三维编织复合材料力学性能与工程应用研究
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摘要
复合材料的三维编织技术是从20世纪80年代开始发展起来的一种新型复合材料成型技术,它将古老的编织技术与现代复合材料成型技术有机地融于一体,形成了一种具有独特结构的复合材料。应用三维编织技术制造复合材料,从编织、复合到成品,不分层,无机械加工,或仅做不损伤纤维的少量加工,从而保持了材料的整体性,克服了层合板复合材料层间强度和刚度不足的缺陷,显著地提高了材料的整体强度和刚度,也极大地提高了材料的综合性能。目前编织结构复合材料已广泛应用于许多高科技领域,例如体育用品、工业设备、医疗器械、汽车结构以及国防和航空航天等。本文对三维编织复合材料的编织工艺、力学性能和高科技工程应用等方面的问题进行了全面系统的研究。
本文所做工作和创新主要表现在以下几个方面:
在深入分析三维编织工艺和预制件细观结构的基础上,首次提出了一种固定网格法对三维编织工艺进行计算机仿真。采用MATLAB+3DMAX+AutoCAD VBA组合开发平台,绘制了三维编织预成型件的空间网格图和实体图,动态模拟了三维编织工艺全过程。
在对三维编织复合材料基本的单胞力学模型进行分析的基础上,运用三细胞模型,对圆形截面三维编织复合材料的工程弹性常数进行了理论预测,通过数学推导和数值计算,首次提出了一种准横观各向同性材料的概念。这种材料的本构关系中有6个弹性常数,其特性介于横观各向同性材料和正交各向异性材料之间。圆形截面三维编织复合材料即可以看作准横观各向同性材料,这样可以简化三维编织复合材料力学分析。
以Tsai-Wu强度准则的二阶表现形式为基础,提出了一种计算三维编织复合材料矩形截面梁纵向拉伸强度的理论方法。该方法把三维编织复合材料看作横观各向同性材料,从而在确定Tsai-Wu强度准则的各阶强度张量系数时可以进行简化,使Tsai-Wu强度准则能较好地应用于三维编织复合材料的强度计算。
以单向复合材料轴向拉伸强度的统计模型为基础,首次提出了一种计算三维编织复合材料轴向拉伸统计强度的新方法。根据这种方法进行数值计算的结果表明,该方法能较好地预测三维编织复合材料的轴向拉伸统计强度。
首次导出了三维编织复合材料剩余刚度和疲劳寿命的威布尔概率分布函数的表达式,并给出了上述两个分布函数中有关参数的确定方法,为以后进一步研究三维编织复合材料疲劳寿命试验和寿命预测提供一定的理论依据。
通过对三维编织复合材料圆柱壳进行屈曲和应力分析,首次对三维编织复合材料高压储气瓶的临界载荷、强度和应力分布等技术指标进行了数值计算,其结果表明屈曲对三维编织复合材料高压储气瓶使用性能的影响是毋庸置疑的。基于圆形四步法三维编织工艺及上述理论分析,提出了三维编织复合材料高压储气瓶的结构优化设计数学模型,为气瓶在CNG汽车工业中的应用提供了重要的技术保证。
分别用解析法和有限元方法,首次对三维编织复合材料高速飞轮进行了动力学分析和固有频率的计算,给出了飞轮极限转速和固有频率的理论计算公式。由于三维编织复合材料构件具有极高的比强度和比模量,因此三维编织飞轮能够在保证强度的前提下,大幅度地提高飞轮的极限转速,并具有极高的固有频率,满足了飞轮的使用性能。
The 3-D braiding procedure of composites is a new molding technology since 1980s’. In this method, the ancient braiding technology and the modern composites are combined organically to make the structure of composites unique. Using the 3-D braiding procedure in the manufacturing of composite, in the course of braiding, compositing and producing, materials are neither laminated nor machining, or small machining without the fiber damage. This can preserve the global properties of materials and overcome the shortage of laminae with low inter-layer strength and stiffness. the global strength and stiffness of composites are increased obviously, and the comprehensive characteristics of composites are also improved. At present, braided composites has been used in several high technologies, including national defense, astronavigation & aviation, industrial unit, medical instruments, automobile components, sport instruments. This paper goes deep into a thorough research on such subjects as braiding procedure, mechanical properties and high-tech engineering application for 3-D braided composites.
The primary innovations of this dissertation are as follows:
Based on the analyses of 3-D braiding procedure and the microstructure of perform, a type of fixed mesh method is proposed to simulate the procedure of 3-D braiding primarily. On the development platform which is composed of MATLAB, 3DMAX & AutoCAD VBA, the spatial mesh and the solid of the 3D-braided perform are plotted, and the full 3-D braiding procedure is simulated.
Based on the analyses of the basic unit cell of 3-D braided composites, the three-cell model is adopted to predict the engineering elastic constants of the circular-section 3-D braided composites. According to the conclusion of mathematic derivation and the results of numerical calculation, a concept about quasi-transverse isotropic materials is declared primarily. The constitutive equations about this material are defined by six elastic constants. The characteristics of this material are between transverse isotropic material and orthogonal-anisotropic material. The circular-section 3-D braided composites can be regarded as the quasi-transverse isotropic materials. So this can make the mechanical analyses simple.
A theoretic method is proposed to calculate the portrait draw strength of the 3D-Braided composite rectangle section beam based on the second-rank expression of Tsai-Wu rule. In this method, the 3D-Braided composites are regarded as traverse isotropy materials; thereby the tensor coefficients of every rank in Tsai-Wu rule can be decided by predigesting. So Tsai-Wu rule can be applied for the strength calculation of 3D-Braided composites.
Based on the statistical model for the tensile statistical strength of unidirectional composite materials, a new method is proposed to calculate the tensile statistical strength of the 3-D braided composites. The numerical result shows that the tensile statistical strength of 3-D braided composites can be predicted according to this method.
The probability distribution functions of residual stiffness and fatigue life for 3-D braided composites where derived primarily, and the determination method of some parameters in distribution functions mentioned above were given. Definite theoretical bases were presented to conduct fatigue life test and life forecast for 3-D braided composites.
Through analysis of buckling and stress for a composite cylindrical shell, such technique targets as critical load, strength and stress distribution of 3D-braided composite cylindrical shells are calculated numerically at first. These results indicate that the effect of buckling to the 3D-braided composite CNGV is indubitable. Based on the 4-step 3-D circular braiding procedure and the theoretical analysis mentioned above, a mathematic model about the structural optimum design of 3D-braided CNGV is proposed. According to this model, the calculated example shows better effects.
Through the analytics and the finite element method (FEM), the limited rotate speed and the natural frequency of 3-D braided composites high-speed flywheel are proposed theoretically and calculated numerically primarily. Because the 3-D braided composites has large specific strength and specific module, the flywheel can reach a high limited rotate speed enough to satisfy the need of flywheel battery by ensuring the strength of flywheel, and the natural frequency of flywheel is very large.
本文所做工作和创新主要表现在以下几个方面:
在深入分析三维编织工艺和预制件细观结构的基础上,首次提出了一种固定网格法对三维编织工艺进行计算机仿真。采用MATLAB+3DMAX+AutoCAD VBA组合开发平台,绘制了三维编织预成型件的空间网格图和实体图,动态模拟了三维编织工艺全过程。
在对三维编织复合材料基本的单胞力学模型进行分析的基础上,运用三细胞模型,对圆形截面三维编织复合材料的工程弹性常数进行了理论预测,通过数学推导和数值计算,首次提出了一种准横观各向同性材料的概念。这种材料的本构关系中有6个弹性常数,其特性介于横观各向同性材料和正交各向异性材料之间。圆形截面三维编织复合材料即可以看作准横观各向同性材料,这样可以简化三维编织复合材料力学分析。
以Tsai-Wu强度准则的二阶表现形式为基础,提出了一种计算三维编织复合材料矩形截面梁纵向拉伸强度的理论方法。该方法把三维编织复合材料看作横观各向同性材料,从而在确定Tsai-Wu强度准则的各阶强度张量系数时可以进行简化,使Tsai-Wu强度准则能较好地应用于三维编织复合材料的强度计算。
以单向复合材料轴向拉伸强度的统计模型为基础,首次提出了一种计算三维编织复合材料轴向拉伸统计强度的新方法。根据这种方法进行数值计算的结果表明,该方法能较好地预测三维编织复合材料的轴向拉伸统计强度。
首次导出了三维编织复合材料剩余刚度和疲劳寿命的威布尔概率分布函数的表达式,并给出了上述两个分布函数中有关参数的确定方法,为以后进一步研究三维编织复合材料疲劳寿命试验和寿命预测提供一定的理论依据。
通过对三维编织复合材料圆柱壳进行屈曲和应力分析,首次对三维编织复合材料高压储气瓶的临界载荷、强度和应力分布等技术指标进行了数值计算,其结果表明屈曲对三维编织复合材料高压储气瓶使用性能的影响是毋庸置疑的。基于圆形四步法三维编织工艺及上述理论分析,提出了三维编织复合材料高压储气瓶的结构优化设计数学模型,为气瓶在CNG汽车工业中的应用提供了重要的技术保证。
分别用解析法和有限元方法,首次对三维编织复合材料高速飞轮进行了动力学分析和固有频率的计算,给出了飞轮极限转速和固有频率的理论计算公式。由于三维编织复合材料构件具有极高的比强度和比模量,因此三维编织飞轮能够在保证强度的前提下,大幅度地提高飞轮的极限转速,并具有极高的固有频率,满足了飞轮的使用性能。
The 3-D braiding procedure of composites is a new molding technology since 1980s’. In this method, the ancient braiding technology and the modern composites are combined organically to make the structure of composites unique. Using the 3-D braiding procedure in the manufacturing of composite, in the course of braiding, compositing and producing, materials are neither laminated nor machining, or small machining without the fiber damage. This can preserve the global properties of materials and overcome the shortage of laminae with low inter-layer strength and stiffness. the global strength and stiffness of composites are increased obviously, and the comprehensive characteristics of composites are also improved. At present, braided composites has been used in several high technologies, including national defense, astronavigation & aviation, industrial unit, medical instruments, automobile components, sport instruments. This paper goes deep into a thorough research on such subjects as braiding procedure, mechanical properties and high-tech engineering application for 3-D braided composites.
The primary innovations of this dissertation are as follows:
Based on the analyses of 3-D braiding procedure and the microstructure of perform, a type of fixed mesh method is proposed to simulate the procedure of 3-D braiding primarily. On the development platform which is composed of MATLAB, 3DMAX & AutoCAD VBA, the spatial mesh and the solid of the 3D-braided perform are plotted, and the full 3-D braiding procedure is simulated.
Based on the analyses of the basic unit cell of 3-D braided composites, the three-cell model is adopted to predict the engineering elastic constants of the circular-section 3-D braided composites. According to the conclusion of mathematic derivation and the results of numerical calculation, a concept about quasi-transverse isotropic materials is declared primarily. The constitutive equations about this material are defined by six elastic constants. The characteristics of this material are between transverse isotropic material and orthogonal-anisotropic material. The circular-section 3-D braided composites can be regarded as the quasi-transverse isotropic materials. So this can make the mechanical analyses simple.
A theoretic method is proposed to calculate the portrait draw strength of the 3D-Braided composite rectangle section beam based on the second-rank expression of Tsai-Wu rule. In this method, the 3D-Braided composites are regarded as traverse isotropy materials; thereby the tensor coefficients of every rank in Tsai-Wu rule can be decided by predigesting. So Tsai-Wu rule can be applied for the strength calculation of 3D-Braided composites.
Based on the statistical model for the tensile statistical strength of unidirectional composite materials, a new method is proposed to calculate the tensile statistical strength of the 3-D braided composites. The numerical result shows that the tensile statistical strength of 3-D braided composites can be predicted according to this method.
The probability distribution functions of residual stiffness and fatigue life for 3-D braided composites where derived primarily, and the determination method of some parameters in distribution functions mentioned above were given. Definite theoretical bases were presented to conduct fatigue life test and life forecast for 3-D braided composites.
Through analysis of buckling and stress for a composite cylindrical shell, such technique targets as critical load, strength and stress distribution of 3D-braided composite cylindrical shells are calculated numerically at first. These results indicate that the effect of buckling to the 3D-braided composite CNGV is indubitable. Based on the 4-step 3-D circular braiding procedure and the theoretical analysis mentioned above, a mathematic model about the structural optimum design of 3D-braided CNGV is proposed. According to this model, the calculated example shows better effects.
Through the analytics and the finite element method (FEM), the limited rotate speed and the natural frequency of 3-D braided composites high-speed flywheel are proposed theoretically and calculated numerically primarily. Because the 3-D braided composites has large specific strength and specific module, the flywheel can reach a high limited rotate speed enough to satisfy the need of flywheel battery by ensuring the strength of flywheel, and the natural frequency of flywheel is very large.
引文
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