窄脉冲激光波长测试技术研究
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摘要
随着光电技术和信息技术的迅速发展,光电对抗武器以惊人的速度得到发展,成为世界各军事大国竞争的焦点之一。在“海湾战争”、“科索沃战争”和“伊拉克战争”中,各种激光设备以其精确测距,精确制导和精确打击能力已成为现代战场上重要的武器装备,给战场上各作战平台带来了严重威胁。为了对抗这些威胁,需要及时、准确探测来袭激光的方位、波长和威胁等级,根据探测结果,我方采取措施,对敌方作战的光电武器与装备实施有效干扰,使敌方光电武器装备失灵,削弱、压制、甚至摧毁其作战能力。本论文主要研究来袭窄脉冲激光波长测试技术。
鉴于课题研究的重大意义,本项工作得到国家基金委、山西省留学基金委、山西省教育厅和山西长城微光夜视有限公司的高度重视,分别给与基金支持,希望研究能有所突破,将来列装到各种武器平台,提高我军的整体作战水平,实现“科技强军”的跨跃式发展。
分析了目前激光技术在军用激光测距仪、激光指向器和可调谐激光器的特性参数和脉冲波长测试的发展,提出了基于光纤光谱仪的测试方案。
本论文不仅给出了光纤光谱仪设计的光学结构,详细讨论了各种衍射光栅及探测器的工作原理,特别是CMOS图像的发展、原理和技术参数,还简单介绍了光纤束的基本知识。
在详细分析了窄脉冲YAG激光在大气传输中的各种衰减的基础上,论文分析、计算到达探测器的功率密度和灵敏度,给出了强太阳背景噪声下,如何选择探测器的扫描频率,提高信噪比的计算式,最后还给出了光谱分辨率计算公式。
为了验证光纤光谱仪能否对任意方向、任意时刻来袭的短脉冲激光波长进行探测,我们用激光测距仪和光纤光谱仪,进行了室内、外窄脉冲激光波长散射测试实验;室外近距窄脉冲激光波长直射、斜入射测试实验和基于望远光学系统的远距离短脉冲激光波长直射、斜入射测试实验。实验验证了光纤光谱方案的正确性,说明:光纤光谱仪完全可以在野外、强太阳光背景下对脉冲激光器发出的窄脉冲激光进行准确测试;信号幅度的大小跟入射窄脉冲激光的方向有直接的关系;背景噪声与光纤光谱仪积分时间有直接
With the rapid development of optoelectronics and information technology,optoelectronic countermeasures have been improved tremendously. They have become onecompetition focus of the world giant military countries for their precision ranging, precisionguidance and strike and been widely used in the modern wars such as Gulf War, Kosovo Warand Iraq War, etc. To confront these threats, the timely and exact detection of attacking laser'sorientation, wavelength and threatening degree are indispensable. According to these obtainedinformation we can take effective measures to interfere the optoelectronic weapons andequipments of the enemy, causing them malfunctioned, weakened, suppressed and evendestroyed.
The present study is so meaningful that it is highly supported by National FundCommittee, Study-abroad Fund Committee of Shanxi Province, the Education Department ofShanxi Province, and Chang Cheng Night-vision Devices Equipment Company Limited ofShanxi Province. It is hoped that this study will be applied to the weapons and militaryequipments and raise the whole fighting level of our army, thus realizing a stride developmentof “strengthening the army with science and technology”.
After analyzing the parameters of laser technology in military laser rangefinder, laserdirector and tunable laser, as well as the pulse laser wavelength measurement technology, anew method based on fiber optical spectrometer is put forward.
First, the optical structure of fiber-optical spectrometer design is given. Then, theprinciple of diffractive grating and detectors, especially the development, principle andparameters of CMOS imaging devices, are discussed in detail. Finally, fiber-optical bundle issimply introduced.
After analyzing the transmission attenuation of narrow-pulse Nd-YAG laser beam in theatmosphere, the power density of reached laser beam and sensitivity of detector are analyzed
and calculated. The method for choosing scanning frequency and for increasing SNR underhigh sunlight background noise is discussed. The equation for calculating the spectrumresolution is indicated, too.To verify whether fiber-optical spectrometer can detect narrow-pulse laser in arbitrarydirection and at any time or not, indoor and outdoor experiments of narrow-pulse laserwavelength dispersion measurements, outdoor direct incidence and skewed incidenceexperiments at near distance and those at far distance based on an optical telescopic systemand fiber-optical spectrometer to measure the narrow-pulse laser beam from a laserrangefinder are made. These experiments indicate that: 1) The fiber-optical spectrometer canexactly measure the narrow-pulse laser wavelength under the high sunlight background;2)The signal amplitude has a close relation with the incidence direction of narrow-pulse laserbeam;3) The background noise has a direct relation with integral time of fiber-opticalspectrometer, especially for the visible light;4) With an optical telescopic system, theattacking short-pulse laser can be acquired precisely;5) The signal amplitude is increasedgreatly and the further signal can be detected. However, the limited receiving scope of theoptical telescopic system makes it impossible to detect the wavelength in wide view field.To increase the acceptance angle and incidence area, acquire the wavelength of thebroaden view field and detect the narrow-pulse laser beam at anytime, after the acceptanceangle of one fiber bundle is measured, the principle of reflective taper and optic fiber taper isanalyzed. The measurement method and the results by means of reflective taper and opticfiber taper coupled to the detector with fiber-optical bundle respectively, is presented. Thetransmittance rate of optic fiber taper is tested and analyzed, too. These results show that, ifthe decrease to half of the maximum power value is used as the judging standard, with theoptical taper antenna, the acceptance angle is 16° and optical gain is 10;acceptance angle ofoptic fiber taper is 32° and optical gain is 2. It is shown to be simpler and more effective totest the transmittance of optic fiber taper and fiber plate with the single integrating sphere thanthe double one.The acceptance angle of the fiber-optical spectrometer with a reflective taper at the front
is small, so several reflective tapers are put together to form a combined detection area ofnearly 180°. There are a variety of interferences such as outdoor sunlight, battlefieldinterference light source, electromagnetism interference and cosmic rays. With time durationor spectrum width discrimination, the above firelight interferences can be eliminated. Theapplication of optical instruments and CCD or CMOS linear array imaging sensors willenhance the ability of counteracting electromagnetism, cosmic rays and nuclear radiationinterference.The innovations of the present study are as follows:1 The measurement method of narrow-pulse laser wavelength with fiber-opticalspectrometer is put forward and the technology feasibility is validated through a series ofexperiments.2 The method, in which the taper devices are used to increase the luminous flux,enhance the signal amplitude, broaden detection distance and improve SNR, is given. Thistechnology will lay a solid foundation for detecting the narrow-pulse laser wavelength infuture battlefield. The technical project of fiber-optical spectrometer with a reflective taper atthe front is given.3 To improve the optical gain of optic fiber taper, the method for measuring thetransmittance rate of optic fiber taper with single integrating sphere is presented, and therational testing results are indicated.Optoelectronic countermeasures are one of the most active research fields in electroniccountermeasures. This research makes an exploratory study on the measuring principle of thewavelength of narrow-pulse laser beam in the battlefield. Some basic experiments areperformed. The method of fiber-optical spectrometer with reflective taper is put forward andits feasibility is testified by the experiments. To confront the complicated internationalsituation, it is so urgent to perfect this method and put it into practice.
鉴于课题研究的重大意义,本项工作得到国家基金委、山西省留学基金委、山西省教育厅和山西长城微光夜视有限公司的高度重视,分别给与基金支持,希望研究能有所突破,将来列装到各种武器平台,提高我军的整体作战水平,实现“科技强军”的跨跃式发展。
分析了目前激光技术在军用激光测距仪、激光指向器和可调谐激光器的特性参数和脉冲波长测试的发展,提出了基于光纤光谱仪的测试方案。
本论文不仅给出了光纤光谱仪设计的光学结构,详细讨论了各种衍射光栅及探测器的工作原理,特别是CMOS图像的发展、原理和技术参数,还简单介绍了光纤束的基本知识。
在详细分析了窄脉冲YAG激光在大气传输中的各种衰减的基础上,论文分析、计算到达探测器的功率密度和灵敏度,给出了强太阳背景噪声下,如何选择探测器的扫描频率,提高信噪比的计算式,最后还给出了光谱分辨率计算公式。
为了验证光纤光谱仪能否对任意方向、任意时刻来袭的短脉冲激光波长进行探测,我们用激光测距仪和光纤光谱仪,进行了室内、外窄脉冲激光波长散射测试实验;室外近距窄脉冲激光波长直射、斜入射测试实验和基于望远光学系统的远距离短脉冲激光波长直射、斜入射测试实验。实验验证了光纤光谱方案的正确性,说明:光纤光谱仪完全可以在野外、强太阳光背景下对脉冲激光器发出的窄脉冲激光进行准确测试;信号幅度的大小跟入射窄脉冲激光的方向有直接的关系;背景噪声与光纤光谱仪积分时间有直接
With the rapid development of optoelectronics and information technology,optoelectronic countermeasures have been improved tremendously. They have become onecompetition focus of the world giant military countries for their precision ranging, precisionguidance and strike and been widely used in the modern wars such as Gulf War, Kosovo Warand Iraq War, etc. To confront these threats, the timely and exact detection of attacking laser'sorientation, wavelength and threatening degree are indispensable. According to these obtainedinformation we can take effective measures to interfere the optoelectronic weapons andequipments of the enemy, causing them malfunctioned, weakened, suppressed and evendestroyed.
The present study is so meaningful that it is highly supported by National FundCommittee, Study-abroad Fund Committee of Shanxi Province, the Education Department ofShanxi Province, and Chang Cheng Night-vision Devices Equipment Company Limited ofShanxi Province. It is hoped that this study will be applied to the weapons and militaryequipments and raise the whole fighting level of our army, thus realizing a stride developmentof “strengthening the army with science and technology”.
After analyzing the parameters of laser technology in military laser rangefinder, laserdirector and tunable laser, as well as the pulse laser wavelength measurement technology, anew method based on fiber optical spectrometer is put forward.
First, the optical structure of fiber-optical spectrometer design is given. Then, theprinciple of diffractive grating and detectors, especially the development, principle andparameters of CMOS imaging devices, are discussed in detail. Finally, fiber-optical bundle issimply introduced.
After analyzing the transmission attenuation of narrow-pulse Nd-YAG laser beam in theatmosphere, the power density of reached laser beam and sensitivity of detector are analyzed
and calculated. The method for choosing scanning frequency and for increasing SNR underhigh sunlight background noise is discussed. The equation for calculating the spectrumresolution is indicated, too.To verify whether fiber-optical spectrometer can detect narrow-pulse laser in arbitrarydirection and at any time or not, indoor and outdoor experiments of narrow-pulse laserwavelength dispersion measurements, outdoor direct incidence and skewed incidenceexperiments at near distance and those at far distance based on an optical telescopic systemand fiber-optical spectrometer to measure the narrow-pulse laser beam from a laserrangefinder are made. These experiments indicate that: 1) The fiber-optical spectrometer canexactly measure the narrow-pulse laser wavelength under the high sunlight background;2)The signal amplitude has a close relation with the incidence direction of narrow-pulse laserbeam;3) The background noise has a direct relation with integral time of fiber-opticalspectrometer, especially for the visible light;4) With an optical telescopic system, theattacking short-pulse laser can be acquired precisely;5) The signal amplitude is increasedgreatly and the further signal can be detected. However, the limited receiving scope of theoptical telescopic system makes it impossible to detect the wavelength in wide view field.To increase the acceptance angle and incidence area, acquire the wavelength of thebroaden view field and detect the narrow-pulse laser beam at anytime, after the acceptanceangle of one fiber bundle is measured, the principle of reflective taper and optic fiber taper isanalyzed. The measurement method and the results by means of reflective taper and opticfiber taper coupled to the detector with fiber-optical bundle respectively, is presented. Thetransmittance rate of optic fiber taper is tested and analyzed, too. These results show that, ifthe decrease to half of the maximum power value is used as the judging standard, with theoptical taper antenna, the acceptance angle is 16° and optical gain is 10;acceptance angle ofoptic fiber taper is 32° and optical gain is 2. It is shown to be simpler and more effective totest the transmittance of optic fiber taper and fiber plate with the single integrating sphere thanthe double one.The acceptance angle of the fiber-optical spectrometer with a reflective taper at the front
is small, so several reflective tapers are put together to form a combined detection area ofnearly 180°. There are a variety of interferences such as outdoor sunlight, battlefieldinterference light source, electromagnetism interference and cosmic rays. With time durationor spectrum width discrimination, the above firelight interferences can be eliminated. Theapplication of optical instruments and CCD or CMOS linear array imaging sensors willenhance the ability of counteracting electromagnetism, cosmic rays and nuclear radiationinterference.The innovations of the present study are as follows:1 The measurement method of narrow-pulse laser wavelength with fiber-opticalspectrometer is put forward and the technology feasibility is validated through a series ofexperiments.2 The method, in which the taper devices are used to increase the luminous flux,enhance the signal amplitude, broaden detection distance and improve SNR, is given. Thistechnology will lay a solid foundation for detecting the narrow-pulse laser wavelength infuture battlefield. The technical project of fiber-optical spectrometer with a reflective taper atthe front is given.3 To improve the optical gain of optic fiber taper, the method for measuring thetransmittance rate of optic fiber taper with single integrating sphere is presented, and therational testing results are indicated.Optoelectronic countermeasures are one of the most active research fields in electroniccountermeasures. This research makes an exploratory study on the measuring principle of thewavelength of narrow-pulse laser beam in the battlefield. Some basic experiments areperformed. The method of fiber-optical spectrometer with reflective taper is put forward andits feasibility is testified by the experiments. To confront the complicated internationalsituation, it is so urgent to perfect this method and put it into practice.
引文
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