基于介质柱型光子晶体波导的太赫兹功能器件研究
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摘要
目前的太赫兹(Terahertz, THz)系统以自由空间为主,随着THz固态系统的发展,THz波导及其功能器件将发挥重要作用。本文基于介质柱的光子晶体结构,研究和设计了THz波段的若干波导型功能器件。
首先,相对于常用的THz聚焦束时域光谱系统,THz平行束时域光谱系统更适用于对波导型功能器件进行实验测试。为此,进行了THz平行束时域光谱系统的研究和搭建。通过系统优化,达到了一定的性能指标：获得系统的信噪比约为128.9,动态范围约为147.3,太赫兹平行束束斑直径约为3.89cm,束斑直径沿传播方向的波动小于0.17%/cm,平行度较好。
其次,基于光子晶体理论,分别设计加工和实验测量了一种实芯THz光子晶体光纤和一种空芯THz光子晶体光纤。实芯THz光子晶体光纤由61根聚四氟乙烯介质柱组成。实验结果表明,当输入和输出孔径的直径均为中心介质柱直径时,在较宽的频带内,长度约为3.5cm的波导相对于没有波导时的相对传输率可达250%以上,包括输入输出耦合损耗和传输损耗的插入损耗可低至2.45dB,实现了波导对THz波的约束作用。空芯THz光子晶体光纤采用60根聚四氟乙烯介质柱,测量获得了明显的光子禁带特性,在波导长度约为3.5cm情况下传输带中插入损耗可低至6.65dB。
然后,在THz光子晶体光纤基础上,结合金属线表面等离子体效应,探讨了嵌入金属线后波导模式与表面波模式的相互作用,分析了金属线尺寸和位置变化的影响。实验尝试了结合铜丝的聚四氟乙烯实芯THz光子晶体光纤的单偏振波导,观察到了一定的单偏振现象,实验结果与仿真分析一致,在特定频率附近的偏振消光比达到7.8dB。
最后,基于磁光效应,提出了三种具有非互易性的介质柱光子晶体波导型器件：隔离器、环形器和交叉波导。隔离器采用了钇铁石榴石介质柱,获得了连续的单向传输频带。如果定义工作带为传输端口传输率大于0.5并且隔离端口传输率小于0.1,相对带宽为实际带宽与带中心频率的比值,那么相对带宽可达10.6%,隔离度最高可达115dB。第一种环形器采用较少的YIG介质柱获得了环形效果的工作带,相对带宽达到4.7%,隔离端口的隔离度达到了35dB。十字交叉结构的环形器采用更少的YIG介质柱获得了相对带宽为2.5%的环形工作带,隔离端口的隔离度达到了31dB。设计的交叉波导利用YIG介质柱获得了16.6%的相对带宽,并且具有较低的串扰。
Nowadays terahertz (THz) applications mainly depended on free space systems, but with the development of THz solid-state system, functional devices are expected to play an important role. In this thesis, based on photonic crystal waveguide structures formed by dielectric rods, several THz functional devices are researched.
First, comparing with commonly used THz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) system with focused beam, THz-TDS system with parallel beam is more suitable for the measurement of waveguide type devices. So a THz parallel beam TDS system is set up. Through optimizing each component, the signal to noise ratio of the system reaches128.9and the dynamic range reaches147.3. The diameter of the THz beam at different positions is about the same, which is3.89cm. The fluctuation of the diameter along the propagation direction is smaller than0.17%/cm, thus the depth of parallelism is satisfying.
Second, based on photonic crystal theory, an all-rod THz solid core photnic crystal fiber (PCF) and an all-rod THz air core PCF are designed and fabricated. The solid core PCF is composed of61dielectric rods. Experimental results show the sample relative transmission is2.5times as larger as that of the air reference with same apertures in a large frequency range and the insertion loss (including the coupling loss and the transmission loss) of the PCF with the length of3.5cm is as low as2.45dB, displaying the wave guiding function. The air core PCF is formed by60dielectric rods. Obvious photonic bandgap property is observed and in transmission bands the insertion loss of the PCF with the length of3.5cm is as low as6.65dB.
Third, based on proposed THz PCF, the surface plasmon polaritons effect on metal wires is introduced. After sysmetrically inserting metal wires into the PCF, the coupling effect between waveguide mode and surface plasmon mode is studied. The influence brought by the size and the location of the metal wires is analized. The single polarization operation of the modified PCF is experimentally tried. In agreement with the simulation, single polarization working is observed around specific frequency and the extinction ratio reaches7.8dB.
At last, non-reciprocal waveguide devices based on two-dimensional magneto-optical photonic crystals are designed, including isolator, circulator and crossing waveguide. The isolator uses several Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG) rods to gain a continual one-way pass band. If the working band is defined as the band where the transmittance larger than0.5at transmission port and smaller than0.1at isolation port, the relative bandwidth is defined as the ratio of the bandwidth and center frequency, the bandwidth can reach10.6%with highest isolation of115dB. Based on the isolator, the first kind of circulators uses five YIG rods to obtain a usable circulation bandwidth of4.7%with isolation reaching35dB. Through simplification, another kind of waveguide cross structure circulators uses four YIG rods to gain a circulation bandwidth of2.5%with isolation reaching31dB. A derivative low-crosstalk crossing waveguide uses twelve YIG rods to achieve a large usable bandwidth of16.6%and has low crosstalk.
首先,相对于常用的THz聚焦束时域光谱系统,THz平行束时域光谱系统更适用于对波导型功能器件进行实验测试。为此,进行了THz平行束时域光谱系统的研究和搭建。通过系统优化,达到了一定的性能指标：获得系统的信噪比约为128.9,动态范围约为147.3,太赫兹平行束束斑直径约为3.89cm,束斑直径沿传播方向的波动小于0.17%/cm,平行度较好。
其次,基于光子晶体理论,分别设计加工和实验测量了一种实芯THz光子晶体光纤和一种空芯THz光子晶体光纤。实芯THz光子晶体光纤由61根聚四氟乙烯介质柱组成。实验结果表明,当输入和输出孔径的直径均为中心介质柱直径时,在较宽的频带内,长度约为3.5cm的波导相对于没有波导时的相对传输率可达250%以上,包括输入输出耦合损耗和传输损耗的插入损耗可低至2.45dB,实现了波导对THz波的约束作用。空芯THz光子晶体光纤采用60根聚四氟乙烯介质柱,测量获得了明显的光子禁带特性,在波导长度约为3.5cm情况下传输带中插入损耗可低至6.65dB。
然后,在THz光子晶体光纤基础上,结合金属线表面等离子体效应,探讨了嵌入金属线后波导模式与表面波模式的相互作用,分析了金属线尺寸和位置变化的影响。实验尝试了结合铜丝的聚四氟乙烯实芯THz光子晶体光纤的单偏振波导,观察到了一定的单偏振现象,实验结果与仿真分析一致,在特定频率附近的偏振消光比达到7.8dB。
最后,基于磁光效应,提出了三种具有非互易性的介质柱光子晶体波导型器件：隔离器、环形器和交叉波导。隔离器采用了钇铁石榴石介质柱,获得了连续的单向传输频带。如果定义工作带为传输端口传输率大于0.5并且隔离端口传输率小于0.1,相对带宽为实际带宽与带中心频率的比值,那么相对带宽可达10.6%,隔离度最高可达115dB。第一种环形器采用较少的YIG介质柱获得了环形效果的工作带,相对带宽达到4.7%,隔离端口的隔离度达到了35dB。十字交叉结构的环形器采用更少的YIG介质柱获得了相对带宽为2.5%的环形工作带,隔离端口的隔离度达到了31dB。设计的交叉波导利用YIG介质柱获得了16.6%的相对带宽,并且具有较低的串扰。
Nowadays terahertz (THz) applications mainly depended on free space systems, but with the development of THz solid-state system, functional devices are expected to play an important role. In this thesis, based on photonic crystal waveguide structures formed by dielectric rods, several THz functional devices are researched.
First, comparing with commonly used THz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) system with focused beam, THz-TDS system with parallel beam is more suitable for the measurement of waveguide type devices. So a THz parallel beam TDS system is set up. Through optimizing each component, the signal to noise ratio of the system reaches128.9and the dynamic range reaches147.3. The diameter of the THz beam at different positions is about the same, which is3.89cm. The fluctuation of the diameter along the propagation direction is smaller than0.17%/cm, thus the depth of parallelism is satisfying.
Second, based on photonic crystal theory, an all-rod THz solid core photnic crystal fiber (PCF) and an all-rod THz air core PCF are designed and fabricated. The solid core PCF is composed of61dielectric rods. Experimental results show the sample relative transmission is2.5times as larger as that of the air reference with same apertures in a large frequency range and the insertion loss (including the coupling loss and the transmission loss) of the PCF with the length of3.5cm is as low as2.45dB, displaying the wave guiding function. The air core PCF is formed by60dielectric rods. Obvious photonic bandgap property is observed and in transmission bands the insertion loss of the PCF with the length of3.5cm is as low as6.65dB.
Third, based on proposed THz PCF, the surface plasmon polaritons effect on metal wires is introduced. After sysmetrically inserting metal wires into the PCF, the coupling effect between waveguide mode and surface plasmon mode is studied. The influence brought by the size and the location of the metal wires is analized. The single polarization operation of the modified PCF is experimentally tried. In agreement with the simulation, single polarization working is observed around specific frequency and the extinction ratio reaches7.8dB.
At last, non-reciprocal waveguide devices based on two-dimensional magneto-optical photonic crystals are designed, including isolator, circulator and crossing waveguide. The isolator uses several Yttrium Iron Garnet (YIG) rods to gain a continual one-way pass band. If the working band is defined as the band where the transmittance larger than0.5at transmission port and smaller than0.1at isolation port, the relative bandwidth is defined as the ratio of the bandwidth and center frequency, the bandwidth can reach10.6%with highest isolation of115dB. Based on the isolator, the first kind of circulators uses five YIG rods to obtain a usable circulation bandwidth of4.7%with isolation reaching35dB. Through simplification, another kind of waveguide cross structure circulators uses four YIG rods to gain a circulation bandwidth of2.5%with isolation reaching31dB. A derivative low-crosstalk crossing waveguide uses twelve YIG rods to achieve a large usable bandwidth of16.6%and has low crosstalk.
引文
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[3]P. H. Siegel. Terahertz technology. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,2002,50(3):910-928
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[6]R. Kohler, A. Tredicucci, F. Beltram, et al. Terahertz semiconductor hetero structure laser. Nature,2002,417:156-159
[7]M. Exter, C. Fattinger and D. Grischkowsky. High-brightness terahertz beams characterized with an ultrafast detector. Applied Physics Letters,1989,55(4): 337-339
[8]S. L. Chuang, S. S. Rink, B. I. Greene, et al. Optical rectification at semi-conductor surfaces. Physical Review Letters,1992,68(1):102-105
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[13]S. John. Strong localization of photons in certain disordered dielectric super-lattices. Physical Review Letters,1987,58(23):2486-2489
[14]K. Takagi and A. Kawasaki. Fabrication of three-dimensional terahertz photonic crystals with diamond structure by particle manipulation assembly. Applied Physics Letters,2009,94(021110):1-3
[15]O. Painter and K. Srinivasan. Momentum space design of high-Q photonic crystal optical cavities. Optics Express,2002,10(15):670-684
[16]Y. Akahane, T. Asano, B. S. Song, et al. High-Q photonic nanocavity in a two dimensional photonic crystal. Nature,2003,425:944-947
[17]A. Bingham, Y. G. Zhao and D. Grischkowsky. THz parallel plate photonic waveguides. Applied Physics Letters,2005,87(5):051101
[18]S. G. Johnson, S. H. Fan, P. R. Villeneuve, et al. Guided modes in photonic crystal slabs. Physical Review B,1999,60(8):5751-5758
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