基于厌氧环境的倒置A~2/O工艺生物除磷机理研究
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摘要
污水的生物除磷技术能够经济有效预防水体富营养化等环境问题,有助于回收磷资源,环境意义重大。生物除磷机理在微生物学和生物化学方面的研究进展明显。众多研究者认为：聚磷菌在厌氧条件下通过水解胞内聚磷提供能量,跨膜吸收挥发性脂肪酸(Volatile fatty acids, VFAs)合成聚羟基烷酸酯(Poly-hydroxyalkanoates, PHAs);在好氧条件下氧化利用PHAs产生能量过度吸磷,从而实现污水中磷的脱除。这样的观点认为厌氧环境聚磷菌胞内PHAs合成能力的大小决定着好氧吸磷动力的强弱,因而特别强调厌氧释磷水平对于污水生物除磷性能的重要作用,长期以来一直被用于指导传统污水生物除磷工艺的设计。
大量试验结果表明,倒置A2/O工艺相对于传统生物脱氮除磷工艺不仅具有更高的脱氮除磷性能,而且具有更好的节能技术优势。倒置A2/O工艺的理论观点中强调厌氧环境对聚磷菌过度吸磷能力的重要影响,不同的研究者对此有不同的观点。为了系统了解厌氧环境因素对倒置A2/O工艺除磷性能的影响,本论文从物质代谢和能量代谢两个角度系统研究了厌氧历时和厌氧程度对倒置A2/O工艺生物除磷过程的规律性影响。基于厌氧历时的倒置A2/O工艺生物除磷机理研究表明：
1.在一定水质范围内,无论废水中VFAs的比例高低,适当延长厌氧历时,在厌氧有效释磷水平和PHAs合成量没有明显增加的情况下,可有效提高好氧段的吸磷动力、除磷效率、微生物能量代谢的水平及活性。厌氧有效释磷水平高低或者PHAs合成量的多寡,都不是决定聚磷菌过度吸磷能力的充分必要条件。
2.随着厌氧历时的延长,聚磷菌的过度吸磷能力和微生物能量代谢的水平及活性总是发生同步的增减变化,都会先增加后减小。适当延长厌氧历时能够提高微生物的能量代谢活性及水平,过度延长厌氧历时反而会降低聚磷微生物的能量代谢活性及水平。在其他条件相同的情况下,微生物能量代谢水平及活性的提高总会导致聚磷菌过度吸磷能力相应增强。适当延长厌氧历时能够增强聚磷菌过度吸磷能力的根本原因在于提高了微生物能量代谢的水平及活性。
3.使聚磷菌的过度吸磷能力最强所需的厌氧历时与废水中VFAs比例有关,废水中VFAs比例高时所需的厌氧历时较长,表明废水中所含的VFAs比例对聚磷菌耐受厌氧历时的能力有一定的影响。对于VFAs/COD=30%左右的生活污水而言,使聚磷菌过度吸磷能力最强、微生物的能量代谢活性及水平达到最高所需的厌氧历时在4h左右。
基于厌氧程度的倒置A2/O工艺生物除磷机理研究表明：
1.在一定水质范围内,适度增加厌氧程度可以提高厌氧段的释磷水平和聚磷菌PHAs合成量,还可以提高好氧段的微生物能量代谢的水平及活性,最终导致除磷效率提高。
2.对于实际生活污水处理厂的污泥而言,在厌氧程度相同的条件下,提高进水中的VFAs比例虽然可以有效的增加厌氧释磷水平和PHAs合成量却不一定能提高除磷效率,表明厌氧释磷水平的高低和PHAs合成量的多寡都不是决定聚磷菌过度吸磷能力的充分必要条件。同样的试验条件下,微生物能量代谢的水平及活性和除磷效率密切相关,微生物能量代谢的水平及活性的提高总是导致除磷效率的增加,表明厌氧程度能够提高聚磷菌过度吸磷能力的根本原因在于微生物能量代谢的水平及活性得到了提高。
Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process can either alleviate eutrophication or recover phosphorus from wastewater. Great effort from the view of microbiology and biochemischry has been made clarify the mechanism of the process. It has been widely accepted that polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) cleave polyphosphate to produce energy for volatile fatty acids uptake (VFAs) and poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) synthesis during anaerobic pHase and use the PHAs as energy source to luxurily uptake pHospHate during the subsequent aerobic phase. That means the more phosphate released during anerobic phase the more phosphate can be uptaken during aerobic phase. By far, most wastewater treatment plants have been designed according to this theory.
The configuration of reversed A2/O process has achieved better nutrient removal performance than traditional A/O process in many cases and it has been found to be energy saving. Those who had proposed the reversed A2/O process suggest that "the foundmental force that drive the PAOs to uptake phosphate luxurily is related to the anerobic hydraulic retention time and anaerobic degree of anerobic zones. To some extent, longer anerobic hydraulic retention time and deeper anaerobic degree lead to better motivation for phosphate uptake".
In order to understand how the anaerobic environment affec the PAOs'ability to uptake phosphate, we studied the regular effects of anaerobic duration and anaerobic degree on the mataerial metabolism and energy metabolism of micorbes that perform phaosphorus uptake.
When it coming to the effect of anerobic duration on biological phosphorus removal, we get three conclusions as follows:
No matter how much VFAs the wastewater contains, proper longer anaerobic duration can always increase the PAOs' phosphorus uptake motivation and removal efficiency, microbes' energy level and activity. More released phosphorus and synthesized PHAs can not always lead to PAOs' higher phosphorus removal ability.
With the extention of anaerobic duration, PAOs' motivation for phosphorus uptake always goes up and down simoutaneously with the microbes' activity and energy level. When the other conditions remain unchanged, microbes' higher activity and energy level almost always led to PAOs' stronger motivation for phosphorus uptake. It is the microbes' higher activity and energy level caused by proper longer anaerobic duration that led to PAOs' stronger motivation for phosphorus uptake.
The anaerobic duration the the microbes can endure should be limited in a proper range. Proper longer anaerobic duration can increase microbes' activity and energy level but excessive longer anaerobic duration can impair microbes' activity and energy level.
How long anaerobic duration can cause the PAOs' to exhibit the strongest motivation for phosphorus uptake depends on how much VFAs the wastewater contains which affect the PAOs, ability to endure anaerobic duration. As for domestic sewage, the anaerobic duration of4h can make the PAOs to show the best motivation for phosphorus uptake, energy level and activity.
As far as the effect of anaerobic degree is concerned, we have three conclusions.
No matter synthetic wastewater or domestic wastewater was used and no matter how much VFAs the wastewater contains, with a certain anaerobic duration, deeper anaerobic degree can always increase the released phosphorus and synthesized PHAs during anaerobic stage, the microbes' energy level and activity and finally PAOs' phosphorus uptake motivation and removal efficiency.
When the sludge taken from wastewater treatment plants which is used to treat domestic sewage is used, higher VFAs content of the synthetic wastewater can increase the released phosphorus and synthesized PHAs during anaerobic stage, but can not correspondingly increase the phosphorus removal efficiency. That means more released phosphorus and synthesized PHAs can not always lead to PAOs'higher phosphorus removal ability.
When the sludge taken from wastewater treatment plants which is used to treat domestic sewage is used, no matter how much VFAs the synthetic wastewater contains, microbes' energy level and activity are always closely related to PAOs phosphorus removal ability, microbes' higher energy level and activity usually lead to better phosphorus removal efficiency. It is the microbes' higher energy level and activity caused by deeper anaerobic degree that makes the PAOs to uptake phosphorus more efficiently.
大量试验结果表明,倒置A2/O工艺相对于传统生物脱氮除磷工艺不仅具有更高的脱氮除磷性能,而且具有更好的节能技术优势。倒置A2/O工艺的理论观点中强调厌氧环境对聚磷菌过度吸磷能力的重要影响,不同的研究者对此有不同的观点。为了系统了解厌氧环境因素对倒置A2/O工艺除磷性能的影响,本论文从物质代谢和能量代谢两个角度系统研究了厌氧历时和厌氧程度对倒置A2/O工艺生物除磷过程的规律性影响。基于厌氧历时的倒置A2/O工艺生物除磷机理研究表明：
1.在一定水质范围内,无论废水中VFAs的比例高低,适当延长厌氧历时,在厌氧有效释磷水平和PHAs合成量没有明显增加的情况下,可有效提高好氧段的吸磷动力、除磷效率、微生物能量代谢的水平及活性。厌氧有效释磷水平高低或者PHAs合成量的多寡,都不是决定聚磷菌过度吸磷能力的充分必要条件。
2.随着厌氧历时的延长,聚磷菌的过度吸磷能力和微生物能量代谢的水平及活性总是发生同步的增减变化,都会先增加后减小。适当延长厌氧历时能够提高微生物的能量代谢活性及水平,过度延长厌氧历时反而会降低聚磷微生物的能量代谢活性及水平。在其他条件相同的情况下,微生物能量代谢水平及活性的提高总会导致聚磷菌过度吸磷能力相应增强。适当延长厌氧历时能够增强聚磷菌过度吸磷能力的根本原因在于提高了微生物能量代谢的水平及活性。
3.使聚磷菌的过度吸磷能力最强所需的厌氧历时与废水中VFAs比例有关,废水中VFAs比例高时所需的厌氧历时较长,表明废水中所含的VFAs比例对聚磷菌耐受厌氧历时的能力有一定的影响。对于VFAs/COD=30%左右的生活污水而言,使聚磷菌过度吸磷能力最强、微生物的能量代谢活性及水平达到最高所需的厌氧历时在4h左右。
基于厌氧程度的倒置A2/O工艺生物除磷机理研究表明：
1.在一定水质范围内,适度增加厌氧程度可以提高厌氧段的释磷水平和聚磷菌PHAs合成量,还可以提高好氧段的微生物能量代谢的水平及活性,最终导致除磷效率提高。
2.对于实际生活污水处理厂的污泥而言,在厌氧程度相同的条件下,提高进水中的VFAs比例虽然可以有效的增加厌氧释磷水平和PHAs合成量却不一定能提高除磷效率,表明厌氧释磷水平的高低和PHAs合成量的多寡都不是决定聚磷菌过度吸磷能力的充分必要条件。同样的试验条件下,微生物能量代谢的水平及活性和除磷效率密切相关,微生物能量代谢的水平及活性的提高总是导致除磷效率的增加,表明厌氧程度能够提高聚磷菌过度吸磷能力的根本原因在于微生物能量代谢的水平及活性得到了提高。
Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) process can either alleviate eutrophication or recover phosphorus from wastewater. Great effort from the view of microbiology and biochemischry has been made clarify the mechanism of the process. It has been widely accepted that polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) cleave polyphosphate to produce energy for volatile fatty acids uptake (VFAs) and poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) synthesis during anaerobic pHase and use the PHAs as energy source to luxurily uptake pHospHate during the subsequent aerobic phase. That means the more phosphate released during anerobic phase the more phosphate can be uptaken during aerobic phase. By far, most wastewater treatment plants have been designed according to this theory.
The configuration of reversed A2/O process has achieved better nutrient removal performance than traditional A/O process in many cases and it has been found to be energy saving. Those who had proposed the reversed A2/O process suggest that "the foundmental force that drive the PAOs to uptake phosphate luxurily is related to the anerobic hydraulic retention time and anaerobic degree of anerobic zones. To some extent, longer anerobic hydraulic retention time and deeper anaerobic degree lead to better motivation for phosphate uptake".
In order to understand how the anaerobic environment affec the PAOs'ability to uptake phosphate, we studied the regular effects of anaerobic duration and anaerobic degree on the mataerial metabolism and energy metabolism of micorbes that perform phaosphorus uptake.
When it coming to the effect of anerobic duration on biological phosphorus removal, we get three conclusions as follows:
No matter how much VFAs the wastewater contains, proper longer anaerobic duration can always increase the PAOs' phosphorus uptake motivation and removal efficiency, microbes' energy level and activity. More released phosphorus and synthesized PHAs can not always lead to PAOs' higher phosphorus removal ability.
With the extention of anaerobic duration, PAOs' motivation for phosphorus uptake always goes up and down simoutaneously with the microbes' activity and energy level. When the other conditions remain unchanged, microbes' higher activity and energy level almost always led to PAOs' stronger motivation for phosphorus uptake. It is the microbes' higher activity and energy level caused by proper longer anaerobic duration that led to PAOs' stronger motivation for phosphorus uptake.
The anaerobic duration the the microbes can endure should be limited in a proper range. Proper longer anaerobic duration can increase microbes' activity and energy level but excessive longer anaerobic duration can impair microbes' activity and energy level.
How long anaerobic duration can cause the PAOs' to exhibit the strongest motivation for phosphorus uptake depends on how much VFAs the wastewater contains which affect the PAOs, ability to endure anaerobic duration. As for domestic sewage, the anaerobic duration of4h can make the PAOs to show the best motivation for phosphorus uptake, energy level and activity.
As far as the effect of anaerobic degree is concerned, we have three conclusions.
No matter synthetic wastewater or domestic wastewater was used and no matter how much VFAs the wastewater contains, with a certain anaerobic duration, deeper anaerobic degree can always increase the released phosphorus and synthesized PHAs during anaerobic stage, the microbes' energy level and activity and finally PAOs' phosphorus uptake motivation and removal efficiency.
When the sludge taken from wastewater treatment plants which is used to treat domestic sewage is used, higher VFAs content of the synthetic wastewater can increase the released phosphorus and synthesized PHAs during anaerobic stage, but can not correspondingly increase the phosphorus removal efficiency. That means more released phosphorus and synthesized PHAs can not always lead to PAOs'higher phosphorus removal ability.
When the sludge taken from wastewater treatment plants which is used to treat domestic sewage is used, no matter how much VFAs the synthetic wastewater contains, microbes' energy level and activity are always closely related to PAOs phosphorus removal ability, microbes' higher energy level and activity usually lead to better phosphorus removal efficiency. It is the microbes' higher energy level and activity caused by deeper anaerobic degree that makes the PAOs to uptake phosphorus more efficiently.
引文
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