醋酸乙烯酯（VAC）、马来酸酐（MAH）及VAC/MAH体系非均相接枝聚合反应的研究
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摘要
本文主要以低密度聚乙烯膜(LDPE)为基体膜，以二苯甲酮(BP)为光引发剂，分别对醋酸乙烯酯(VAC)、马宋酸酐(MAH)以及VAC／MAH的非均相接枝聚合反应进行了系统研究，以探讨相关的接枝反应机理、接枝反应过程以及接枝工艺的可行性，目的在于建立聚烯烃材料本体和表面改性新方法。
对VAC／LDPE体系，系统研究了光接枝反应的基本规律，不同反应参数的影响，并对所设计的不同接枝方法进行了比较。发现利用本文所设计的方法可将VAC快速地接枝在LDPE膜表面，如在光强为5400μw／cm~2，光照3min时，转化率和接枝效率可分别达到70％和76％；聚合反应速率(Rp)对单体的反应级数约为1，而对光引发剂的反应级数为0.76，说明VAC光接枝聚合中链转移反应占相当大的比例。
发现氧气严重地影响光接枝聚合反应，但对本文所用“复合膜”反应体系，主要是反应液中的氧气影响光接枝聚合，而在光照过程中是否用氮气加以保护作用并不明显；在一定的范围内，提高光强和温度有利于接枝聚合反应；反应液越厚越不利于反应的进行；这些实验结果对于反应条件的选择具有指导意义。
系统评价了Norrish Ⅰ型和Norrish Ⅱ型两类光引发剂对该体系的引发性能，发现Norrish Ⅰ型光引发剂有较高的引发聚合活性，但Norrish Ⅱ型光引发剂有较高的引发接枝聚合活性，并且传统的Norrish Ⅰ光引发剂也具有夺氢能力；此外，本文还发现，加入少量水不仅能促进聚合反应，且有利于将接枝反应限制在基体膜表面，这一结果不仅在理论上进一步证明了水对VAC自由基聚合链转移反应的抑制作用，也找到了一种控制表面接枝的有效方法，因而具有重要意义。
系统研究了该体系在光接枝聚合反应过程中膜的交联问题，明确了“光接枝”与“光交联”在反应机理上的“共生性”，发现以Norrish Ⅰ型光引发剂引发反应时，加入单体可抑制膜的交联：使用Norrish Ⅱ型光引发剂时，加入单体则促进膜的交联：这些结果为针对不同的改性用途，从而对膜的交联加以有效控制提供了理论依据。
对所设计的不同接枝方法进行了评价(如同步法，BP-预浸法、BP-预涂法)，发现使用BP-预涂法，不仅能将BP定量、可控地引入基体膜表面，并且还具有操作简便易
北京化工大学博士学位论文用纸三
行的优点。
对于该非均相接枝聚合反应体系，光引发剂(BP)及单体VAC在基体膜表面及内
反_-一、一__一__-‘--一、一/、一、助一一一‘一
靓的分鱼丛远真夔影堕尊性整界，故””及VAC在基体表面的吸附及扩散，在接枝聚
合反应过程中起着十分重要的作用，而BP及VAC的吸附与扩散可通过溶剂来调节，
因此本文详细研究了不同溶剂(包括BP溶剂和VAC溶剂)对接枝反应的影响。发现
与基体LDPE膜亲润性太好的溶剂，如正己烷，导致BP或VAC在膜上分布过深，不
利于表面接枝聚合反应;对膜亲润性适中或较差的溶剂，则有利于接枝反应的进行，
且有利于将接枝反应限制在基体膜表面或亚表面，也影响着接枝链的分布及接枝膜的
表面形态。这些结果对于通过选择不同溶剂，以达到对基体膜不同的接枝及改性结果
具有重要的指导作用。
美芝塑多工迎全廷L旦P旦步接棘界食反应放反座过鱼，造直卫到邀鱼~并在一系
列创新性的研究工作基础上，建立了有效接枝MAH的新方法。
‘一一—一-一_______—--一--一一-一一一一~__一
‘)甩演液法熊扭蝉H少咧娜夔技在些塑膊上，如用3M的MAH/乙酸乙酷溶
液作单体反应液，光照3min时，转化率和接枝效率可分别达到80%和85%;并发现具
有供电性能的溶剂，在受到紫外光照射时，能参与MAH的聚合反应，导致体系转化
率高于100%，这一结果一方面证明了溶剂能与MAH发生反应，而另一方面，则为研
究和开发MAH新型共聚物提供了理论依据。本文亦考察了光强对接枝反应的影响以
及有效波长的范围，发现增大光强有利于MAH接枝聚合反应的进行，进一步证实了
远紫外光是接枝反应的关键因素之一。
2’根据在.MAH的熔点(’3犷_一附近时一转化率及烤稗单夸均亨夔理雯垫二发
见本文进步设计了熔融法光接枝MAH，并对这一工艺方法进行了系统的研容。发
现采用熔融法时，接枝聚合反应可在较短时间内完成，例如，光照3min时，转化率和
接枝效率可分别达到80%以上;增大光强能有效提高聚合反应速度，同样发现远紫外
光是接枝反应不可缺少的因素。实验证明，熔融法接枝MAH具有定量、快速以及体
系简单等优点。
3’基于在不添加光引发剂时，MAH仍有一定的竺挂斡力这二发现之一主冬燮二
步设计并研究了MAH的躬l发光接枝聚合反应，并对自弓_!发机理进系瓦乙深八逐过。
卿抄实MAH在受到紫外米黝时，一鱼肺镇性胜担甲些乡逃到燮」哗
其它单述的替挂里食尽咚考发现县有熏票的理诊价值孕卿剪邑一__咚对解班步接
枝聚合体系和光固化体系中光引发剂的残留问题，开发无光引发剂的光接枝体系及光
北京化工大学博士学位论文用纸三
固化体系起到积极的推动作用。
在分别对VAC、MAH光接枝聚合反应进行研究的基础上，
份接枝体系进行了系统研究，并取得了一些重要结果:
又对VAC乃姓AH双组
~火~一一—~__
l)经FTIR和ESCA等谱图证明，采用一步法光接枝聚合，
This dissertation was designed to study hetero-phase grafting polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAC), maleic anhydride (MAH) and VAC/MAH binary monomer system, irrespectively, with low density polyethylene (LDPE) film as substrate and benzophenone (BP) as photoinitiator. The purpose is to develop new and more effective methods to modify the surface and buck properties of polyolefmes by studying the grafting mechanism of the system and exploring the characteristics of the grafting process.(1) To VAC/LDPE system, the main photografting principles and the effects of various factors were investigated in detail, and the grafting efficiency of different methods was assessed systematically. It was found that VAC can be smoothly photografted onto LDPE film with "film combination" system, e.g. conversion percent (CP) and grafting efficiency (GE) are 70% and 76%, irrespectively, with UV intensity of 5400w/cm2 and irradiation time of 3min. The reaction orders of polymerization rate to monomer concentration and photoinitiator concentration are about 1 and 0.76, irrespectively, showing that chain transfer reaction takes place with much ease in VAC/LDPE system.The photografting polymerization is affected greatly by oxygen mainly dissolved in monomer and photoinitiator solution, and it is not important whether or not the assembly unit is protected by nitrogen during UV irradiation. Increasing UV intensity and temperature appropriately facilitates the grafting polymerization; but the thicker of the reaction liquid, the more difficult for grafting polymerization to take place.The initiating efficiency of the two types of photoinitiators, i.e. Norrish I and Norrish II, was assessed, and it was shown that the former performs higher initiating polymerization reactivity, but the latter performs higher initiating grafting polymerization reactivity; in
addition, the typical Norrish type I photoinitiators possess ability to abstract hydrogen to some degree. Adding a bit of water to VAC/LDPE system is not only helpful to grafting polymerization, but to limiting it mostly within the surface layers of the LDPE film also. This disvovery certifies that water is beneficial to decrease chain transfer reaction in VAC system; and on the other hand, it is proved to be an effective way to limit grafting polymerization to surface regions of the substrate, which is very important to surface modification.Cross-linking reaction of this system was studied and it is clarified that photocross-linking reaction is inevitable to grafting polymerization. When Norrish type I photoinitiators are used, the grafting polymerization of VAC retards cross-linking reaction; but on the contrary, grafting polymerization of VAC accelerates cross-linking reaction by using Norrish type II photoinitiators.Several grafting methods designed were tested (e.g. simultaneous method, BP pre-absorbing method, and BP pre-coating method), and it is concluded that BP pre-coating method possesses a number of advantages such as introducing BP onto LDPE film quantitatively and easily.The absorption of BP and VAC by LDPE film is worth taking into consideration, because the distribution of BP and VAC on the substrate is a key factor to surface photografting polymerization. Their distribution can be adjusted with different solvents of BP and VAC. It is shown that only those solvents whoose solubility parameters (SP) are moderate or a bit low are applicable to restrict grafted chains mainly on LDPE film surface or within its sub-surface regions.(2) To MAH/LDPE system, due to the fact that little work has been done to study photografting polymerization of MAH in literature, so the process and characteristics of grafting MAH were investigated in detail, and three new grafting methods were developed, i.e. solution grafting method, melt grafting method and self-initiating grafting method. The main results are described below:1) When solution grafting method was utilized, MAH can be grafted onto LDPE film fair easily, e.g. CP and GE are 80% and 85%, irrespectively, with 3M MAH/ethyl acetate solution
对VAC／LDPE体系，系统研究了光接枝反应的基本规律，不同反应参数的影响，并对所设计的不同接枝方法进行了比较。发现利用本文所设计的方法可将VAC快速地接枝在LDPE膜表面，如在光强为5400μw／cm~2，光照3min时，转化率和接枝效率可分别达到70％和76％；聚合反应速率(Rp)对单体的反应级数约为1，而对光引发剂的反应级数为0.76，说明VAC光接枝聚合中链转移反应占相当大的比例。
发现氧气严重地影响光接枝聚合反应，但对本文所用“复合膜”反应体系，主要是反应液中的氧气影响光接枝聚合，而在光照过程中是否用氮气加以保护作用并不明显；在一定的范围内，提高光强和温度有利于接枝聚合反应；反应液越厚越不利于反应的进行；这些实验结果对于反应条件的选择具有指导意义。
系统评价了Norrish Ⅰ型和Norrish Ⅱ型两类光引发剂对该体系的引发性能，发现Norrish Ⅰ型光引发剂有较高的引发聚合活性，但Norrish Ⅱ型光引发剂有较高的引发接枝聚合活性，并且传统的Norrish Ⅰ光引发剂也具有夺氢能力；此外，本文还发现，加入少量水不仅能促进聚合反应，且有利于将接枝反应限制在基体膜表面，这一结果不仅在理论上进一步证明了水对VAC自由基聚合链转移反应的抑制作用，也找到了一种控制表面接枝的有效方法，因而具有重要意义。
系统研究了该体系在光接枝聚合反应过程中膜的交联问题，明确了“光接枝”与“光交联”在反应机理上的“共生性”，发现以Norrish Ⅰ型光引发剂引发反应时，加入单体可抑制膜的交联：使用Norrish Ⅱ型光引发剂时，加入单体则促进膜的交联：这些结果为针对不同的改性用途，从而对膜的交联加以有效控制提供了理论依据。
对所设计的不同接枝方法进行了评价(如同步法，BP-预浸法、BP-预涂法)，发现使用BP-预涂法，不仅能将BP定量、可控地引入基体膜表面，并且还具有操作简便易
北京化工大学博士学位论文用纸三
行的优点。
对于该非均相接枝聚合反应体系，光引发剂(BP)及单体VAC在基体膜表面及内
反_-一、一__一__-‘--一、一/、一、助一一一‘一
靓的分鱼丛远真夔影堕尊性整界，故””及VAC在基体表面的吸附及扩散，在接枝聚
合反应过程中起着十分重要的作用，而BP及VAC的吸附与扩散可通过溶剂来调节，
因此本文详细研究了不同溶剂(包括BP溶剂和VAC溶剂)对接枝反应的影响。发现
与基体LDPE膜亲润性太好的溶剂，如正己烷，导致BP或VAC在膜上分布过深，不
利于表面接枝聚合反应;对膜亲润性适中或较差的溶剂，则有利于接枝反应的进行，
且有利于将接枝反应限制在基体膜表面或亚表面，也影响着接枝链的分布及接枝膜的
表面形态。这些结果对于通过选择不同溶剂，以达到对基体膜不同的接枝及改性结果
具有重要的指导作用。
美芝塑多工迎全廷L旦P旦步接棘界食反应放反座过鱼，造直卫到邀鱼~并在一系
列创新性的研究工作基础上，建立了有效接枝MAH的新方法。
‘一一—一-一_______—--一--一一-一一一一~__一
‘)甩演液法熊扭蝉H少咧娜夔技在些塑膊上，如用3M的MAH/乙酸乙酷溶
液作单体反应液，光照3min时，转化率和接枝效率可分别达到80%和85%;并发现具
有供电性能的溶剂，在受到紫外光照射时，能参与MAH的聚合反应，导致体系转化
率高于100%，这一结果一方面证明了溶剂能与MAH发生反应，而另一方面，则为研
究和开发MAH新型共聚物提供了理论依据。本文亦考察了光强对接枝反应的影响以
及有效波长的范围，发现增大光强有利于MAH接枝聚合反应的进行，进一步证实了
远紫外光是接枝反应的关键因素之一。
2’根据在.MAH的熔点(’3犷_一附近时一转化率及烤稗单夸均亨夔理雯垫二发
见本文进步设计了熔融法光接枝MAH，并对这一工艺方法进行了系统的研容。发
现采用熔融法时，接枝聚合反应可在较短时间内完成，例如，光照3min时，转化率和
接枝效率可分别达到80%以上;增大光强能有效提高聚合反应速度，同样发现远紫外
光是接枝反应不可缺少的因素。实验证明，熔融法接枝MAH具有定量、快速以及体
系简单等优点。
3’基于在不添加光引发剂时，MAH仍有一定的竺挂斡力这二发现之一主冬燮二
步设计并研究了MAH的躬l发光接枝聚合反应，并对自弓_!发机理进系瓦乙深八逐过。
卿抄实MAH在受到紫外米黝时，一鱼肺镇性胜担甲些乡逃到燮」哗
其它单述的替挂里食尽咚考发现县有熏票的理诊价值孕卿剪邑一__咚对解班步接
枝聚合体系和光固化体系中光引发剂的残留问题，开发无光引发剂的光接枝体系及光
北京化工大学博士学位论文用纸三
固化体系起到积极的推动作用。
在分别对VAC、MAH光接枝聚合反应进行研究的基础上，
份接枝体系进行了系统研究，并取得了一些重要结果:
又对VAC乃姓AH双组
~火~一一—~__
l)经FTIR和ESCA等谱图证明，采用一步法光接枝聚合，
This dissertation was designed to study hetero-phase grafting polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAC), maleic anhydride (MAH) and VAC/MAH binary monomer system, irrespectively, with low density polyethylene (LDPE) film as substrate and benzophenone (BP) as photoinitiator. The purpose is to develop new and more effective methods to modify the surface and buck properties of polyolefmes by studying the grafting mechanism of the system and exploring the characteristics of the grafting process.(1) To VAC/LDPE system, the main photografting principles and the effects of various factors were investigated in detail, and the grafting efficiency of different methods was assessed systematically. It was found that VAC can be smoothly photografted onto LDPE film with "film combination" system, e.g. conversion percent (CP) and grafting efficiency (GE) are 70% and 76%, irrespectively, with UV intensity of 5400w/cm2 and irradiation time of 3min. The reaction orders of polymerization rate to monomer concentration and photoinitiator concentration are about 1 and 0.76, irrespectively, showing that chain transfer reaction takes place with much ease in VAC/LDPE system.The photografting polymerization is affected greatly by oxygen mainly dissolved in monomer and photoinitiator solution, and it is not important whether or not the assembly unit is protected by nitrogen during UV irradiation. Increasing UV intensity and temperature appropriately facilitates the grafting polymerization; but the thicker of the reaction liquid, the more difficult for grafting polymerization to take place.The initiating efficiency of the two types of photoinitiators, i.e. Norrish I and Norrish II, was assessed, and it was shown that the former performs higher initiating polymerization reactivity, but the latter performs higher initiating grafting polymerization reactivity; in
addition, the typical Norrish type I photoinitiators possess ability to abstract hydrogen to some degree. Adding a bit of water to VAC/LDPE system is not only helpful to grafting polymerization, but to limiting it mostly within the surface layers of the LDPE film also. This disvovery certifies that water is beneficial to decrease chain transfer reaction in VAC system; and on the other hand, it is proved to be an effective way to limit grafting polymerization to surface regions of the substrate, which is very important to surface modification.Cross-linking reaction of this system was studied and it is clarified that photocross-linking reaction is inevitable to grafting polymerization. When Norrish type I photoinitiators are used, the grafting polymerization of VAC retards cross-linking reaction; but on the contrary, grafting polymerization of VAC accelerates cross-linking reaction by using Norrish type II photoinitiators.Several grafting methods designed were tested (e.g. simultaneous method, BP pre-absorbing method, and BP pre-coating method), and it is concluded that BP pre-coating method possesses a number of advantages such as introducing BP onto LDPE film quantitatively and easily.The absorption of BP and VAC by LDPE film is worth taking into consideration, because the distribution of BP and VAC on the substrate is a key factor to surface photografting polymerization. Their distribution can be adjusted with different solvents of BP and VAC. It is shown that only those solvents whoose solubility parameters (SP) are moderate or a bit low are applicable to restrict grafted chains mainly on LDPE film surface or within its sub-surface regions.(2) To MAH/LDPE system, due to the fact that little work has been done to study photografting polymerization of MAH in literature, so the process and characteristics of grafting MAH were investigated in detail, and three new grafting methods were developed, i.e. solution grafting method, melt grafting method and self-initiating grafting method. The main results are described below:1) When solution grafting method was utilized, MAH can be grafted onto LDPE film fair easily, e.g. CP and GE are 80% and 85%, irrespectively, with 3M MAH/ethyl acetate solution
引文
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[2] 肖迎红，车剑飞，吉法祥．等离子体处理玻璃纤维增强PP表面的研究．现代塑料加工应用，1995，7(6)：20-23
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