甲醇汽油混合燃料发动机燃烧与排放特性研究
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摘要
由于我国“贫油、少气、富煤”,开发煤基甲醇燃料并推广应用于汽车以替代汽油是缓解中国能源供应安全一个现实可行的选择,已成为我国新能源汽车科技攻关的热点之一。现阶段尚存在非常规排放、冷起动性能等关键问题需要进行深入的研究。
本文使用不同比例的甲醇汽油燃料进行了发动机台架试验,全面考察了燃料中甲醇含量和发动机负荷对发动机动力性、燃油经济性、燃烧特性、常规排放、非常规排放等方面的影响。使用汽油和M15甲醇汽油进行了催化剂性能评价和快速老化试验,发现在常规三效和甲醇专用催化剂上,甲醇在空燃比稀区、甲醛在全空燃比范围内转化效率都高;甲醛起燃温度低于其他成分。相比于发动机燃用汽油,使用M15甲醇汽油时催化剂老化后的起燃温度略高,高效窗口宽度略小,但是差别都不大,说明使用M15对于催化剂的耐久性能影响不大。使用不同比例的甲醇汽油燃料在发动机台架和整车转鼓试验台上进行了冷起动试验,发现随着燃料中甲醇比例的增大,冷起动过程中甲醇和甲醛的累计排放量均增多,而其他HC成分(主要是烷烃)则减少,因此THC累计排放量也趋于减少。低温下的甲醇和甲醛累计排放量高于常温。但常规三效催化剂起燃后就能很好地解决非常规排放问题。
为了对甲醇汽油发动机燃烧和排放性能进行模拟和预测,本研究构建了一个甲醇氧化反应详细动力学模型,并使用国外文献中的激波管和流动反应器实验数据进行了验证。在此基础上加入汽油表征燃料的氧化反应动力学模型,构建了一个甲醇汽油氧化反应动力学模型,并使用国外文献中的射流混合反应器实验数据进行了验证。采用Fractal燃烧模型与甲醇汽油氧化反应详细动力学模型的耦合计算,构建了一个火花点火甲醇汽油发动机工作过程的数值模型。利用上述模型对发动机使用不同甲醇汽油燃料时的甲醛排放进行了模拟计算,并计算了采用M30甲醇汽油时的甲醛排放随发动机负荷变化的曲线,模拟结果与试验数据吻合良好,还对采用不同高比例甲醇汽油时的甲醛排放进行了预测。
As China's energy structure is "poor-oil, less-gas, rich-coal", the development and promotion of the coal-based methanol fuel as a gasoline alternative fuel is one of the feasible options. The application of methanol in the gasoline engine is a hot issue in China. However, at this stage there are unregulated emissions, catalyst conversion efficiency, cold-start performance, and other key issues, which need further in-depth studies of the methanol fuel in China. It would provide a theoretical reference on the feasibility of the large-scale application in China.
The steady-state tests were carried out on the engine test bench using different-content methanol-gasoline blended fuels, which investigated the effects of the methanol content in fuels and the engine load on the economy performance, air-fuel ratio, combustion characteristics, regulated emissions, unregulated emissions, power performance and exhaust temperature of the engine; the catalyst performance evaluation and rapid aging tests were carried out, which investigated the catalyst air-fuel ratio characteristics, light-off temperature characteristics and durability; the cold-start tests were carried out on the engine test bench and vehicle chassis dynamometer, which investigated the emission and combustion characteristics during the cold-start process. The results showed that the power performance, economy performance, combustion characteristics and regulated emissions characteristics of the low-content methanol-gasoline engines were basically the same. The methanol and formaldehyde emissions increased with the methanol content increasing in fuels. The methanol emission had the high conversion efficiency in the lean air-fuel ratio zone. The formaldehyde methanol had the high conversion efficiency during the whole air-fuel ratio zone. The formaldehyde light-off temperature T50 was lower than other emissions. Compared to the gasoline aging, M15 made the catalyst light-off temperature rise and the high-conversion window width became smaller. However, the variations were small. In the cold-start process, the transient methanol and formaldehyde emissions before the catalyst were determined by the methanol content in fuels. The emissions in the low-temperature condition were significantly higher than those in the ambient temperature. The conventional three-way catalyst could solve the problem of unregulated emissions after the light-off of the catalyst. With the increase of the methanol content in fuels, the combustion duration shortened in the cold-start the process. The cylinder indicated mean effective pressure increased slightly. The cylinder combustion performance improved slightly.
In order to model and predict the combustion and emission characteristics of the methanol-gasoline engine, a detailed chemical kinetic model of the methanol oxidation was built based on the research of the literature. The experimental data of the shock tube and flow reactors were utilized to verify the model. Based on the model, the oxidation chemical kinetics model of the surrogate gasoline fuel was added to build a methanol-gasoline oxidation chemical kinetics model. The experimental data of the jet-stirred reactor were utilized to verify the methanol-gasoline model. The Fractal or Vibe combustion model was coupled with the methanol-gasoline oxidation chemical kinetics model to build a numerical model of the spark-ignition engine working process. In this model the formaldehyde emissions of different-content methanol-gasoline fuels were simulated. The engine load was varied to calculate the formaldehyde emission curve of M30 with the engine load. The simulation results were basically consistent with the experimental data. The methanol content in fuels was varied to predict the formaldehyde emissions of the high-content methanol-gasoline fuels.
本文使用不同比例的甲醇汽油燃料进行了发动机台架试验,全面考察了燃料中甲醇含量和发动机负荷对发动机动力性、燃油经济性、燃烧特性、常规排放、非常规排放等方面的影响。使用汽油和M15甲醇汽油进行了催化剂性能评价和快速老化试验,发现在常规三效和甲醇专用催化剂上,甲醇在空燃比稀区、甲醛在全空燃比范围内转化效率都高;甲醛起燃温度低于其他成分。相比于发动机燃用汽油,使用M15甲醇汽油时催化剂老化后的起燃温度略高,高效窗口宽度略小,但是差别都不大,说明使用M15对于催化剂的耐久性能影响不大。使用不同比例的甲醇汽油燃料在发动机台架和整车转鼓试验台上进行了冷起动试验,发现随着燃料中甲醇比例的增大,冷起动过程中甲醇和甲醛的累计排放量均增多,而其他HC成分(主要是烷烃)则减少,因此THC累计排放量也趋于减少。低温下的甲醇和甲醛累计排放量高于常温。但常规三效催化剂起燃后就能很好地解决非常规排放问题。
为了对甲醇汽油发动机燃烧和排放性能进行模拟和预测,本研究构建了一个甲醇氧化反应详细动力学模型,并使用国外文献中的激波管和流动反应器实验数据进行了验证。在此基础上加入汽油表征燃料的氧化反应动力学模型,构建了一个甲醇汽油氧化反应动力学模型,并使用国外文献中的射流混合反应器实验数据进行了验证。采用Fractal燃烧模型与甲醇汽油氧化反应详细动力学模型的耦合计算,构建了一个火花点火甲醇汽油发动机工作过程的数值模型。利用上述模型对发动机使用不同甲醇汽油燃料时的甲醛排放进行了模拟计算,并计算了采用M30甲醇汽油时的甲醛排放随发动机负荷变化的曲线,模拟结果与试验数据吻合良好,还对采用不同高比例甲醇汽油时的甲醛排放进行了预测。
As China's energy structure is "poor-oil, less-gas, rich-coal", the development and promotion of the coal-based methanol fuel as a gasoline alternative fuel is one of the feasible options. The application of methanol in the gasoline engine is a hot issue in China. However, at this stage there are unregulated emissions, catalyst conversion efficiency, cold-start performance, and other key issues, which need further in-depth studies of the methanol fuel in China. It would provide a theoretical reference on the feasibility of the large-scale application in China.
The steady-state tests were carried out on the engine test bench using different-content methanol-gasoline blended fuels, which investigated the effects of the methanol content in fuels and the engine load on the economy performance, air-fuel ratio, combustion characteristics, regulated emissions, unregulated emissions, power performance and exhaust temperature of the engine; the catalyst performance evaluation and rapid aging tests were carried out, which investigated the catalyst air-fuel ratio characteristics, light-off temperature characteristics and durability; the cold-start tests were carried out on the engine test bench and vehicle chassis dynamometer, which investigated the emission and combustion characteristics during the cold-start process. The results showed that the power performance, economy performance, combustion characteristics and regulated emissions characteristics of the low-content methanol-gasoline engines were basically the same. The methanol and formaldehyde emissions increased with the methanol content increasing in fuels. The methanol emission had the high conversion efficiency in the lean air-fuel ratio zone. The formaldehyde methanol had the high conversion efficiency during the whole air-fuel ratio zone. The formaldehyde light-off temperature T50 was lower than other emissions. Compared to the gasoline aging, M15 made the catalyst light-off temperature rise and the high-conversion window width became smaller. However, the variations were small. In the cold-start process, the transient methanol and formaldehyde emissions before the catalyst were determined by the methanol content in fuels. The emissions in the low-temperature condition were significantly higher than those in the ambient temperature. The conventional three-way catalyst could solve the problem of unregulated emissions after the light-off of the catalyst. With the increase of the methanol content in fuels, the combustion duration shortened in the cold-start the process. The cylinder indicated mean effective pressure increased slightly. The cylinder combustion performance improved slightly.
In order to model and predict the combustion and emission characteristics of the methanol-gasoline engine, a detailed chemical kinetic model of the methanol oxidation was built based on the research of the literature. The experimental data of the shock tube and flow reactors were utilized to verify the model. Based on the model, the oxidation chemical kinetics model of the surrogate gasoline fuel was added to build a methanol-gasoline oxidation chemical kinetics model. The experimental data of the jet-stirred reactor were utilized to verify the methanol-gasoline model. The Fractal or Vibe combustion model was coupled with the methanol-gasoline oxidation chemical kinetics model to build a numerical model of the spark-ignition engine working process. In this model the formaldehyde emissions of different-content methanol-gasoline fuels were simulated. The engine load was varied to calculate the formaldehyde emission curve of M30 with the engine load. The simulation results were basically consistent with the experimental data. The methanol content in fuels was varied to predict the formaldehyde emissions of the high-content methanol-gasoline fuels.
引文
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