Spine J. U.S.,2007:16(2) 245-54.
[34]Dickson RA, Lawton JO, Archer IA, et al. The pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis. Biplanar spinal asymmetry[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br. U.K.,1984:66(1) 8-15.
[35]Guo X, Chau WW, Chan YL, et al. Relative anterior spinal overgrowth in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Results of disproportionate endochondral-membranous bone growth[J]. J Bone Joint Surg Br. Hong Kong,2003:85(7) 1026-31.
[36]Dubousset J. Scoliosis and its pathophysiology:do we understand it [J].Spine (Phila Pa 1976). U.S.,2001:26(9) 1001.
[37]Bialek M, M'Hango A. "FITS" concept Functional Individual Therapy of Scoliosis [J]. Stud Health Technol Inform. Poland.2008:135250-61.
[38]James JIP, Idiopathic scoliosis:the prognosis, diagnosis and operative indications related to curce patterns and age of onset. J Bone Joint Surg(Br),1954,36:36-49.
[39]邱贵兴,仉建国.特发性脊柱侧凸的PUMC(协和)分型系统[J].中华骨科杂志,2003,23(1)：1-9.
[40]成功.借助三维重建建立特发性脊柱侧凸新分型[D].广州：广州医学院第一附属医院,2010：1-80.
[41]李其一.我国的脊柱侧凸分型系统优势明显——浅谈特发性脊柱侧凸的协和(PUMC)分型[J].中国医药报.2009.B03：1-2.
[42]Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, Blanke K, et al. Radiographic results of arthrodesis with Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation for the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A five to ten-year follow-up study. J Bone Joint Surg Am1998;80:807-814.
[43]Bbridwell KH, Betz R, Capelli AM, et al. Sagittal plane analysis in idiopathic scoliosis patients treated with Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation.Spine 1990,15:921-926
[44]Richards BS, Birch JG, Herring JA, et al. Frontal plane and sagittal plane balance following Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation for idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 1989;14:733-737
[45]Roye DP Jr, Farcy JP, Rickert JB, et al. Results of spinal instrumentation of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis by King type. Spine 1992; 17 (8Suppl) S270-273.
[46]Shufflebarger HL, Clark CE.Fusion levels and hook patterns in thoracic scoliosiswith Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation. Spine 1990,15:916-920.
[47]郑新峰.特发性脊柱侧凸的临床分型及融合策略[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2007,15(19)：1477-1480.
[48]邱贵兴,于斌,’Ventura N特发性脊柱侧凸King、 Lenke和PUMC I临床分型的应用比较[J].中华骨科杂志,2006,26：145-150.
[49]邱贵兴.青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的分型与治疗[J].中华医学会第十二届骨科学术会议暨第五届国际COA学术大会骨科教教.1-3.
[50]Qiu Q Zhang J, Wang Y, et al. A new operative classification of idiopathic scoliosis:a peking union medical method.Spine,2005,30:1419-26.
[51]邱勇,朱泽章,朱峰.青少年特发性脊柱侧凸King, Lenke和PUMC(协和)分型的可信度和可重复性比较及意义.中华骨科杂志,2007,27：748-752.27：748-52.
[52]王华东,侯树勋,史亚民.两种特发性脊柱侧凸分型方法比较[J].国外医学.骨科学分册,2004,25(6)：350-352.
[53]俞扬,邱勇,李世怀.支点弯曲位X线片预测三维矫形效果的价值[J].中国脊柱脊髓杂志,2003,13：273
[54]杨绍伟,秦增辉,张穗,胡向群.儿童脊柱侧弯与全脊柱摄影术的应用[J].临床放射学杂志,2010,29(12)：1664-1666.
[55]刘帆.MR三维曲面重建在脊柱侧弯诊断中的应用价值[D].吉林：吉林大学第一临床医院,2009：1-56.
[56]费军,张朝利,金真,王宗晔.脊柱侧凸的影像学诊断[J].放射学实践,2003,18(2)116-117.
[57]彭雪华,何玲,朱铭,蔡金华.脊柱侧弯影像检查的临床评价[J].重庆医科大学学报,2009,34(10)：1421-1424.
[58]刘帆.MR三维曲面重建在脊柱侧弯诊断中的应用价值[D].吉林：吉林大学第一临床医 院,2009：1-56.
[59]Bradford DS, Heithoff KB, Cohen M. Intraspinal abnormalities and congenital spine deformities:a radiographic and MRI study[J]. J Pediatr Orthop,1991,11(1):36-41.
[60]盛文辉.手工测量特发性脊柱侧凸Cobb角的一致性评价[D].新疆：新疆医科大学第一临床医院.2010：1-56
[61]Lonstein JE.Scoliosis:surgical versus nonsurgical treatment[J]. Clin Orthop Relat Res,2006, 443:248-259.
[62]Bridwell KH. Surgical treatment of idiopathic adolescent scoliosis [J]. Spine,1999,24(24): 2607-2616.
[63]King HA, Moe JH, Bradford DS, et al. The selection of fusion levels in thoracic idiopathic scoliosis [J]. J Bone Joint Surg Am,1983,65(9):1302-1313.
[64]Michaela G, Katrin S, Nadja W, et al. Inter-and intraobserver reliability assessment of the Cobb angle manual versus digital measurement tools[J]. Eur Spine J,2007,16:1587-1592.
[65]Timothy RK, Benjamin KP, Michael FO, et al. Reliability analysis for digital adolescent idiopathic scoliosis measurements[J], J Spinal Disord Teeh,2005,18(2):152-159.
[66]Timothy RK, Benjamin KP, David WP, et al. Reliability analysis for manual adolescent idiopathic scoliosis measurements[J].Spine.2005,30(4):444-454.
[67]Natasha RD, Marc JM, Douglas LH, et al. lntra-observer reproducibility and interobserver reliability of the radiographic parameters in the Spinal Deformity Study Group's AIS radiographic measurement manual[J].Spine.2005,30(9):1064-1069.
[68]Antonio DC, Raphael V, Laurent T, et al. Reliability analysis for manual measurement of coronal plane deformity in adolescent scoliosis. Are 30x90 cm plain films better than digitized small films[J].Eur Spine J,2007,16:1615-1620.
[69]Kohchi R, Takebayashi S, Hiroki T, et al. Significance of adventitial inflammation of the coronary artery in patients with unstable angina:results at aryopsy[J].Circulation, 1985,71:709-716.
[70]Dinerman JL, Saldeen TG, Emerson S, et al. Increased nertrophil elastase release in unstable angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol,1990,15:1559-1563.
[71]Liuzzo Q Biasuci LM, Rebuzzi AQ et al. Plasma protein acutephase response on unstable angina is not induced by ischemic injury[J]. Circulation,1996,94:2373-2380.
[72]杜欣,陈立民,肖艳秋.特发性脊柱侧凸Cobb's角与顶椎多变量旋转畸形的相关性[J].中国临床康,2004,8(14)：2763.
[73]于斌,王以朋,邱贵兴.特发性脊柱侧凸患者上胸弯的识别和处理[J].中华骨科杂志,2006,26(5)：342-345.
[74]邱勇.特发性胸椎侧凸上胸弯的认定及其临床意义[J].中国脊柱脊髓杂志,2006,16(3)：165-166.
[75]倪春鸿,李明.特发性脊柱侧凸患者肩部失平衡的临床分析及其意义.中国脊柱脊髓杂志,2006,16(8)：576-581.
[76]Harrison DE, Harrison DD, Caillie R, et al. Cobb method or Harrison posterior tangent method which to choose for lateral cervical radiographic analysis[J]. Spine,2000,25:2072-2078.
[77]Troyanovich SJ, Stroink AR, Kattner KA, et al. Does anterior plating maintain cervical lordosis versus conventional fusion techniques? A retrospective analysis of patients receiving single-level fusions[J].SpinalDisord Tech,2002,15:69-74.
[78]Loder RT. The sagittal profile of the cervical and lumbosacral spine in scheuermann thoracic kyphosis[J]1J SpinalDisord,2001,14:226-231.
[79]Hilibrand AS,Tannenbaum DA,GrazianoGP,etallThe sagittal alignment of the cervical spine in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis [J]. J Pediatr Orthop,1995,15:627-632.
[80]Cannada LK, Scherping SC,Yoo JU,et al IPseudarthrosis of the cervical spine:a comparison of radiographic diagnostic measures [J] Spine,2003,28:46-51.
[81]曹师锋,贾连顺,孔庆毅1颈椎单椎体次全切除后撑开植骨对颈椎曲度的影响[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2002,10：1394-1396.
[82]叶添文,贾连顺.青年非创伤性颈椎生理弧度异常的病因及机理探讨[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2005,13：979-982.
[83]王成林·颈椎生理曲度的X线测量[J]·中华放射学杂志,1991,25：99-101·
[84]Chernukha KV. Lumbar lordosismeasurement:a new method versus Cobb technique[J]. Spine,1998,23:77-79.
[85]郭金明,刘冬娟,张国权,等.单纯腰椎间盘突出与腰椎管狭窄症对腰椎曲度的影响[J].解剖科学进展,2007,3：219-220
[86]郑丰裕.慢性下腰痛患者立位X线侧位片测量及其相关分析[J].中华骨科杂志,1996,16：7.
[87]Keith, H. The Textbook of Spinal Surgery[M]. Philadelphia:Lippincott-Raven Publishers,1997.188-535.
[88]Frez R,Cheng J C,Wong E M,Longitudinal changes in trunkal balance after selective fusion of King Ⅱ curves in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine,2000,25:1352.
[89]孙韶华,马维虎.特发性脊柱侧凸手术中胸腰段交界性后凸的预防[J].浙江实用医学,2009,14(1)：35-36.
[90]刘一,宋之明.特发性脊柱侧凸三维矫形术后失代偿原因及防治的研究进展[J].中国脊柱脊髓杂志,2003,13(5)：318-320.
[91]Mccance S E,DenisF,Lonsion J E,et al.Coronal and sagittal balance in surgically treated adolescent scoliosis with the King Ⅱ curve pattern: a review of 67 consecutive cases having selective thoracic arthrodesis.Spine,1998,23:2063.
[92]Birknes JK, WhiteAP, AlbertTJ, eta.l Adultdegenerative scolio-sis:a review[J]. Neurosurgery, 2008,63(3 Suppl):94-103.
[93]Bernhardt M, Keith H, Bridwell. Segmental analysis od the sagittal plant alignment of the normal thoracic and lumbar spines and thoracolumbar junction[J]. Spine,1989,14(7):717-721.
[94]HoEK, UpadhyaySS, Chan FL, et al. New methods of measuring vertebral rotation from computed tomographic scans. An intraobserver and interobserver study on girls with scoliosis[J]. Spine,1993,18(9):1173-1177.
[95]张雪琴,邓开鸿.青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的胸椎旋转和椎弓根径线变化CT特点及临床价值[J].华西医学2009,24(6)：1418-1421.
[96]高铁军,张光铂,史振才.脊柱旋转测量尺的研制及意义[J].中华外科杂志,1994,32(8)：466-469.
[97]Stephen JT, FRCSC, Bonita JS, et al. Rotations of a helix as a model for correction of the scoliotic spine[J].Spine,1999,24(12):1223-1227.
[98]Wafa S, Francois L, Jean-Luc D. Quantification of three dimensional vertebral rotations in scoliosis:What are the true values[J]Spine,1995,20(7):546-551.
[99]李中实,张光铂.对Nash-Moe法测量脊柱旋转度的定量研究[J].中国脊住脊髓杂志,2(2)：64-66.
[100]张承敏,姜洪和.特发性脊柱侧凸的椎骨旋转、Cobb's角及“弟叮刀背”的关系[J].中国脊柱脊髓杂志,1996,6(1)：34-36.
[101]池永龙,李仲荣,徐华梓,毛方敏.脊柱侧凸上、下终椎和顶椎椎骨旋转的研究[J].中国矫形外科杂志：193-195.
[102]Weinstein SL,Dolan LA,et al.Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis[J].Lancet,2008,371:1527-1537.
[103]张强.青少年特发性脊柱侧弯研究国外进展[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2009,8(15)：1184-1186.
[104]GoldbergCJ,Dowling FE, Fogarty EE et a.l Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and cerebral asymmetry. An examination of a nonspinal perceptual system [J]. Spine,1995,20(15): 1685-1691.
[105]Harrington PR.The etiology of idiopathic scoliosis[J].Clinical orthopae-dics& Related Researeh,1977,126:17-25.
[106]Inoue M,Minami S, Kitahara H, et a.l Idiopathic scoliosis in twins studied by DNA fingerprinting:the incidence and type of scoliosis [J]. J Bone Joint Surg(Br),1998,80(2):212-217.
[107]Riseborough EJ, Wynne Davies R. A genetic survey of idiopathic scoliosis in Boston, Massachusetts[J]. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery,1973,55(5):974 - 982.
[108]Hadley MN. Spine update:genetics of familial idiopathic scoliosis[J].Spine,2000,25(18):2416-2418
[109]Inoue M,Minami S, Nakata Y, et a.l Association between estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms and curve severity of idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Spine,2002,27(21):2357-2362.
[110]Chan V, Fong GC, Luk KD, eta.l A genetic locus for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis linked to chromosome 19p13.3 [J]. Am J Hum Genet,2002,71(2):401-406.
[111]Tang NLS,Yeung HY.A relook into the association of the estrogen receptor a gene (Pvu 11,Xba1)and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A study of 540 Chinese cases[J]. Spine,2006,31(21):2463-2468
[112]Brodner W,Krepler P,Nicolakis M,et al. Melatonin and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis[J]. J Bone Joint Surg (Br),2000,82(3):399-403.
[113]Bagnall KM,Raso VJ,Hill DL,et al. Melatonin levels in idiopathic scoliosis. Diurnal and nocturnal serum melatonin levels in girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Spine, 1996,21(17):1974-1978.
[114]Sadat-Ali M,a-1 Habdan I,a-1 Othman A Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Is low melatonin a cause [J] Joint Bone Spine,2000,67(1):62-64.
[115]InoueM,Minami S, Nakata Y, et a.l Association between estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms and curve severity of idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Spine,2002,27(21):2357-2362.
[116]Yamada K,Yamamoto H. Etiology of idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Clin Orthop,1984, (184): 50-57.
[117]Keessen W,Crowe A, Hearn M. Proprioceptive accuracy in idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Spine, 1992,17(2):149-155.
[118]Porter RW. Can a short spinal cord cause idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Eur Spine J,2001,10(1): 2-9.
[119]Normelli H,Sevastik JA. The length and ash weight of the ribs of normal and scoliotic person [J]. Spine,1985,10:590-592.
[120]郑振耀,唐盛平,郭霞.青少年特发性脊柱侧凸病因研究与进展[J].中国脊柱脊髓杂志,2002,12(2)：139-141.
[121]Heidari B, FitzPatrick D. Model ling of annulus fibrosus imbalance as an a etiological factor in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Clin Biomech (Bristo,l Avon),2004,19(3):217-224.
[122]Zaleske DJ,Ehrlich MG. Association of glycosaminoglycan depletionand degradative enzyme activity in scoliosis[J]. Clin Orthop,1980,148:177-181.
[123]OegemaTR Jr, Bradford DS.Comparison of the biochemistry of proteoglycans isolated from normal, idiopathic scoliotic and cerebral palsy spines[J].Spine,1983,8(4):378-384.
[124]郑斌,周永德.椎旁肌病理与脊柱侧弯的关系[J].中华骨科杂,1995,15(10)：702-703.
[125]Wynne-Davies R. Familial (idiopathic) scoliosis:A family survey[J].J Bone Joint Surg(Br),1968,50(1):24-30.
[126]吴亮,邱勇.脊柱侧凸椎旁肌肌纤维不对称性分布的研究[J].脊柱外科杂志,2004,2(5)：276-279.
[127]Reuber M, Schvtz A, Mcneill T, et al.Trunk muscle myoelectric activities in idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Spine,1983,8:147.
[128]Reid JD, Costigan PA. Trunk muscle balance and musclular force[J]. Spine,1987,12:783.
[129]Yarom R, Robin CG. Studies on spinal and peripheral muscles from patients with scoliosis[J]. Spine,1979,4:12.
[130]王渭君,邱勇.青少年特发性脊柱侧凸发病机制研究进展[J].中国矫形外科杂志,2005,13(5)：380-382.
[131]夏星,李宇清.特发性脊柱侧凸的病因学研究进展[J].医字前沿,2009,38(10)：16-18.
[132]Rigo M,Quera-Salva GScoliosis intensive out-patient rehabilitation based on Schroth method.Stud Health Technol Inform.2008; 135:208-27.
[133]Cowell HR,Hall JN,MacEwen GD.Genetic aspects of idiopathic scoliosis: A nicholas andry award essay 1970[J].ClinOrthop,1972,86:121-31.
[134]Carr AJ.Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in identical twins [J]. J Bone Joint Surg(Br),1990,72(6):1077.
[135]Kesling KL, Reinker KA. Scoliosis in twins. A meta-analysis of the literature and report of six cases[J].Spine,1997,22(17):2009-2015.
[136]Harrington PR.The etiology of idiopathic scoliosis[J].Clin Orthop,1977,126:17-25.
[137]许轶.青少年特发性脊柱侧弯症患者凸凹侧椎旁肌平均肌电比值与Cobb角度相关度的分析研究[J].中国康复医学杂志,2002,22(12)：1078-1080.
[138]游国鹏.青少年特发性脊柱侧弯患者运动功能的生物力学研究[M].上海体育学院,2010,6.
[139]于晓玲,黄泰安,贺晓英.18例特发性脊柱侧弯背伸肌超微结构观察.沈阳部队医药,1997,10(2)：168-169.
[140]吴士文,马维娅.青少年脊柱侧凸患者椎旁肌的病理观察[J].中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志,2008,15(4)：239-304.
[141]王长纯,张承敏,赵健刚.特发性脊柱侧弯肌组织形态学观察及电刺激疗法的应用[J].中国脊柱脊髓杂志,1996,(6)：145.
[142]袁泽农,肖子范,赵安仁.青少年特发性脊柱侧弯椎旁肌的病理学研究[J].山东医科大学学报,1996,34(4)：360.
[143]Mannion F, Meier M, Grob D,etal. Paraspinal muscle fibre type alterations associated with Scoliosis[J].Eur Spine,1998,7 (4):289-293.
[144]梁栋,毕五蝉.脊柱侧弯畸形的外科解剖及组织病理探讨[J].中华骨科杂志,1995,15(7)：462-465.
[145]李祁伟,周永德,吉士俊.实验性脊柱侧弯椎旁肌肌纤维型分布的观察[J].中国医科大学学报2002,31：16-18.
[146]于小玲,贺晓英,黄泰安.特发性脊柱侧弯两侧背伸肌光镜和电镜观察[J].中国矫形外科杂志,1998,5(2)：124.
[147]郑斌,周永德.青少年脊柱侧弯症椎旁肌神经终末支配的观察[J]. Chinese Journal of Orthopaedics,1996,16(6):340-343.
[148]Reuber M, Schvtz A, Mcneill T, et al.Trunk muscle myoelectric activities in idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Spine,1983,8:147.
[149]Kaneke. Histopathlolgic-histochmical studies on back muscles in muscles in scoliosis[J].Jap Orthop Ass,1968,42:13.
[150]Yarom R, Robin CG. Studies on spinal and peripheral muscles from patients with scoliosis[J]. Spine,1979,4:12.
[151]Gonyea W J. Moore-Woodard C, Moseley B, et al. An evaluation of muscles pathology in idiopathic scoliosis[J]. Pediatric Othop,1985,5:323.
[152]Pullman SL, Goodin DS, Marquinez AI, et al. Clinical utility of surface EMG[J].Neurology, 2000,55:171-177.
[153]Farina D, Merletti R, Enoka RM. The extraction of neural strategies from the surface EMG[J]. J Appl Physiol,2004,96:1486-1495.
[154]Onishi H,Yagi H.Relationship between EMG signals and force in human vastus lateralis musle using multiple bipolar wire ecleetrodes[J].Eleetromyogr Kinesiol,2000,10(1):59-67.
[155]杨坚,张颖.表面肌电图在神经肌肉病损功能评估中的应用[J].中国临床康复,2004,8(22)：4580-4581.
[156]黄远飞.运动性疲劳探微[J].湖北教育学院学报.2006,23(6)：84-85.
[157]赵俊.运动性疲劳产生机制及其消除途径[J].湖州师范学院学报.2004,26(1)：85-86.
[158]Moore BD,DrouinJ.The differential effeets of fatigue on reflex response timing and amplitude in males and females[J].Eleetromyogr Kinesiol,2002,12(5):351-360.
[159]卫杰.表面肌电图与腰椎间盘突出症临床表现和疗效的相关性研究[D].北京：中国中医科学院,1-93.
[160]Mohanunad Ali,Mohseni-Band Pei,MartinJohn Watson.EleetromyograPhie Power SPeetral Analysis of the ParasPinal Museles[J].Physiotherapy,2001,87(9):470-478.
[161]Dankaerts W.Reliability of EMG measurements for trunk museles during maximal and sub-maximal voluntary isometric contractions in healthy controls and CLBP Patients[J].Eleetromyogr Kinesiol,2004,14(3):333-342.
[162]吴文,黄国志.表面肌电图用于腰椎问盘突出症疗效评定的研究[J].中国康复医学杂志,2002,9：551-553.
[163]余洪俊,吴宗耀等.急性下腰痛者竖棘肌和臀大肌功能变化的研究[J].中国康复医学杂志,2003,18：342-344
[164]Randy Neblett,TomG,Mayer.Quantifying lumbarflexion-relaxation Phenomenon:theory and clinieal applications[J].The Spine Journal,2002,2(5):97.
[165]Cheung J, Halbertsma JP, Veldhuizen AG, et al. A preliminary study on electromyographic analysis of the paraspinal musculature in idiopathic scoliosis[J].Eur Spine J,2005,14(2):130-137.
[166]Odermatt D, Mathieu PA, Beausejour M, et al. Electromyography of scoliotic patients treated with a brace [J]. J Orthop Res,2003,21(5):931-936.
[167]Zetterberg C, Bjork R, Ortengren R, et al. Electromyography of the paravertebral muscles in idiopathic scoliosis. Measurements of amplitude and spectral changes under load[J]. Acta Orthop Scand,1984,55(3):304-309.
[168]Raymond Wiegand,D.C青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者治疗前后的椎旁表面肌电活动的研究[J].颈腰痛杂志,2005,26(3)：168-171.
[169]王楚怀.青少年特发性脊柱侧弯症患者椎旁肌表面肌电信号频域指标变化规律[J].中国康复理论与实践,2009,15(12)：1156-1158.
[170]梁崎.青少年特发性脊柱侧弯症患者椎旁肌表面肌电信号时域指标变化规律[J].中国康复医学杂志,2009,24(11)：989-991.
[171]Riddle HFV, Roaf R. Muscle imbalance in scoliosis.Laneet,1955,1:1245.
[172]Zuk T. The role of spinal and abdominal muscles in the pathogenesis of scoliosis.J Bone Joint Surg,1962,44B:102.
[173]Redford JB, Butterworth TR, Clements EI. Use of electromyography as a prognostic aid in the management of idropathic scoliosis, Arch Phys Med Rehabil,1969,50:434.
[174]Reuber M, Schultz A, Mc Neill T, et al. Trunk muscle myoelectricaxtivities in idiopathic scoliosls.Spine,1983,8:447.
[175]Alexander MA, Season EH, Idiopathic scoliosis an electromyographic study, Arch Phys Med Rehabil,1978,59:314.
[176]郑斌,周永德.特发性脊柱侧弯症推旁肌肌电活动的观察[J].中国脊柱脊髓杂志,1996,6(3)：128-130.
[177]周永德,郑斌,顾耀明.脊柱侧凸症与椎旁肌病理的相关因素[J].中华小儿外科杂志,2003,24(3)：211-214.
[178]Reuber, M, et al. Trunk muscle myoelectric activities in idiopathic scoliosis[J].Spine, 1983:8:447.
[179]郭秀文.我国优秀艺术体操运动员科学选材与应用系统的开发研究：[博士学位论文].北京：北京体育大学,2005
[180]洪小平.从2001年版国际艺术体操评分规则看现代艺术体操的发展趋势.成都体育学院学报,2001,27(2)：76-78
[181]Konermann w.The spine-a problem area in high performance artistic gymnastics.A retrospective analysis of 24 former artistic gymnasts of the German A team[J].Sportverletz Sportschaden.1992 Dec;6(4):156-60.
[182]王煜,凌蜀琪,易琳.艺术体操运动员腰部结构变异的X线片表现与分析.第七届全国体育科学大会论文摘要汇编(二),2004.
[183]侯金林,王伟平.我国优秀艺术体操运动员脊柱形态的调查研究[J].北京体育大学学报,1996,6：35-40.
[184]李允范.小针刀结合综合康万治疗对运动员青柱侧奋症的疗效观察.2009,5.
[185]Lonstein JE.etal. Voluntary school screening for scolio-sis in Minnesota, J Bone. Joint Sury 1982;64:481.
[187]山田宪吾.脊柱侧弯疤の早期发现,临床整外：1979；14：633.
[188]Drummond DS.etal spinal deformity Ratural history and the role of the school screening orthop clin. North America.1979;10:751.
[189]张光铂,等.学校青少年脊柱侧凸普查与治疗.中华骨科杂志.1989；9：44.
[190]江汉,等.天津市江桥区57所小学在校学生脊柱侧弯患病率的调查.1994；6(14)：362.
[191]丁绍省,张永平.电视透视筛查中小学生脊柱侧弯[J].中国医学影像学杂志,2005,13(6)：470.
[192]刘瑞田,辛崇干.沂蒙山区中小学生脊柱侧弯调查分析[J].职业与健康,2001,17(2)：75.
[193]程斌,李锋涛.西安市25725名中小学生脊柱侧弯患病率调查[J].中国临床康复,2006,20(8)：8-9.