双面金属包覆波导原理及其应用研究
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摘要
本文利用导波光学理论在介绍一般介质平板波导的基础上，着重分析讨论了双面金属包覆波导的特性。双面金属包覆波导由上下两层金属薄膜和夹于其间的导波层构成。由于上下两层金属通常为贵金属金或银，其介电系数在可见光及近红外区域，实部相对其虚部表现为一绝对值很大的负数，故这种结构的波导有效折射率存在范围大,可以介于0和无穷大之间；另外，这种双面金属包覆波导的导波层可以扩展到毫米量级，可有效的激发出有效折射率介于0和1之间的超高阶导模，而这种超高阶导模具有一系列低阶导模所不具有的奇异特性，如有效折射率对激光的入射波长和波导的导波层折射率极其灵敏以及对入射激光偏振态不敏感等等。
本文利用双面金属包覆结构的应用之一是提出了一种高灵敏的空芯金属包覆波导传感器。这种结构由于双面金属包覆，超高阶导模的有效折射率可以趋于零，这表明样品的折射率可不受任何限制，突破了传统波导有效折射率必须大于覆盖层折射率的限制，这对水溶液环境、接近自然状态下的生物样品的研究是十分有利的。特别值得一提的是我们这种结构传感器的待测样品是处于光场的振荡区域，因此我们常常又称之为振荡场传感器。本文第三章详细分析了这种结构传感器的灵敏度，并与传统的倏逝场传感器，如表面等离子共振传感器、长程表面等离子共振传感器、泄漏波导传感器、反对称波导传感器的灵敏度进行比较分析，得出了物理概念非常清晰的灵敏度统一解析式。并将空芯金属包覆结构传感器与现有逝场传感器结构的灵敏度进行了计算比较，研究表明振荡场传感器比现有倏逝场传感器的灵敏度至少高1-2个数量级。同时我们详细介绍了空芯金属包覆结构振荡场传感器制备流程，并利用自编分析软件分析了器件结构参数对衰减全反射峰的影响。为了测试该传感器的各项性能，进行了葡萄糖低浓度的测量和大肠杆菌在不同温度下繁殖实验。实验表明，在实验室现有条件下葡萄糖溶液浓度的探测极限可以达到1ppm，大肠杆菌繁殖能够分辨0到30分钟内生长的动态过程。实验测试说明器件工作的稳定性好，可靠性高，测试成本低廉，有望替代现有倏逝场传感器成为新一代生物传感器的发展方向。
本文利用双面金属包覆波导结构的另一应用是提出了一种能同时测量透明陶瓷玻璃电光系数和压电系数的新方法。透明陶瓷玻璃（PMN-PT）已经被广泛应用于光开关、光衰减器，电光调制器等光电子器件的制备材料。但其电光系数和压电系数的关系并不被完全清楚，目前人们常常依赖一些模拟分析软件来加以研究。当然，如果仅仅研究其电光系数，则方法很多，如用一个光束椭偏技术测量两个正交平面偏振光和双光束干涉的相位延迟，如Mach-Zehnder型和迈克尔逊干涉引起的相位延迟测量两平行平面偏振光的干涉。另一方面，压电系数（CPE）系数的测量常常由IEEE标准技术提供的共振频率确定。然而这些不同的测量技术，要么只能单独研究其两个效应的一个，要么忽略其中一种来作近似测量，基本没有能同时分析电光效应和压电效关系有效方法。事实上在PMN-PT透明陶瓷上施加一定电压时，测量出的参量应该是两种效应的综合结果。为了更详细准确研究该类材料的压电效应和电光效应，迫切需要一种能够同时测量这类材料压电系数和电光系数的简单方法，这就成为了本文第四章主要的研究内容。
Based on basic optical waveguide theory, this thesis dealt with the ordinary dielectricplanar waveguide and mainly focused on the characteristic of the novel symmetric metalcladding waveguide (SMCW) structure. The SMCW structure is composed of three layers,where a guiding layer is sandwiched between two metal films, which are usually made ofprecious metals, such as gold or silver. Compared with the imaginary part of the complexpermittivity of the precious metals, the real part is usually a large negative quantity in thevisible and near infrared region. As a result, the effective index of the SMCW can exist in theregion of0 One application of the SMCW structure is designing a high sensitivity hollow-coremetal-cladding waveguide sensor. Since the effective index of the ultrahigh order modes canapproach zero, which is no longer limited by the conventional limitation that the effectiveindex of the guiding layer must exceed that of the cladding layer. This advantage is extremelyuseful when we research the sample under aqueous environment and natural bio samples. It isneed to mention here the detected samples are placed in the guiding layer where oscillatingelectromagnetic field propagates, so the proposed sensor is also known as the oscillating wavesensor. In the third paragraph, the sensitivity of the hollow-core metal-cladding waveguidesensor and the traditional SPR sensor, long range SPR sensor, leak waveguide sensors andanti-symmetric waveguide are deduced and analyzed theoretically, and we obtained ananalytical expression for the sensitivity with clear physical insight. Numerical comparison with those evanescent field sensors, the sensitivity of the new biosensor is increased by atleast two orders of magnitude. Meanwhile, we presents the detailed production process of thehollow-core metal-cladding waveguide sensor, and analysis the impact of the structureparameter on the ATR spectrum via self made software. Furthermore, the growth of E. ColiO157:H7under different temperature and concentration of diluted glucose solution are alsodetected to demonstrate the sensitivity and response time of the sensor experimentally.Experimental results show that new biosensor is capable of directly detecting concentration ofglucose as low as1ppm, and real-time monition of growth of E. Coli O157:H7under thelaboratory conditions. The new biosensor has a good application potential owing to itsadvantages such as good stability, high reliability and low cost.
The other application of the SMCW structure in this thesis is a new scheme to measurethe electro-optical (EO) and converse-piezoelectric (CPE) coefficients of the PMN-PTceramics simultaneously. Despite its extensive application in optical switch, opticalattenuation, electro-optic modulators and other optoelectronic devices, the values of EO andCPE coefficients of PMN-PT have not been completely known and usually depend on anumber of simulation software. If only consider the EO coefficients, they can be determinedby one-beam-ellipsometric technique for measuring the induced phase retardation betweentwo orthogonal plane-polarized lights and by two-beam-interferometric arrangements, such asMach-Zehnder and Michelson interferometers, for measuring the interference between twoparallel plane-polarized lights. On the other hand, the CPE coefficients are always determinedfrom the resonance frequencies by the IEEE standard technique. Diverse as measurementtechniques are, they can be characterized by one common shortage, namely involving onlyone effect. There is no effective way to analyze the EO and CPE coefficients simultaneously,while the variation of the detected quantity should be the results of both the variation inrefractive index due to EO effect and the change in sample thickness resulting from the CPEeffect, when an electric field is applied to PMN-PT ceramics. Therefore, it is highly expectedthat a simple and effective method to measure the EO and CPE coefficients of PMN-PTceramics simultaneously. This is what we studied in the fourth paragraph of the thesis.
本文利用双面金属包覆结构的应用之一是提出了一种高灵敏的空芯金属包覆波导传感器。这种结构由于双面金属包覆，超高阶导模的有效折射率可以趋于零，这表明样品的折射率可不受任何限制，突破了传统波导有效折射率必须大于覆盖层折射率的限制，这对水溶液环境、接近自然状态下的生物样品的研究是十分有利的。特别值得一提的是我们这种结构传感器的待测样品是处于光场的振荡区域，因此我们常常又称之为振荡场传感器。本文第三章详细分析了这种结构传感器的灵敏度，并与传统的倏逝场传感器，如表面等离子共振传感器、长程表面等离子共振传感器、泄漏波导传感器、反对称波导传感器的灵敏度进行比较分析，得出了物理概念非常清晰的灵敏度统一解析式。并将空芯金属包覆结构传感器与现有逝场传感器结构的灵敏度进行了计算比较，研究表明振荡场传感器比现有倏逝场传感器的灵敏度至少高1-2个数量级。同时我们详细介绍了空芯金属包覆结构振荡场传感器制备流程，并利用自编分析软件分析了器件结构参数对衰减全反射峰的影响。为了测试该传感器的各项性能，进行了葡萄糖低浓度的测量和大肠杆菌在不同温度下繁殖实验。实验表明，在实验室现有条件下葡萄糖溶液浓度的探测极限可以达到1ppm，大肠杆菌繁殖能够分辨0到30分钟内生长的动态过程。实验测试说明器件工作的稳定性好，可靠性高，测试成本低廉，有望替代现有倏逝场传感器成为新一代生物传感器的发展方向。
本文利用双面金属包覆波导结构的另一应用是提出了一种能同时测量透明陶瓷玻璃电光系数和压电系数的新方法。透明陶瓷玻璃（PMN-PT）已经被广泛应用于光开关、光衰减器，电光调制器等光电子器件的制备材料。但其电光系数和压电系数的关系并不被完全清楚，目前人们常常依赖一些模拟分析软件来加以研究。当然，如果仅仅研究其电光系数，则方法很多，如用一个光束椭偏技术测量两个正交平面偏振光和双光束干涉的相位延迟，如Mach-Zehnder型和迈克尔逊干涉引起的相位延迟测量两平行平面偏振光的干涉。另一方面，压电系数（CPE）系数的测量常常由IEEE标准技术提供的共振频率确定。然而这些不同的测量技术，要么只能单独研究其两个效应的一个，要么忽略其中一种来作近似测量，基本没有能同时分析电光效应和压电效关系有效方法。事实上在PMN-PT透明陶瓷上施加一定电压时，测量出的参量应该是两种效应的综合结果。为了更详细准确研究该类材料的压电效应和电光效应，迫切需要一种能够同时测量这类材料压电系数和电光系数的简单方法，这就成为了本文第四章主要的研究内容。
Based on basic optical waveguide theory, this thesis dealt with the ordinary dielectricplanar waveguide and mainly focused on the characteristic of the novel symmetric metalcladding waveguide (SMCW) structure. The SMCW structure is composed of three layers,where a guiding layer is sandwiched between two metal films, which are usually made ofprecious metals, such as gold or silver. Compared with the imaginary part of the complexpermittivity of the precious metals, the real part is usually a large negative quantity in thevisible and near infrared region. As a result, the effective index of the SMCW can exist in theregion of0
The other application of the SMCW structure in this thesis is a new scheme to measurethe electro-optical (EO) and converse-piezoelectric (CPE) coefficients of the PMN-PTceramics simultaneously. Despite its extensive application in optical switch, opticalattenuation, electro-optic modulators and other optoelectronic devices, the values of EO andCPE coefficients of PMN-PT have not been completely known and usually depend on anumber of simulation software. If only consider the EO coefficients, they can be determinedby one-beam-ellipsometric technique for measuring the induced phase retardation betweentwo orthogonal plane-polarized lights and by two-beam-interferometric arrangements, such asMach-Zehnder and Michelson interferometers, for measuring the interference between twoparallel plane-polarized lights. On the other hand, the CPE coefficients are always determinedfrom the resonance frequencies by the IEEE standard technique. Diverse as measurementtechniques are, they can be characterized by one common shortage, namely involving onlyone effect. There is no effective way to analyze the EO and CPE coefficients simultaneously,while the variation of the detected quantity should be the results of both the variation inrefractive index due to EO effect and the change in sample thickness resulting from the CPEeffect, when an electric field is applied to PMN-PT ceramics. Therefore, it is highly expectedthat a simple and effective method to measure the EO and CPE coefficients of PMN-PTceramics simultaneously. This is what we studied in the fourth paragraph of the thesis.
引文
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