吉林农大白鹅肉用品系选育及品系纯度DNA指纹分析研究
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摘要
本文对吉林农大白鹅三个新品系中的肉用品系特性进行了深入研究，并利用5对微卫星DNA(SSR)引物，对吉林农大白鹅所属的肉用品系、绒用品系、蛋用品系三个新品系共有60个体的纯度进行检测，计算了遗传杂合度(H)、多态信息含量(PIC)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、奈氏遗传距离和奈氏标准遗传距离；采用UPGMA和NJ方法，分析品系内和品系间的遗传距离。结果如下：
1、吉林农大白鹅肉用品系，采用小群闭锁、同胞测定、指数选择等方法，历经5个世代的精心选育，体形外貌、体重体尺主要性能指标已达到品系原设计标准。标准差逐渐减小，品系的平均近交系数为14.49％，品系纯度已达理论标准(近交系数12％)。
2、肉用、绒用、蛋用三个品系的群体平均杂合度(H)，分别为0.34949、0.34436、0.30590，平均纯合度为0.67(用杂合度来计算)，说明经过5个世代的精心选育，三个品系的基因已经达到一定纯合。
3、品系内的个体间遗传距离介于0.0521-0.5891，品系间遗传距离介于1.3496-2.0016，并按UPGMA和NJ两种聚类分析进行聚类。肉用品系与绒用品系先聚在一起，然后与蛋用品系聚在一起。
The object of the research was the three new lines of nuclear group of JiLin Agricultural White Goose(meat line, feather line and egg line). The new line of meat production was studied to improve meat production through five generations by means of family selection. And the purity of these three new lines ( sixty populations) was detected using five microsatellite DNA primers recommended by Canada schooler. The genetic heterozygosity ("H"), polymorphism information contention ("PIC"), numbers of effective alleles ("Ne"), genetic distance among geese breeds were computed and dendrogram were constructed to evaluate the genetic variability within breeds and genetic relationships among breeds. The results were as follows: .
The meat line was selected for increasing meat production through five generations by method of such as small occlusion breed, compatriot measurement, indice selection and amily selection. A meat production line was successfully bred with identical figure and appearance, stable productive and genetic performance. Purity of every line gene allel has reached to some extend highly level when standard error decreased step by step for developing selection slowly from the fourth generation to the fifth generation. Average inbreeding coefficient of the meat line was up to 14.49%, which was identical with theoretic criterion (12%).
All of five microsatellite primers adopted can be amplified effectively and produce polymorphic bands. DNA fingerprinting maps of JiLin Agricultural University White Goose were drawn. The genetic variability of the three new lines was low obviously. Genetic heterozygosity ("H") of the lines was 0.34949, 0.34436, 0.30590 respectively. Average purity of the three lines was 0.67(based on "H"). The results indicated that purity of these genes of the lines was high through five
generations.
The genetic distance (D) was calculated based on it by using Phylogenetic Computer Tools soft among three populations and sixty individuals.The genetic distances were between 1.3496 and 2.0016 in three lines and between 0.0521 and 0.5891 in sixty individuals. The genetic distance between meat line and feather line was nearest,meat line and next to egg line.
Compared to traditional quantity genetic measurement to acquiring line purity, microsatellite technique had the same results. But it had some advantages over traditional method. Its character was no wasting time, high efficiency and good accurateness. So a lot of money and labors could be saved. This is originality of the thesis.
1、吉林农大白鹅肉用品系，采用小群闭锁、同胞测定、指数选择等方法，历经5个世代的精心选育，体形外貌、体重体尺主要性能指标已达到品系原设计标准。标准差逐渐减小，品系的平均近交系数为14.49％，品系纯度已达理论标准(近交系数12％)。
2、肉用、绒用、蛋用三个品系的群体平均杂合度(H)，分别为0.34949、0.34436、0.30590，平均纯合度为0.67(用杂合度来计算)，说明经过5个世代的精心选育，三个品系的基因已经达到一定纯合。
3、品系内的个体间遗传距离介于0.0521-0.5891，品系间遗传距离介于1.3496-2.0016，并按UPGMA和NJ两种聚类分析进行聚类。肉用品系与绒用品系先聚在一起，然后与蛋用品系聚在一起。
The object of the research was the three new lines of nuclear group of JiLin Agricultural White Goose(meat line, feather line and egg line). The new line of meat production was studied to improve meat production through five generations by means of family selection. And the purity of these three new lines ( sixty populations) was detected using five microsatellite DNA primers recommended by Canada schooler. The genetic heterozygosity ("H"), polymorphism information contention ("PIC"), numbers of effective alleles ("Ne"), genetic distance among geese breeds were computed and dendrogram were constructed to evaluate the genetic variability within breeds and genetic relationships among breeds. The results were as follows: .
The meat line was selected for increasing meat production through five generations by method of such as small occlusion breed, compatriot measurement, indice selection and amily selection. A meat production line was successfully bred with identical figure and appearance, stable productive and genetic performance. Purity of every line gene allel has reached to some extend highly level when standard error decreased step by step for developing selection slowly from the fourth generation to the fifth generation. Average inbreeding coefficient of the meat line was up to 14.49%, which was identical with theoretic criterion (12%).
All of five microsatellite primers adopted can be amplified effectively and produce polymorphic bands. DNA fingerprinting maps of JiLin Agricultural University White Goose were drawn. The genetic variability of the three new lines was low obviously. Genetic heterozygosity ("H") of the lines was 0.34949, 0.34436, 0.30590 respectively. Average purity of the three lines was 0.67(based on "H"). The results indicated that purity of these genes of the lines was high through five
generations.
The genetic distance (D) was calculated based on it by using Phylogenetic Computer Tools soft among three populations and sixty individuals.The genetic distances were between 1.3496 and 2.0016 in three lines and between 0.0521 and 0.5891 in sixty individuals. The genetic distance between meat line and feather line was nearest,meat line and next to egg line.
Compared to traditional quantity genetic measurement to acquiring line purity, microsatellite technique had the same results. But it had some advantages over traditional method. Its character was no wasting time, high efficiency and good accurateness. So a lot of money and labors could be saved. This is originality of the thesis.
引文
[1]曾凡同等．养鹅全书．四川：四川科技出版社，1997
[2]赵万里．中国鹅业发展历程及未来发展思路冲国禽业导刊，2000，17(9)：7-9
[3]陈育新．重视鹅的育种促进鹅为发展．广西畜牧兽医，1997，13(3)：15-16
[4]刘伟信等．鹅遗传育种研究进展．中国畜牧杂志，1999，35(5)：60--61
[5]《中国家禽品种志》编写组．中国家禽品种志，上海：上海科学技术出版社，1989：107-132
[6]曲湘勇，毛战生等．不同体重对溆浦鹅生产肥肝的影响．当代畜牧，(1)：47-50
[7]曲湘勇等．狮头鹅早期产肝性能试验．中国家禽，1999，21(6)：18
[8]陈育新等．中国水禽．北京：农业出版社，1990
[9]祁永红等编译．在肉鹅业中各种性状的遗传和经济效益评估．中国家禽，2001，23(13)：35-36
[10]吴常信．杂种优势在优质鸡育种中的应用．第五届优质鸡的改良生产及发展研讨会论文集，1998：1-4
[11]孟千湖等．中国的家禽遗传资源与家禽育种．中国家禽，1999，21(3)：38-40
[12]张连连等．四季鹅与本地鹅杂交试验．畜牧兽医，1992，24(5)：210
[13]段宝法等．四川白鹅冬季饲养及杂交利用的研究．中国家禽，1993(2)：16-18
[14]姜小雨等．四川白鹅生产性能的测定．第六次全国家禽学术讨论会论文集，1993：366-367
[15]杨茂成等．中国白鹅主要品种间配合力测定．畜牧兽医学报，1993，24(5)：423429
[16]赵万里等．隆昌鹅和以其为母本的杂交后代的产肉及产肝性能．中国家禽，1994(5)：21-23
[17]谢庄等．四川白鹅与太湖鹅的杂交效应分析．畜牧兽医，1993，6：266-267
[18]王元林等．南京农学院报，1983，(3)：97-99
[19]吴译夫等．中国畜牧杂志，1989，25(1)：26-27
[20]ValentaM. Anim. Blood Grps Biochem. Genet., 1978,9:129-132
[21]张淑君等．鹅血浆蛋白酶多态性研究．山东家禽，1992(1)：3-5
[22]金润谦等．畜牧科技进展．北京农业科技出版社，1994，49—60
[23]郝家胜等．第八次全国动物遗传育种学术讲座会论文集，1995，106-109
[24]史宪伟等．第八次全国家禽学术讲座会论文集，1997，55-46
[25]高波．新太湖鹅不同世代肉用性能改进效果及趾PD和酶活性分析．扬州大学硕士论文，2000
[26]毛国祥，赵万里．随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术在鹅育种上的应用．中国家禽(2001)，23(8)：47-49
[27]潘庆杰，曲娟娟，沈伟．鹅的产蛋性能RAPD标记研究．第11次全国动物遗传育种学术会议论文集(2001)：106-110
[28]郝家胜．中国鹅品种起源、分化的RAPD研究．博士论文，南京农业大学，1977
[29]郝家胜，周开业冲国鹅5个品种遗传多样性的随机扩增多态性分析
[30]李亮，朱庆．微卫星标记及其在家禽遗传育种中的应用．中国家禽，2000，22(8)：32-33
[31]Tauta D. Hypervariablity of simple sequence as a general source for polymorphic DNA markers. Nuclei Acids Res, 1989,17:6463-6471
[32]王丽娟．微卫星DNA及其PCR技术的进展，国外医学分子生物学分册，18(4)：169-173
[33]单雪松．奶牛weaver基因及其连锁微卫星位点结构、特性和应用的研究．博士论文，中国农业大学，2000
[34]吴伟等．吉林白鹅遗传参数的研究．第11次全国动物遗传育种学术会议论文集(2001)：116-119
[35]孟安明．1994，畜禽DNA指纹分析讲议
[36]J. C. Cathey, J. A. DeWoody, and L. M. Smith, Microsatellite Markers in Canada Geese(Branta Canadensis),The Journal of Heredity, 1998:89(2)
[37]黄晓明，胡向阳，宗卉等．1995，二核苷酸重复多态性的非同位素检测及其在基因诊断中的应用．遗传学报，22(2)：81-85
[38]里得伍克，里姆斯BD．赵大健，孙存，齐义鹏．核酸电泳技术[M]．北京：科学出版社，1989
[39]樊斌等．微卫星标记检测遗传多样性的原理和方法[C]．第十次全国动物遗传育种学术论会论文集，1999，32-36
[40]秦树臻．太湖猪核DNA和线粒体DNA遗传变异的研究：[学位论文]南京师范大学，1994
[41]Takezaki N, and Nei M. Gentetic distance and reconstruction of phylogenetic trees from microsatellite DNA[J]. Genetics, 1996, 144: 389-399.
[42]Nei M. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics[C]. New York: Columbia University Press,
[43]Nei,M. et al., 1983 Accurancy of estimated phylogenetic trees from molecular data. Journal of Molecular Evolution. 19:153-170
[44]Nei,M. et al. 1972, Genetic distances between populations. American Nature. 106:283-292
[45]Nei,M. et al., 1996,Reconstruction of phylogenetic trees from microsatellite (STR)loci. Animal Genefics,27(Supplement2): 1-3
[46]家畜育种学，内蒙古农牧学院主编旅业出版社，1983
[47]孙飞舟．采用微卫星DNA标记评估中国地方猪种遗传多样性．博士论文，中国农业大学，2002
[48]李东等．中国家禽质量性状在育种和生产中的应用．中国农业大学出版社，1997
[49]张细权．畜禽品种间遗传距离测定精确度的影响因素[J]．Anmal Biotechnology Bulletin,1998,185-188．
[2]赵万里．中国鹅业发展历程及未来发展思路冲国禽业导刊，2000，17(9)：7-9
[3]陈育新．重视鹅的育种促进鹅为发展．广西畜牧兽医，1997，13(3)：15-16
[4]刘伟信等．鹅遗传育种研究进展．中国畜牧杂志，1999，35(5)：60--61
[5]《中国家禽品种志》编写组．中国家禽品种志，上海：上海科学技术出版社，1989：107-132
[6]曲湘勇，毛战生等．不同体重对溆浦鹅生产肥肝的影响．当代畜牧，(1)：47-50
[7]曲湘勇等．狮头鹅早期产肝性能试验．中国家禽，1999，21(6)：18
[8]陈育新等．中国水禽．北京：农业出版社，1990
[9]祁永红等编译．在肉鹅业中各种性状的遗传和经济效益评估．中国家禽，2001，23(13)：35-36
[10]吴常信．杂种优势在优质鸡育种中的应用．第五届优质鸡的改良生产及发展研讨会论文集，1998：1-4
[11]孟千湖等．中国的家禽遗传资源与家禽育种．中国家禽，1999，21(3)：38-40
[12]张连连等．四季鹅与本地鹅杂交试验．畜牧兽医，1992，24(5)：210
[13]段宝法等．四川白鹅冬季饲养及杂交利用的研究．中国家禽，1993(2)：16-18
[14]姜小雨等．四川白鹅生产性能的测定．第六次全国家禽学术讨论会论文集，1993：366-367
[15]杨茂成等．中国白鹅主要品种间配合力测定．畜牧兽医学报，1993，24(5)：423429
[16]赵万里等．隆昌鹅和以其为母本的杂交后代的产肉及产肝性能．中国家禽，1994(5)：21-23
[17]谢庄等．四川白鹅与太湖鹅的杂交效应分析．畜牧兽医，1993，6：266-267
[18]王元林等．南京农学院报，1983，(3)：97-99
[19]吴译夫等．中国畜牧杂志，1989，25(1)：26-27
[20]ValentaM. Anim. Blood Grps Biochem. Genet., 1978,9:129-132
[21]张淑君等．鹅血浆蛋白酶多态性研究．山东家禽，1992(1)：3-5
[22]金润谦等．畜牧科技进展．北京农业科技出版社，1994，49—60
[23]郝家胜等．第八次全国动物遗传育种学术讲座会论文集，1995，106-109
[24]史宪伟等．第八次全国家禽学术讲座会论文集，1997，55-46
[25]高波．新太湖鹅不同世代肉用性能改进效果及趾PD和酶活性分析．扬州大学硕士论文，2000
[26]毛国祥，赵万里．随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术在鹅育种上的应用．中国家禽(2001)，23(8)：47-49
[27]潘庆杰，曲娟娟，沈伟．鹅的产蛋性能RAPD标记研究．第11次全国动物遗传育种学术会议论文集(2001)：106-110
[28]郝家胜．中国鹅品种起源、分化的RAPD研究．博士论文，南京农业大学，1977
[29]郝家胜，周开业冲国鹅5个品种遗传多样性的随机扩增多态性分析
[30]李亮，朱庆．微卫星标记及其在家禽遗传育种中的应用．中国家禽，2000，22(8)：32-33
[31]Tauta D. Hypervariablity of simple sequence as a general source for polymorphic DNA markers. Nuclei Acids Res, 1989,17:6463-6471
[32]王丽娟．微卫星DNA及其PCR技术的进展，国外医学分子生物学分册，18(4)：169-173
[33]单雪松．奶牛weaver基因及其连锁微卫星位点结构、特性和应用的研究．博士论文，中国农业大学，2000
[34]吴伟等．吉林白鹅遗传参数的研究．第11次全国动物遗传育种学术会议论文集(2001)：116-119
[35]孟安明．1994，畜禽DNA指纹分析讲议
[36]J. C. Cathey, J. A. DeWoody, and L. M. Smith, Microsatellite Markers in Canada Geese(Branta Canadensis),The Journal of Heredity, 1998:89(2)
[37]黄晓明，胡向阳，宗卉等．1995，二核苷酸重复多态性的非同位素检测及其在基因诊断中的应用．遗传学报，22(2)：81-85
[38]里得伍克，里姆斯BD．赵大健，孙存，齐义鹏．核酸电泳技术[M]．北京：科学出版社，1989
[39]樊斌等．微卫星标记检测遗传多样性的原理和方法[C]．第十次全国动物遗传育种学术论会论文集，1999，32-36
[40]秦树臻．太湖猪核DNA和线粒体DNA遗传变异的研究：[学位论文]南京师范大学，1994
[41]Takezaki N, and Nei M. Gentetic distance and reconstruction of phylogenetic trees from microsatellite DNA[J]. Genetics, 1996, 144: 389-399.
[42]Nei M. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics[C]. New York: Columbia University Press,
[43]Nei,M. et al., 1983 Accurancy of estimated phylogenetic trees from molecular data. Journal of Molecular Evolution. 19:153-170
[44]Nei,M. et al. 1972, Genetic distances between populations. American Nature. 106:283-292
[45]Nei,M. et al., 1996,Reconstruction of phylogenetic trees from microsatellite (STR)loci. Animal Genefics,27(Supplement2): 1-3
[46]家畜育种学，内蒙古农牧学院主编旅业出版社，1983
[47]孙飞舟．采用微卫星DNA标记评估中国地方猪种遗传多样性．博士论文，中国农业大学，2002
[48]李东等．中国家禽质量性状在育种和生产中的应用．中国农业大学出版社，1997
[49]张细权．畜禽品种间遗传距离测定精确度的影响因素[J]．Anmal Biotechnology Bulletin,1998,185-188．
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