现代配电网运行状态分析与控制策略研究
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摘要
随着国民经济的发展，我国配电网正在发生深刻的变化。尤其在城市，一方面，电网正逐渐由架空线换为电缆，使其减少电磁污染和避免杆树矛盾，增加城市绿地，美化环境。但是，电缆的电容效应将导致配电网产生稳态过电压。另一方面，现代配电网上用于冶炼的电弧炉和铁路牵引机车等波动性负荷，会使电网电压频繁波动，造成电压闪变。
上述变化和特征将使现代配电网的运行状态产生变化。本文从影响配电网的三个因素：工频过电压、谐振过电压以及电压闪变入手，分析了现代配电网的运行状态。并提出用静止无功补偿器(SVC)抑制电压闪变的控制策略。
本文用集中参数等值电路和分布参数等值电路分析了现代配电网的工频过电压。并对典型的现代配电网进行了谐振过电压分析计算，明确了现代配电网的谐振过电压与电缆长度和负荷的大小相关。
文中分析了电容器补偿对抑制电压闪变的不利影响，固定的电容补偿将增大电压闪变。
本文提出用静止无功功率补偿器(SVC)对配电网的电压闪变进行抑制的控制策略。静止补偿器是基于电力电子技术发展起来的新型无功发生器，它能实现动态的无功补偿，响应速度快。通过数值仿真曲线分析，对比了电容补偿和静止无功补偿器(SVC)补偿的效果，得到的结论是电容补偿有扩大闪变的影响，而静止无功补偿器(SVC)是抑制闪变的最佳装置，并且调差系数Ks和时间常数T_f越小，SVC补偿效果越好。
With the development of the country economy, a great change of power distribution network is occurring, especially in the city. On the one hand, distribution circuit is changing from overhead power line to cable line, it lead to reduce electromagnetism pollution, avoid the contravention between pole and tree, add the greenbelt of the city, and beautify the environment. However, capacitance effect resulted from the cable will make the steady-state over-voltage on the power distribution network. On the other hand, because of the fluctuating load, such as arc furnace and railway traction locomotive, the voltage of the network will frequently fluctuate and lead to voltage flash.
The change and characteristics above will change the running state of the network. So this paper analyzed the running state by taking account of power over-voltage, resonance over-voltage and voltage flash, and propounded the strategy that voltage flash were controlled by using Static var compensator (SVC).
The paper discussed the power over-voltage of the network through central parameter equivalence circuit and distribution parameter equivalence circuit. And analyzed the resonance over-voltage with a typical power-distribution-net model, the result showed that cable length and load value could avoid the resonance over-voltage.
The adverse effects of capacitor about voltage flash was discussed in this paper, and attested that fixed capacitor compensation add the voltage flash.
The paper propounded that used the SVC to control voltage flash of the network. SVC is a new var generator based on the electric power and electronic technology, which can realize the dynamic var compensation and speed is quick. By simulating, this paper compared the effect of capacitor compensation to that of SVC compensation, the results showed that capacitor compensation add the voltage flash, and SVC was the optimal equipment to restrain the flash. Furthermore, the smaller value of Ks and Tf, the better effect of SVC.
上述变化和特征将使现代配电网的运行状态产生变化。本文从影响配电网的三个因素：工频过电压、谐振过电压以及电压闪变入手，分析了现代配电网的运行状态。并提出用静止无功补偿器(SVC)抑制电压闪变的控制策略。
本文用集中参数等值电路和分布参数等值电路分析了现代配电网的工频过电压。并对典型的现代配电网进行了谐振过电压分析计算，明确了现代配电网的谐振过电压与电缆长度和负荷的大小相关。
文中分析了电容器补偿对抑制电压闪变的不利影响，固定的电容补偿将增大电压闪变。
本文提出用静止无功功率补偿器(SVC)对配电网的电压闪变进行抑制的控制策略。静止补偿器是基于电力电子技术发展起来的新型无功发生器，它能实现动态的无功补偿，响应速度快。通过数值仿真曲线分析，对比了电容补偿和静止无功补偿器(SVC)补偿的效果，得到的结论是电容补偿有扩大闪变的影响，而静止无功补偿器(SVC)是抑制闪变的最佳装置，并且调差系数Ks和时间常数T_f越小，SVC补偿效果越好。
With the development of the country economy, a great change of power distribution network is occurring, especially in the city. On the one hand, distribution circuit is changing from overhead power line to cable line, it lead to reduce electromagnetism pollution, avoid the contravention between pole and tree, add the greenbelt of the city, and beautify the environment. However, capacitance effect resulted from the cable will make the steady-state over-voltage on the power distribution network. On the other hand, because of the fluctuating load, such as arc furnace and railway traction locomotive, the voltage of the network will frequently fluctuate and lead to voltage flash.
The change and characteristics above will change the running state of the network. So this paper analyzed the running state by taking account of power over-voltage, resonance over-voltage and voltage flash, and propounded the strategy that voltage flash were controlled by using Static var compensator (SVC).
The paper discussed the power over-voltage of the network through central parameter equivalence circuit and distribution parameter equivalence circuit. And analyzed the resonance over-voltage with a typical power-distribution-net model, the result showed that cable length and load value could avoid the resonance over-voltage.
The adverse effects of capacitor about voltage flash was discussed in this paper, and attested that fixed capacitor compensation add the voltage flash.
The paper propounded that used the SVC to control voltage flash of the network. SVC is a new var generator based on the electric power and electronic technology, which can realize the dynamic var compensation and speed is quick. By simulating, this paper compared the effect of capacitor compensation to that of SVC compensation, the results showed that capacitor compensation add the voltage flash, and SVC was the optimal equipment to restrain the flash. Furthermore, the smaller value of Ks and Tf, the better effect of SVC.
引文
[1] 孙瀛洲，陈春鹰．配电网防治内部过电压的控制．电气时代，2002，(1)：45-46
[2] 孙涛，车勇．城市配电网应用自动调谐消弧线圈接地装置．新疆电力，2002，1：14-16
[3] 李谦，王晓谕．配电网间歇性电弧接地过电压抑制措施的仿真研究．电网技术，1994，18(5)：42-48
[4] 许颖．3～10KV配电网的过电压保护问题．高电压技术，1993，19(4)：71-73
[5] 蒋浩．中压配电网中性点电阻接地系统在城市电网中的应用．有色冶金设计与研究，1997，18(3)：31-36
[6] 吴祈勇，沈平．城市配电网中性点的接地方式．高压工程，2002，28(6)：50，58
[7] 毕见广，郭永基．中性点不接地配电网故障过电压分析．继电器，2001，29(12)：1-4
[8] 贺志峰，刘沛．对中压配电网中性点接地方式的研究．电力自动化设备，2002，22(9)：70-72
[9] 翁利民，陈允平．配电网的谐波问题．电气时代，2002，5：36-38
[10] 曾建忠．10KV配电网两种消谐措施的分析比较．电力安全技术，2002，4(3)：1-4
[11] 刘健，毕鹏翔．复杂配电网的简化建模和分析．西安交通大学学报，2002，36(6)：564-567
[12] 陈华元，王幼毅．STATCOM鲁棒非线性控制．电力系统自动化，2001，25(3)：44-49
[13] 李必涛，朱一峰．基于详细时域仿真的ASVG静态与动态特性分析．电力系统自动化，2001，25(4)：1-5
[14] 高文建，李肇林．500KV输变电工程投入初期广西电网工频过电压分析．广西电力技术，1992，4：12-15
[15] 权白露．天生桥换流站交流母线工频暂态过电压及其限制措施探讨．华中电力，1996，9(2)：22-27
[16] 钟国钟，胡正礼．110KV地方电网工频过电压问题．电工技术．1992，(1)：6-8
[17] 孙轶藩，王属于．良导体地线在超高压输电线路上的综合作用．华东电力，1994，1：40-43
[18] 许志龙，黄建华．10KV电网TV铁磁谐振过电压数字仿真及研究．电力自动化设备，2001，21(2)：27-30
[19] 谢伟山，鲁铁成．广西玉林供电局配电网系统PT谐振过电压研究．广西电力，2002，(3)：24-30
[20] 王云梅，韩瑞君．铁磁谐振对配电网络的影响及改进措施．林业机械与木工设备，2000，28(3)：30-31
[21] 李晓峰．铁磁谐振过电压及其防治措施．建筑电气，2002，1：19-20
[22] 谢辉．铁磁谐振及其消除措施．广播与电视技术，2001，28(11)：154-156
[23]张宇．自动跟踪补偿谐振接地系统应用研究．承德石油高等专科学校学报，2002，4(3)：22-25
[24]余贻鑫，陈礼义．电力系统的安全性和稳定性．北京：科学出版社，1988
[25]袁季修．电力系统安全稳定控制．北京：水利电力出版社，1996
[26]邱流昌．高电压工程．北京：水利电力出版社，1995
[27]吴际舜．电力系统静态安全分析．上海：上海交通大学出版社，1985
[28]南京工学院主编．电力系统．北京：电力工业出版社，1980
[29]陈珩 电力系统稳态分析．北京：水利电力出版社，1995
[30]何仰赞．电力系统分析(上)、(下)．武汉：华中工学院出版社，1987
[31]朱子述．电力系统过电压 水利电力出版社 1995
[32]王平洋．现代电力系统自动化丛书．北京：水利电力出版社，1986
[33]浙江大学主编．电力系统自动化．北京：电力出版社，1980
[34]卢强，王仲鸿，韩英绎．输电系统最优控制．北京：科学出版社，1983
[35]卢强，孙元章．电力系统非线性控制．北京：科学出版社，1993
[36]杨冠城等．电力系统自动装置原理．北京：水利电力出版社，1994
[37]樊俊等．同步电机半导体励磁原理及应用．北京：水利电力出版社，1985
[38]西安交通大学等．电力系统计算．北京：水利电力出版社，1978
[39]孙树勤．电压波动与闪变，第四分册．北京：中国电力出版社，1999
[40]Yao Z, Kesimpar P, Donsecu V, et al. Nonlinear Control of STATCOM Based on Differential Algebra. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1998. PESC 98 Record. 29th Annual IEEE, Volume: 1, 17-22 May 1998, vol.1: 329-334
[41]Chen H, Wang S W. Simplified bi-directional-feeder models for distribution calculations [J]. IEE Proceedings Gener Transm Distrib, 1995, 142 (5): 459-467
[42]Lo K L, Ng H S. Feeder simplifications for distribution system analysis [J]. Electric Power Systems Research, 1997, 42 (3): 201-207
[43]Ji Yanchao; Ma Li; Dai KeJian; Liu Qingguo; Yang Yihan. The simulation and experiment of an Advanced Static Var Generator using GTO inverters. TENCON '93. Proceedings. Computer, Communication, Control and Power Engineering. 1993 IEEE Region 10 Conference on Issue: 0, 19-21 Oct 1993:296-299
[44]Jin, H.; Joos, G.; Lopes, L.A. An efficient switched-reactor/capacitor-based static VAR compensator. Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 1992, Conference Record of the 1992 IEEE, 4-9 Oct 1992:822-828
[45]Khalil H K. Nonlinear Systems. 2nd ed. Prentice Hall, 1996
[46]Y.Y. Hong and Y.L. Yan. Expert system for enhancing voltage security/Statility in Power
systems. IEE Proc-Gener. Transm.Distrib. 1999, Vol. 146, No.4:349-354
[47] B.Venkatesh,G.Sadasivam and M.A.Khan. Optimal reactive power planning against Voltage collapse using the successive multiobjective fuzzy LP technique. IEE Proc-Gener. Transm.Sistrib. 1999, Vol. 146, No.4:343-348
[48] Z.Feng and W.Xu. Fast computation of post-contingency system margins for voltage stability assessments of large-scale power systems, IEE Proc-Gener. Transm.Distrib. 2000,Vo1.147, No.2:76-80
[49] E.Duggan R.E.Morrison. Prediction of harmonic voltage distortion when a nonlinear load is connected to already distorted supply. IEE Roceedings-C. 1993, Vol. 140, No.3: 161-166
[50] V.L.Pham and K.P.Wong. Wavelet-transform-based algorithm for harmonic analysis of power system waveforms. IEE Proc-Gener, 1999, Vol.46, No.3:249-254
[51] Song Y H, Johns A T. Flexible AC transmission systems. United Kingdom: The Institution of Electrical Engineering, 1999
[52] J.A. Jensen. A new estimator for vector velocity estimation. IEEE Trans. Ultrason, Ferroelect, Freq. 2001, Vol.48, No.4:886-894
[53] M.E. Anderson. Vector flow estimator isomorphism and wall filter requirements, in Proc. SPIE, 2001, Vol.2, No.6:225-229
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[55] C.A.C.Bastos, P.J.Fish, and F.Vaz. Spectrum of Doppler ultrasound signals from nonstationary blood flow. IEEE Trans Ultrason, 1999,Vol.46, No.5:1201-1217
[2] 孙涛，车勇．城市配电网应用自动调谐消弧线圈接地装置．新疆电力，2002，1：14-16
[3] 李谦，王晓谕．配电网间歇性电弧接地过电压抑制措施的仿真研究．电网技术，1994，18(5)：42-48
[4] 许颖．3～10KV配电网的过电压保护问题．高电压技术，1993，19(4)：71-73
[5] 蒋浩．中压配电网中性点电阻接地系统在城市电网中的应用．有色冶金设计与研究，1997，18(3)：31-36
[6] 吴祈勇，沈平．城市配电网中性点的接地方式．高压工程，2002，28(6)：50，58
[7] 毕见广，郭永基．中性点不接地配电网故障过电压分析．继电器，2001，29(12)：1-4
[8] 贺志峰，刘沛．对中压配电网中性点接地方式的研究．电力自动化设备，2002，22(9)：70-72
[9] 翁利民，陈允平．配电网的谐波问题．电气时代，2002，5：36-38
[10] 曾建忠．10KV配电网两种消谐措施的分析比较．电力安全技术，2002，4(3)：1-4
[11] 刘健，毕鹏翔．复杂配电网的简化建模和分析．西安交通大学学报，2002，36(6)：564-567
[12] 陈华元，王幼毅．STATCOM鲁棒非线性控制．电力系统自动化，2001，25(3)：44-49
[13] 李必涛，朱一峰．基于详细时域仿真的ASVG静态与动态特性分析．电力系统自动化，2001，25(4)：1-5
[14] 高文建，李肇林．500KV输变电工程投入初期广西电网工频过电压分析．广西电力技术，1992，4：12-15
[15] 权白露．天生桥换流站交流母线工频暂态过电压及其限制措施探讨．华中电力，1996，9(2)：22-27
[16] 钟国钟，胡正礼．110KV地方电网工频过电压问题．电工技术．1992，(1)：6-8
[17] 孙轶藩，王属于．良导体地线在超高压输电线路上的综合作用．华东电力，1994，1：40-43
[18] 许志龙，黄建华．10KV电网TV铁磁谐振过电压数字仿真及研究．电力自动化设备，2001，21(2)：27-30
[19] 谢伟山，鲁铁成．广西玉林供电局配电网系统PT谐振过电压研究．广西电力，2002，(3)：24-30
[20] 王云梅，韩瑞君．铁磁谐振对配电网络的影响及改进措施．林业机械与木工设备，2000，28(3)：30-31
[21] 李晓峰．铁磁谐振过电压及其防治措施．建筑电气，2002，1：19-20
[22] 谢辉．铁磁谐振及其消除措施．广播与电视技术，2001，28(11)：154-156
[23]张宇．自动跟踪补偿谐振接地系统应用研究．承德石油高等专科学校学报，2002，4(3)：22-25
[24]余贻鑫，陈礼义．电力系统的安全性和稳定性．北京：科学出版社，1988
[25]袁季修．电力系统安全稳定控制．北京：水利电力出版社，1996
[26]邱流昌．高电压工程．北京：水利电力出版社，1995
[27]吴际舜．电力系统静态安全分析．上海：上海交通大学出版社，1985
[28]南京工学院主编．电力系统．北京：电力工业出版社，1980
[29]陈珩 电力系统稳态分析．北京：水利电力出版社，1995
[30]何仰赞．电力系统分析(上)、(下)．武汉：华中工学院出版社，1987
[31]朱子述．电力系统过电压 水利电力出版社 1995
[32]王平洋．现代电力系统自动化丛书．北京：水利电力出版社，1986
[33]浙江大学主编．电力系统自动化．北京：电力出版社，1980
[34]卢强，王仲鸿，韩英绎．输电系统最优控制．北京：科学出版社，1983
[35]卢强，孙元章．电力系统非线性控制．北京：科学出版社，1993
[36]杨冠城等．电力系统自动装置原理．北京：水利电力出版社，1994
[37]樊俊等．同步电机半导体励磁原理及应用．北京：水利电力出版社，1985
[38]西安交通大学等．电力系统计算．北京：水利电力出版社，1978
[39]孙树勤．电压波动与闪变，第四分册．北京：中国电力出版社，1999
[40]Yao Z, Kesimpar P, Donsecu V, et al. Nonlinear Control of STATCOM Based on Differential Algebra. Power Electronics Specialists Conference, 1998. PESC 98 Record. 29th Annual IEEE, Volume: 1, 17-22 May 1998, vol.1: 329-334
[41]Chen H, Wang S W. Simplified bi-directional-feeder models for distribution calculations [J]. IEE Proceedings Gener Transm Distrib, 1995, 142 (5): 459-467
[42]Lo K L, Ng H S. Feeder simplifications for distribution system analysis [J]. Electric Power Systems Research, 1997, 42 (3): 201-207
[43]Ji Yanchao; Ma Li; Dai KeJian; Liu Qingguo; Yang Yihan. The simulation and experiment of an Advanced Static Var Generator using GTO inverters. TENCON '93. Proceedings. Computer, Communication, Control and Power Engineering. 1993 IEEE Region 10 Conference on Issue: 0, 19-21 Oct 1993:296-299
[44]Jin, H.; Joos, G.; Lopes, L.A. An efficient switched-reactor/capacitor-based static VAR compensator. Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 1992, Conference Record of the 1992 IEEE, 4-9 Oct 1992:822-828
[45]Khalil H K. Nonlinear Systems. 2nd ed. Prentice Hall, 1996
[46]Y.Y. Hong and Y.L. Yan. Expert system for enhancing voltage security/Statility in Power
systems. IEE Proc-Gener. Transm.Distrib. 1999, Vol. 146, No.4:349-354
[47] B.Venkatesh,G.Sadasivam and M.A.Khan. Optimal reactive power planning against Voltage collapse using the successive multiobjective fuzzy LP technique. IEE Proc-Gener. Transm.Sistrib. 1999, Vol. 146, No.4:343-348
[48] Z.Feng and W.Xu. Fast computation of post-contingency system margins for voltage stability assessments of large-scale power systems, IEE Proc-Gener. Transm.Distrib. 2000,Vo1.147, No.2:76-80
[49] E.Duggan R.E.Morrison. Prediction of harmonic voltage distortion when a nonlinear load is connected to already distorted supply. IEE Roceedings-C. 1993, Vol. 140, No.3: 161-166
[50] V.L.Pham and K.P.Wong. Wavelet-transform-based algorithm for harmonic analysis of power system waveforms. IEE Proc-Gener, 1999, Vol.46, No.3:249-254
[51] Song Y H, Johns A T. Flexible AC transmission systems. United Kingdom: The Institution of Electrical Engineering, 1999
[52] J.A. Jensen. A new estimator for vector velocity estimation. IEEE Trans. Ultrason, Ferroelect, Freq. 2001, Vol.48, No.4:886-894
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