埋入式PBL剪力连接件力学特性及承载机理研究
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摘要
随着新型组合结构桥梁的多样化发展,作为核心部件的PBL剪力连接件分为两大类：开孔钢板焊接在裸露结构上的叠合式PBL剪力连接件、开孔钢板及附属结构埋入混凝土中的埋入式PBL剪力连接件。现有研究成果表明：在理论模型方面,大量PBL剪力连接件的等效承载力模型间的差异较大,而有限元模型中的常用混凝土本构模型则存在显著缺陷,且求解方法的收敛性较差；在试验研究方面,推出试验适用于叠合式PBL剪力连接件,其试验结果在新型混合结构桥梁中应用时偏于保守；在受力机理研究方面,学者们多关注于连接件在加载初期的刚性特征,而忽略了承载全过程中的塑性行为。为此,本文基于试验结果和理论模型计算结果,揭示了埋入式PBL剪力连接件的力学特性和承载机理,主要完成了以下五个方面的工作：
(1)埋入式PBL剪力连接件的试验研究：针对推出试验方法的局限性,基于南京长江第三大桥混合桥塔结合部试验和南京长江第四大桥锚固系统试验的成功经验,通过8组24个试件的破坏试验,对开孔孔径、开孔钢板厚度、横向约束和界面剪切力的影响进行了试验研究；基于试验结果对埋入式PBL剪力连接件的工作阶段进行了划分,并对其破坏形态进行了全面总结和分类；通过各种破坏形态下连接件的承载特点分析,提出了此类连接件的理想破坏形态：未发生外包混凝土破坏的情况下,钢板面附近混凝土榫剪切破坏和贯穿钢筋破坏共存。
(2)基于微平面模型的PBL剪力连接件理论模型的建立：针对混凝土本构模型中参数确定困难的情况,建立了基于遗传优化算法的RBF神经网络参数识别方法,并提出了单轴应力和复杂应力状态下微平面混凝土本构模型的参数确定方法；基于钢板与混凝土间界面剪切力的实测结果,采用三段界面本构模型成功模拟了埋入式PBL剪力连接件中钢板与混凝土间的界面效应；基于上述研究内容,结合动力学显式求解方法,建立了基于微平面模型的PBL剪力连接件理论模型。验证结果表明,此理论模型能精确反映该连接件的承载全过程、各部件的破坏过程和力学特性。
(3)埋入式PBL剪力连接件的破坏机理研究：基于理论模型的计算结果和试验结果对各种破坏形态下混凝土榫的受力状态进行了研究,揭示出各种破坏形态的破坏机理：埋入式PBL剪力连接件中混凝土榫剪切破坏是由于孔内混凝土的三向受压状态保证了其完好状态而产生的；孔内混凝土压缩破坏是由于孔内混凝土所受横向约束较小造成第一、第二主应力的比值过小而产生的,孔内混凝土割裂破坏是由于开孔钢板较薄造成孔内混凝土质量难以保证而产生的。基于此,提出了理想破坏形态在极限承载状态出现的必要条件是：保证垂直于钢板面方向具有足够的横向约束,且开孔钢板厚度应不小于20mmm。
(4)理想破坏形态下埋入式PBL剪力连接件的承载机理研究：根据理想破坏形态下混凝土榫和贯穿钢筋的应力应变状态,分析了两者在各个工作阶段的力学特性,阐明了混凝土榫和贯穿钢筋的破坏过程,探讨了钢板与混凝土间界面剪切力的产生机理和发展过程,分析了连接件的荷载传递历程,从而揭示了理想破坏形态下埋入式PBL剪力连接件的承载机理：在塑性阶段内,钢板面附近的混凝土榫断面的前半部分先开裂,然后裂缝不断发展至贯通整个断面,而孔内混凝土则处于完好状态；在弹性阶段之后,贯穿钢筋逐渐从弯曲状态转化为受拉状态；在承载过程中,钢板与混凝土间的界面效应始终是此类连接件承载力和刚度的重要组成部分。
(5)理想破坏形态下埋入式PBL剪力连接件的宏观力学行为的研究：基于试验结果,进行了连接件的各工作阶段的极限状态和刚度变化情况的影响因素分析；根据回归分析,提出了理想破坏形态下埋入式PBL剪力连接件在承载全过程中的荷载-滑移关系的统一计算公式；基于此类连接件的承载特点,将1.2mm作为设计滑移量,对应的荷载值作为设计承载力,并提出了此类连接件的设计承载力计算公式。计算结果表明,两式的计算值与实测值均吻合良好,建议在此类连接件的工程设计中应用。
With the diversified development of the new type of composite and hybrid bridges, the perfobond rib shear connector (in short, PBL), as the core component of the joint part, is divided into two kinds:the composite PBL whose perfobond rib is welded on the bare structure, and the embedded PBL whose perfobond rib and accessory structure is embedded into concrete. The research results show that there is great difference among many equivalent bearing capacity models of the PBL, and there are significant deficiencies in these theoretical models with the usual concrete constitutive models. It also shows that the push-out test, whose result is proved to be conservative for the hybrid bridges, is suitable for the composite PBL. The rigidity character of the PBL in the initial loading stage is paid more attention, while the plastic behavior during the whole loading process is ignored. Therefore, the mechanical property and load-bearing mechanism of the embedded PBL is studied based on the test results and calculation results, including the following five aspects:
(1) The experimental study of the embedded PBL:Accoding to the limitations of the push-out test,24specimens, sorted into8groups, were tested in the fracture test which was designed based on the joint part experiment of the hybrid pylon of the third Nanjing Changjiang river bridge and the anchorage system experiment of the fourth Nanjing Changjiang river bridge. The rib hole diameter, the rib thickness, the transversal confinement and the interface shear force was tested in this test. The working stages of the embedded PBL were divided based on the test results, and the failure modes were summarized and classified. The perfect failure mode of the embedded PBL is the coexistence of the shear-off failure of concrete dowel near the rib surfaces and the failure of perforated rebar without the failure of the surrounding concrete.
(2) The establishment of the theoretical model of the PBL based on the micro plane model: According to the difficulty of the parameter determination in the concrete constitutive models, the RBF neural network parameter identification method was established based on the genetic optimization algorithm, and the parameter determination method of the micro plane model was proposed under the uniaxial and complicated stress state. The interface effect between the rib and concrete (in short, IFE) in the embedded PBL was simulated by the three-line interface constitutive model. According to the above, the theoretical model of the PBL based on the micro plane model was established with the help of the dynamics explicit solving method. The verification results show that the total bearing process of the connector, the failure process and the mechanical property of each component can be affected by the result of this model.
(3) Study on the failure mechanism of the embedded PBL:The stress state of the concrete dowels under every failure mode was studied based on the calculation results of the theoretical model and the test results, and the failure mechanism under each failure mode was revealed. The results show that the shear-off failure of concrete dowels is caused by the sound condition of the concrete in the rib hole(in short, CRH) under the three-dimension stress state, the compressive failure of the CRH is caused by the small ratio between the first principal stress and the secondary principal stress under the weak transversal confinement, and the dissever failure of the CRH is caused by the poor quality of the CRH with the thin rib. Therefore, the necessary condition of the appearance of the perfect failure mode under the ultimate carrying state is the sufficient transversal confinement and the rib thickness no less than20mm.
(4) Study on the load-bearing mechanism of the embedded PBL under the perfect failure mode:The mechanical property of the CRH and perforated rebar in each working state is analyzed, and their failure process is proved according to their stress state under the perfect failure mode. The generation mechanism and developing process of the IFE is investigated, and the process of load transmission and the load-bearing mechanism of the embedded PBL is analyzed. The results show that in the plastic stage, the front part of concrete dowel near the rib surface cracks firstly, and the crack gradually develops to a shear-break plane, while the intactness of the CRH. It also shows that the bending state of perforated rebar gradually changes to tensional state after the elastic stage; and the IFE is the important part of the bearing capacity and the stiffness of the embedded PBL during the whole bearing process.
(5) Study on the macro mechanical behavior of the embedded PBL under the perfect failure mode:Influence factors on the ultimate bearing state and the stiffness development of the embedded PBL is analyzed based on the test results. The uniform calculation formula of the load-slip relationship during the whole bearing process under the perfect failure mode is established, and the calculation formula of the design carrying capacity with the design slip of1.2mm is established. The calculated result shows that their calculation results are in good agreement with their test result, and the two formulas can be used in the engineering design application of the embedded PBL.
(1)埋入式PBL剪力连接件的试验研究：针对推出试验方法的局限性,基于南京长江第三大桥混合桥塔结合部试验和南京长江第四大桥锚固系统试验的成功经验,通过8组24个试件的破坏试验,对开孔孔径、开孔钢板厚度、横向约束和界面剪切力的影响进行了试验研究；基于试验结果对埋入式PBL剪力连接件的工作阶段进行了划分,并对其破坏形态进行了全面总结和分类；通过各种破坏形态下连接件的承载特点分析,提出了此类连接件的理想破坏形态：未发生外包混凝土破坏的情况下,钢板面附近混凝土榫剪切破坏和贯穿钢筋破坏共存。
(2)基于微平面模型的PBL剪力连接件理论模型的建立：针对混凝土本构模型中参数确定困难的情况,建立了基于遗传优化算法的RBF神经网络参数识别方法,并提出了单轴应力和复杂应力状态下微平面混凝土本构模型的参数确定方法；基于钢板与混凝土间界面剪切力的实测结果,采用三段界面本构模型成功模拟了埋入式PBL剪力连接件中钢板与混凝土间的界面效应；基于上述研究内容,结合动力学显式求解方法,建立了基于微平面模型的PBL剪力连接件理论模型。验证结果表明,此理论模型能精确反映该连接件的承载全过程、各部件的破坏过程和力学特性。
(3)埋入式PBL剪力连接件的破坏机理研究：基于理论模型的计算结果和试验结果对各种破坏形态下混凝土榫的受力状态进行了研究,揭示出各种破坏形态的破坏机理：埋入式PBL剪力连接件中混凝土榫剪切破坏是由于孔内混凝土的三向受压状态保证了其完好状态而产生的；孔内混凝土压缩破坏是由于孔内混凝土所受横向约束较小造成第一、第二主应力的比值过小而产生的,孔内混凝土割裂破坏是由于开孔钢板较薄造成孔内混凝土质量难以保证而产生的。基于此,提出了理想破坏形态在极限承载状态出现的必要条件是：保证垂直于钢板面方向具有足够的横向约束,且开孔钢板厚度应不小于20mmm。
(4)理想破坏形态下埋入式PBL剪力连接件的承载机理研究：根据理想破坏形态下混凝土榫和贯穿钢筋的应力应变状态,分析了两者在各个工作阶段的力学特性,阐明了混凝土榫和贯穿钢筋的破坏过程,探讨了钢板与混凝土间界面剪切力的产生机理和发展过程,分析了连接件的荷载传递历程,从而揭示了理想破坏形态下埋入式PBL剪力连接件的承载机理：在塑性阶段内,钢板面附近的混凝土榫断面的前半部分先开裂,然后裂缝不断发展至贯通整个断面,而孔内混凝土则处于完好状态；在弹性阶段之后,贯穿钢筋逐渐从弯曲状态转化为受拉状态；在承载过程中,钢板与混凝土间的界面效应始终是此类连接件承载力和刚度的重要组成部分。
(5)理想破坏形态下埋入式PBL剪力连接件的宏观力学行为的研究：基于试验结果,进行了连接件的各工作阶段的极限状态和刚度变化情况的影响因素分析；根据回归分析,提出了理想破坏形态下埋入式PBL剪力连接件在承载全过程中的荷载-滑移关系的统一计算公式；基于此类连接件的承载特点,将1.2mm作为设计滑移量,对应的荷载值作为设计承载力,并提出了此类连接件的设计承载力计算公式。计算结果表明,两式的计算值与实测值均吻合良好,建议在此类连接件的工程设计中应用。
With the diversified development of the new type of composite and hybrid bridges, the perfobond rib shear connector (in short, PBL), as the core component of the joint part, is divided into two kinds:the composite PBL whose perfobond rib is welded on the bare structure, and the embedded PBL whose perfobond rib and accessory structure is embedded into concrete. The research results show that there is great difference among many equivalent bearing capacity models of the PBL, and there are significant deficiencies in these theoretical models with the usual concrete constitutive models. It also shows that the push-out test, whose result is proved to be conservative for the hybrid bridges, is suitable for the composite PBL. The rigidity character of the PBL in the initial loading stage is paid more attention, while the plastic behavior during the whole loading process is ignored. Therefore, the mechanical property and load-bearing mechanism of the embedded PBL is studied based on the test results and calculation results, including the following five aspects:
(1) The experimental study of the embedded PBL:Accoding to the limitations of the push-out test,24specimens, sorted into8groups, were tested in the fracture test which was designed based on the joint part experiment of the hybrid pylon of the third Nanjing Changjiang river bridge and the anchorage system experiment of the fourth Nanjing Changjiang river bridge. The rib hole diameter, the rib thickness, the transversal confinement and the interface shear force was tested in this test. The working stages of the embedded PBL were divided based on the test results, and the failure modes were summarized and classified. The perfect failure mode of the embedded PBL is the coexistence of the shear-off failure of concrete dowel near the rib surfaces and the failure of perforated rebar without the failure of the surrounding concrete.
(2) The establishment of the theoretical model of the PBL based on the micro plane model: According to the difficulty of the parameter determination in the concrete constitutive models, the RBF neural network parameter identification method was established based on the genetic optimization algorithm, and the parameter determination method of the micro plane model was proposed under the uniaxial and complicated stress state. The interface effect between the rib and concrete (in short, IFE) in the embedded PBL was simulated by the three-line interface constitutive model. According to the above, the theoretical model of the PBL based on the micro plane model was established with the help of the dynamics explicit solving method. The verification results show that the total bearing process of the connector, the failure process and the mechanical property of each component can be affected by the result of this model.
(3) Study on the failure mechanism of the embedded PBL:The stress state of the concrete dowels under every failure mode was studied based on the calculation results of the theoretical model and the test results, and the failure mechanism under each failure mode was revealed. The results show that the shear-off failure of concrete dowels is caused by the sound condition of the concrete in the rib hole(in short, CRH) under the three-dimension stress state, the compressive failure of the CRH is caused by the small ratio between the first principal stress and the secondary principal stress under the weak transversal confinement, and the dissever failure of the CRH is caused by the poor quality of the CRH with the thin rib. Therefore, the necessary condition of the appearance of the perfect failure mode under the ultimate carrying state is the sufficient transversal confinement and the rib thickness no less than20mm.
(4) Study on the load-bearing mechanism of the embedded PBL under the perfect failure mode:The mechanical property of the CRH and perforated rebar in each working state is analyzed, and their failure process is proved according to their stress state under the perfect failure mode. The generation mechanism and developing process of the IFE is investigated, and the process of load transmission and the load-bearing mechanism of the embedded PBL is analyzed. The results show that in the plastic stage, the front part of concrete dowel near the rib surface cracks firstly, and the crack gradually develops to a shear-break plane, while the intactness of the CRH. It also shows that the bending state of perforated rebar gradually changes to tensional state after the elastic stage; and the IFE is the important part of the bearing capacity and the stiffness of the embedded PBL during the whole bearing process.
(5) Study on the macro mechanical behavior of the embedded PBL under the perfect failure mode:Influence factors on the ultimate bearing state and the stiffness development of the embedded PBL is analyzed based on the test results. The uniform calculation formula of the load-slip relationship during the whole bearing process under the perfect failure mode is established, and the calculation formula of the design carrying capacity with the design slip of1.2mm is established. The calculated result shows that their calculation results are in good agreement with their test result, and the two formulas can be used in the engineering design application of the embedded PBL.
引文
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