电离层对卫星信号传播及其性能影响的研究
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摘要
本文以随机介质电波传播理论研究为出发点,围绕电离层对星—地链路卫星信号传播以及星载SAR等无线电系统性能的影响开展相关研究。由相关领域研究现状和存在问题的分析可见,背景电离层对于卫星信号的传播效应比较清楚,而主要问题和困难都集中在随机介质传播和双程传播的理论问题上。所以本文将工作重点放在随机介质波传播理论问题和与之相关的卫星信号传播的电离层效应研究上。由于星载SAR等系统的发展,这些问题成为电离层电波传播和雷达领域的热点问题之一,亟待解决。作为研究工作的基础,本文首先介绍了电离层介质特性和卫星信号电离层传播的基础理论。在此基础上,主要开展了如下工作:
第一、利用时间矩方法和文献中由积分方程迭代方法求得的脉冲传播双频互相干函数,全面和系统地研究了卫星信号穿过电离层随机不规则体层传播的时间特性,包括平均到达时间、脉冲展宽、偏度和峰度(峭度)等。结果表明:①平均到达时间的决定项为载频上的群速传播时间。其它附加时延主要来自背景电离层的高阶色散和不规则体的散射效应,而电子密度不规则体色散引入的附加时延相对较小可以忽略。②脉冲穿过湍动电离层时的展宽效应主要来自电离层背景色散效应和电子密度不规则体的随机散射,而不规则体的色散效应贡献相对较小。③穿过电离层脉冲时间偏度数值为负,表明能量分布偏向上升沿。电子密度不规则体散射和色散效应起决定作用,大于电离层背景效应。④高斯脉冲信号穿过电离层后峰度为负值,即变得比原来平坦。
第二、穿过随机电离层卫星信号二阶统计特性和电离层信道统计特性研究。①数值讨论了平面波脉冲双频、双点互相干函数的有关特性。②利用互相干函数,研究了卫星信号穿过随机电离层信道传播的二阶统计特性,包括相干距离和相干带宽等。结果表明,相干距离和相干带宽随着外尺度和内尺度的增加而增大,而且随着外尺度的变化更快;随着电子密度不规则性起伏的增强而迅速减小。③随后,还讨论了随机电离层信道的功率冲击响应和功率谱函数;引入时间依赖关系,将双频、双点互相干函数推广为双频双点双时互相干函数,用以研究信道的延迟—Doppler散射函数。
第三、建立解析求解随机介质波传播强起伏条件下场的高阶对称矩方程的一般框架和方法。随机介质波传播强起伏理论的发展至今不尽人意,主要困难在于场的矩方程难以求解。本文通过在完全饱和情况高斯解的基础上添加修正项的方法,解析求解了强起伏情况场的(n+n)阶对称矩方程。高斯解部分可以由二阶矩求得;关键是求解非高斯修正项满足的方程,本文提供两种解法:格林函数方法和
On the basis of theoretical study on electromagnetic wave propagation in random media, ionospheric effects on radio propagation and the performance of satellite-based radio systems, such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR), have been studied in this dissertation. A thorough search of the relevant literature reveals that the effects of a deterministic ionosphere on satellite radio signal propagation are well known. However, there are many difficulties and issues unsolved in wave propagation in random media. Consequently, this dissertation focuses on stochastic waves and the related ionospheric effects on satellite radio signal propagation. Partly because of the development of satellite-based SAR, this field has become one of hot topics in both ionospheric radio propagation and radar techniques, and is in urgent need of further study. For background purpose a brief review is given on the characteristics of the ionosphere and the theory of satellite radio propagation firstly. The main topics and results of the study are as follows:First, the statistical temporal behavior of satellite signals propagating through the turbulent ionosphere with the slab of irregularities is investigated using the temporal moment and a two-frequency mutual coherence function (MCF), which was obtained by iteration of an integral function. The temporal characteristics include mean arrival time, pulse broadening, skewness and kurtosis. The results show that: 1) the mean arrival time is dominated by the term propagating at group velocity, and small corrections arise from the higher-order dispersion of the background ionosphere and random scattering of irregularities, but the correction from dispersion of irregularities is negligible. 2) Contributions to broadening of trans-ionospheric pulse are mainly from the dispersion of the background ionosphere and scattering of irregularities, while that of dispersion of irregularities is negligible. 3) The temporal skewness of trans-ionospheric pulse is negative, which means its energy is shifted to the leading edge. The contributions from scattering and dispersion of irregularities dominate over those of background. 4) The kurtosis of trans-ionospheric Gaussian pulse is negative and flattened.Second, the second-order statistical characteristics of satellite signals propagating through the turbulent ionosphere and properties of the ionospheric channel are also studied. 1) The property of two-frequency and two-position MCF for a plane wave is numerically studied. 2) Afterwards, the coherence distance and coherence bandwidth of trans-ionospheric pulse have been studied theoretically and numerically. It is found that they increase with both outer and inner scale, more quickly with the former, while they
decrease quickly with increasing of fluctuations of the electron density. 3) In addition, the power impulse response, power spectra and delay-Doppler scattering function of the random ionospheric channel are also derived and discussed by using generalized two-frequency, two-position and two-time MCF.Third, a general scheme and method for solving the symmetrical higher-order moment equation of wave propagation in random media is developed in this dissertation. The available theory for wave propagation in strong fluctuation cases is not satisfied, where the key issue is in solving the moment equation. By adding a non-Gaussian correction to the Gaussian solution to the n+nih order moment equation under complete saturation case, an analytical solution has been obtained for general strong scattering regime. The Gaussian term is the sum of products of the second order moment, while the equation for the non-Gaussian part can be treated by two methods proposed: Green function method and Rytov approximation. As comparison with the Gaussian term, the non-Gaussian term is so small that it can be reasonably treated by the Rytov approximation. The equation for higher-order moment has been treated without restrictions on both the scattering regimes and incident wave sources, thus the analytical solution is general.Fourth, an analytical solution to the fourth-order moment in general strong scattering regime is obtained, and the ionospheric scintillation and correlation of trans-ionospheric radio signals are treated. The solution is general for it is derived in general strong scattering regime and with arbitrary incident wave. Afterwards, the solution for plane wave is obtained and used to treat ionospheric scintillation and correlation of satellite radio signal with verification by experimental data. It is beneficial to solving fourth-order moment and ionospheric scintillation.Finally, ionospheric effects on signal propagation and the performance of imagery of satellite-based SAR are investigated. By using available model for analyzing ionospheric effects on SAR imaging and some results obtained in this dissertation, and the image point spread function, the ionospheric effects on the resolutions of satellite-based SAR are studied. These effects include image shift, geometric distortion, and degradations of resolutions in azimuth and range direction. In addition, the Faraday rotation effect is also discussed.
第一、利用时间矩方法和文献中由积分方程迭代方法求得的脉冲传播双频互相干函数,全面和系统地研究了卫星信号穿过电离层随机不规则体层传播的时间特性,包括平均到达时间、脉冲展宽、偏度和峰度(峭度)等。结果表明:①平均到达时间的决定项为载频上的群速传播时间。其它附加时延主要来自背景电离层的高阶色散和不规则体的散射效应,而电子密度不规则体色散引入的附加时延相对较小可以忽略。②脉冲穿过湍动电离层时的展宽效应主要来自电离层背景色散效应和电子密度不规则体的随机散射,而不规则体的色散效应贡献相对较小。③穿过电离层脉冲时间偏度数值为负,表明能量分布偏向上升沿。电子密度不规则体散射和色散效应起决定作用,大于电离层背景效应。④高斯脉冲信号穿过电离层后峰度为负值,即变得比原来平坦。
第二、穿过随机电离层卫星信号二阶统计特性和电离层信道统计特性研究。①数值讨论了平面波脉冲双频、双点互相干函数的有关特性。②利用互相干函数,研究了卫星信号穿过随机电离层信道传播的二阶统计特性,包括相干距离和相干带宽等。结果表明,相干距离和相干带宽随着外尺度和内尺度的增加而增大,而且随着外尺度的变化更快;随着电子密度不规则性起伏的增强而迅速减小。③随后,还讨论了随机电离层信道的功率冲击响应和功率谱函数;引入时间依赖关系,将双频、双点互相干函数推广为双频双点双时互相干函数,用以研究信道的延迟—Doppler散射函数。
第三、建立解析求解随机介质波传播强起伏条件下场的高阶对称矩方程的一般框架和方法。随机介质波传播强起伏理论的发展至今不尽人意,主要困难在于场的矩方程难以求解。本文通过在完全饱和情况高斯解的基础上添加修正项的方法,解析求解了强起伏情况场的(n+n)阶对称矩方程。高斯解部分可以由二阶矩求得;关键是求解非高斯修正项满足的方程,本文提供两种解法:格林函数方法和
On the basis of theoretical study on electromagnetic wave propagation in random media, ionospheric effects on radio propagation and the performance of satellite-based radio systems, such as synthetic aperture radar (SAR), have been studied in this dissertation. A thorough search of the relevant literature reveals that the effects of a deterministic ionosphere on satellite radio signal propagation are well known. However, there are many difficulties and issues unsolved in wave propagation in random media. Consequently, this dissertation focuses on stochastic waves and the related ionospheric effects on satellite radio signal propagation. Partly because of the development of satellite-based SAR, this field has become one of hot topics in both ionospheric radio propagation and radar techniques, and is in urgent need of further study. For background purpose a brief review is given on the characteristics of the ionosphere and the theory of satellite radio propagation firstly. The main topics and results of the study are as follows:First, the statistical temporal behavior of satellite signals propagating through the turbulent ionosphere with the slab of irregularities is investigated using the temporal moment and a two-frequency mutual coherence function (MCF), which was obtained by iteration of an integral function. The temporal characteristics include mean arrival time, pulse broadening, skewness and kurtosis. The results show that: 1) the mean arrival time is dominated by the term propagating at group velocity, and small corrections arise from the higher-order dispersion of the background ionosphere and random scattering of irregularities, but the correction from dispersion of irregularities is negligible. 2) Contributions to broadening of trans-ionospheric pulse are mainly from the dispersion of the background ionosphere and scattering of irregularities, while that of dispersion of irregularities is negligible. 3) The temporal skewness of trans-ionospheric pulse is negative, which means its energy is shifted to the leading edge. The contributions from scattering and dispersion of irregularities dominate over those of background. 4) The kurtosis of trans-ionospheric Gaussian pulse is negative and flattened.Second, the second-order statistical characteristics of satellite signals propagating through the turbulent ionosphere and properties of the ionospheric channel are also studied. 1) The property of two-frequency and two-position MCF for a plane wave is numerically studied. 2) Afterwards, the coherence distance and coherence bandwidth of trans-ionospheric pulse have been studied theoretically and numerically. It is found that they increase with both outer and inner scale, more quickly with the former, while they
decrease quickly with increasing of fluctuations of the electron density. 3) In addition, the power impulse response, power spectra and delay-Doppler scattering function of the random ionospheric channel are also derived and discussed by using generalized two-frequency, two-position and two-time MCF.Third, a general scheme and method for solving the symmetrical higher-order moment equation of wave propagation in random media is developed in this dissertation. The available theory for wave propagation in strong fluctuation cases is not satisfied, where the key issue is in solving the moment equation. By adding a non-Gaussian correction to the Gaussian solution to the n+nih order moment equation under complete saturation case, an analytical solution has been obtained for general strong scattering regime. The Gaussian term is the sum of products of the second order moment, while the equation for the non-Gaussian part can be treated by two methods proposed: Green function method and Rytov approximation. As comparison with the Gaussian term, the non-Gaussian term is so small that it can be reasonably treated by the Rytov approximation. The equation for higher-order moment has been treated without restrictions on both the scattering regimes and incident wave sources, thus the analytical solution is general.Fourth, an analytical solution to the fourth-order moment in general strong scattering regime is obtained, and the ionospheric scintillation and correlation of trans-ionospheric radio signals are treated. The solution is general for it is derived in general strong scattering regime and with arbitrary incident wave. Afterwards, the solution for plane wave is obtained and used to treat ionospheric scintillation and correlation of satellite radio signal with verification by experimental data. It is beneficial to solving fourth-order moment and ionospheric scintillation.Finally, ionospheric effects on signal propagation and the performance of imagery of satellite-based SAR are investigated. By using available model for analyzing ionospheric effects on SAR imaging and some results obtained in this dissertation, and the image point spread function, the ionospheric effects on the resolutions of satellite-based SAR are studied. These effects include image shift, geometric distortion, and degradations of resolutions in azimuth and range direction. In addition, the Faraday rotation effect is also discussed.
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