滇池水体及表层沉积物—水界面各形态磷分布特征研究
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摘要
滇池是我国著名的高原湖泊,具有城市供水、水产养殖、水上航运、旅游观光、调节气候、防洪调蓄等多种功能。滇池对于昆明市乃至云南省经济和社会发展具有极其重要的地位。随着滇池流域社会和经济的发展,入湖污染负荷逐步增加,滇池水体污染日益严重,富营养化程度不断升级,水生生态系统遭到破坏,治理滇池污染已成为摆在昆明市人民和政府面前的一项紧迫任务。
本论文于2010年春季(枯水期)调查研究了滇池全湖表层水、中层水、上覆水、表层沉积物间隙水的总磷(TP)、可溶性总磷(TDP)、正磷酸盐(SRP)的浓度及分布特征；以及相对应采样点表层沉积物总磷(TP)和各级形态磷包括：水溶性磷(Exch-P)、铝结合磷(A1-P)、铁结合磷(Fe-P)、钙结合磷(Ca-P)、闭蓄态铝结合磷(Oc Al-P)、闭蓄态铁结合磷(Oc Fe-P)的含量及其分布特征；总结了磷在滇池水体中的纵向分布特征及横向区域性分布特征；分析了滇池沉积物-水界面磷的浓度分布梯度,探讨了滇池当前磷污染的主导污染源；探讨了磷元素在滇池沉积物中的赋存形态和分布规律。得出如下结论：
1)总磷、可溶性总磷、正磷酸盐浓度在滇池草海的浓度水平均高于外海,且在草海北部高于南部。外海中总磷浓度以北部湖区最高,呈现出从湖区北部到南部逐渐降低的规律。可溶性总磷和正磷酸盐均呈现从外海北部向中部逐渐降低然后在靠近南部晋宁及东部呈贡附近湖区增高的趋势。2)总磷在外海表层和中层水中含量分别占上覆水含量72.7%、77.1%,表层水总磷浓度略低于中层水,上覆水最高；可溶性总磷在中层水和表层水平均含量稍低于上覆水,均是上覆水可溶性总磷含量的94.3%；正磷酸盐在中层水浓度略高于表层水,上覆水最高：变化趋势比总磷缓和,比可溶性总磷显著。在草海,总磷在表层和中层水中的平均浓度分别是上覆水的72.7%、76.1%,与外海的规律一致；可溶性总磷和正磷酸盐在表层水和中层水中的浓度基本相同。
3)草海间隙水中总磷、可溶性总磷、正磷酸盐的平均浓度分别是上覆水的3.45、5.61、4.97倍。可溶性总磷和正磷酸盐占总磷的百分比分别为84.9%、64.3%,远高于上覆水的51.8%、44.7%。内源磷当前有可能已成为草海水体中磷污染的主导源;外海间隙水中总磷的平均浓度是上覆水的1.46倍,可溶性总磷和正磷酸盐占总磷的平均百分比分别为10.6%、3.5%,远低于上覆水中百分比分别为25.8%、11.3%。结果与草海相反。
4)滇池外海表层沉积物总磷含量范围为1465.27-3650.12 mg-kg-1,平均浓度为1901.92 mg·kg-1,草海总磷平均浓度已达到3349.29 mg-kg-1。滇池草海、外海两个湖区富营养化情况均非常严重,草海最为显著,具有较高的内源磷负荷。
5)外海各级形态磷含量的次序为Fe-P>Oc Fe-P>Ca-P>Exch-P>Al-P>Oc Al-P,铁结合磷(Fe-P)、钙结合磷(Ca-P)、闭蓄态铁结合磷(Oc Fe-P)的含量在同一水平上水溶性磷(Exch-P)、铝结合磷(A1-P)、闭蓄态铝结合磷(Oc Al-P)与前三者含量水平相差两个数量级。草海各级形态磷含量的次序为Oc Fe-P>Fe-P>Ca-P>Al-P> Exch-P>Oc Al-P,与总磷相同,草海各级形态磷都比外海高。
Dianchi Lake is one of the most famous highland shallow lakes, which has urban water supply, aquaculture, aquatic shipping, sightseeing, adjusting the climate, flood control storage functions. It has a very important position in economic and social development for Kunming and Yunnan Province. As the social and economic development in Dianchi Lake watershed, pollution load into the lake gradually increased, water eutrophication level escalated, aquatic ecosystems being destroyed, management of Dianchi Lake pollution has become the most urgent task for all republic people and the government.
This study investigated the concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in three layers of different depths in water body, the interstitial water of surface sediments and the total phosphorus and six phosphorus fractions, eg, exchangeable P (Exch-P), aluminum bound P (Al-P), iron bound P (Fe-P), calcium bound P (Ca-P), Occluded Al-P (Oc Al-P) and occluded Fe-P (Oc Fe-P) in surface sediment through analysis of samples collected from 37 sites around Dianchi Lake in spring when it was under low flow monsoon period to obtain a better understanding of the lake feature, to identify the major factors influencing the phosphorus cycle in aquatic environment, to estimate the dominant potential phosphorus sources. The results indicated as follows:
1) The contents of TP, TDP, and SRP in Caohai were higher than Waihai, the highest in northern Caohai. The horizontal distributions of TP in three layers were reduced from northeast to southwest and the regularities of TDP and SRP were decreased firstly from north to middle then increased from middle to south, the distribution pattern in interstitial water was more complex.
2) In Waihai section, the average contents of TP in surface water and middle water were 72.7%,77.1% of that in overlying water, respectively. The average contents of TDP in surface water and middle water were both 94.3%. In Caohai section, the average contents of TP in surface water and middle water were 72.7%, 76.1% of that in overlying water, respectively, almost the same in Waihai. The contents of TDP and SRP in two upper layers basically at the same level. Vertical analysis suggested that the contents of phosphorus pools in water body were increased with depth.
3) In Caohai section, the average contents of TP, TDP, SRP in interstitial water 3.45,5.61,4.97 times higher than that in overlying water, the mean relative contribution of TDP to TP, SRP to TP in interstitial water were 84.9%,64.3%, both higher than that in overlying water of 51.8%,44.7% which revealed a strong evidence of potential releasing trend from the interstitial water to the water body in hyper-eutropacation Caohai section. In Waihai section, the average TP content in the interstitial water was 1.46 times higher than that in overlying water, the mean relative contribution of TDP to TP, SRP to TP in interstitial water was 10.6%,3.5% also lower than 25.8%,11.3% in overlying water which was opposing to that in Caohai which revealed less potential releasing process generally.
4) The contents of TP in Waihai were ranged from 1465.27-3650.12 mg·kg-1 with an average content of 1901.92 mg·kg-1, and the average content in Caohai was 3349.29 mg·kg-1. Two sections in Dianchi Lake were both in severely eutrophication status.
5) In Waihai section, the rank order of phosphorus fractions was Fe-P>Oc Fe-P>Ca-P>Exch-P>Al-P>Oc Al-P, the contents of Fe-P, Ca-P, Oc Fe-P were at the same magnitudes, the contents of Exch-P, Al-P, Oc Al-P were two magnitudes lower than the former three. In Caohai section, the rank order of phosphorus fractions was Oc Fe-P> Fe-P>Ca-P>Al-P>Exch-P>Oc Al-P, and the contents of each phosphorus fractions was lower than that in the Caohai as the content of TP.
本论文于2010年春季(枯水期)调查研究了滇池全湖表层水、中层水、上覆水、表层沉积物间隙水的总磷(TP)、可溶性总磷(TDP)、正磷酸盐(SRP)的浓度及分布特征；以及相对应采样点表层沉积物总磷(TP)和各级形态磷包括：水溶性磷(Exch-P)、铝结合磷(A1-P)、铁结合磷(Fe-P)、钙结合磷(Ca-P)、闭蓄态铝结合磷(Oc Al-P)、闭蓄态铁结合磷(Oc Fe-P)的含量及其分布特征；总结了磷在滇池水体中的纵向分布特征及横向区域性分布特征；分析了滇池沉积物-水界面磷的浓度分布梯度,探讨了滇池当前磷污染的主导污染源；探讨了磷元素在滇池沉积物中的赋存形态和分布规律。得出如下结论：
1)总磷、可溶性总磷、正磷酸盐浓度在滇池草海的浓度水平均高于外海,且在草海北部高于南部。外海中总磷浓度以北部湖区最高,呈现出从湖区北部到南部逐渐降低的规律。可溶性总磷和正磷酸盐均呈现从外海北部向中部逐渐降低然后在靠近南部晋宁及东部呈贡附近湖区增高的趋势。2)总磷在外海表层和中层水中含量分别占上覆水含量72.7%、77.1%,表层水总磷浓度略低于中层水,上覆水最高；可溶性总磷在中层水和表层水平均含量稍低于上覆水,均是上覆水可溶性总磷含量的94.3%；正磷酸盐在中层水浓度略高于表层水,上覆水最高：变化趋势比总磷缓和,比可溶性总磷显著。在草海,总磷在表层和中层水中的平均浓度分别是上覆水的72.7%、76.1%,与外海的规律一致；可溶性总磷和正磷酸盐在表层水和中层水中的浓度基本相同。
3)草海间隙水中总磷、可溶性总磷、正磷酸盐的平均浓度分别是上覆水的3.45、5.61、4.97倍。可溶性总磷和正磷酸盐占总磷的百分比分别为84.9%、64.3%,远高于上覆水的51.8%、44.7%。内源磷当前有可能已成为草海水体中磷污染的主导源;外海间隙水中总磷的平均浓度是上覆水的1.46倍,可溶性总磷和正磷酸盐占总磷的平均百分比分别为10.6%、3.5%,远低于上覆水中百分比分别为25.8%、11.3%。结果与草海相反。
4)滇池外海表层沉积物总磷含量范围为1465.27-3650.12 mg-kg-1,平均浓度为1901.92 mg·kg-1,草海总磷平均浓度已达到3349.29 mg-kg-1。滇池草海、外海两个湖区富营养化情况均非常严重,草海最为显著,具有较高的内源磷负荷。
5)外海各级形态磷含量的次序为Fe-P>Oc Fe-P>Ca-P>Exch-P>Al-P>Oc Al-P,铁结合磷(Fe-P)、钙结合磷(Ca-P)、闭蓄态铁结合磷(Oc Fe-P)的含量在同一水平上水溶性磷(Exch-P)、铝结合磷(A1-P)、闭蓄态铝结合磷(Oc Al-P)与前三者含量水平相差两个数量级。草海各级形态磷含量的次序为Oc Fe-P>Fe-P>Ca-P>Al-P> Exch-P>Oc Al-P,与总磷相同,草海各级形态磷都比外海高。
Dianchi Lake is one of the most famous highland shallow lakes, which has urban water supply, aquaculture, aquatic shipping, sightseeing, adjusting the climate, flood control storage functions. It has a very important position in economic and social development for Kunming and Yunnan Province. As the social and economic development in Dianchi Lake watershed, pollution load into the lake gradually increased, water eutrophication level escalated, aquatic ecosystems being destroyed, management of Dianchi Lake pollution has become the most urgent task for all republic people and the government.
This study investigated the concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), total dissolved phosphorus (TDP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in three layers of different depths in water body, the interstitial water of surface sediments and the total phosphorus and six phosphorus fractions, eg, exchangeable P (Exch-P), aluminum bound P (Al-P), iron bound P (Fe-P), calcium bound P (Ca-P), Occluded Al-P (Oc Al-P) and occluded Fe-P (Oc Fe-P) in surface sediment through analysis of samples collected from 37 sites around Dianchi Lake in spring when it was under low flow monsoon period to obtain a better understanding of the lake feature, to identify the major factors influencing the phosphorus cycle in aquatic environment, to estimate the dominant potential phosphorus sources. The results indicated as follows:
1) The contents of TP, TDP, and SRP in Caohai were higher than Waihai, the highest in northern Caohai. The horizontal distributions of TP in three layers were reduced from northeast to southwest and the regularities of TDP and SRP were decreased firstly from north to middle then increased from middle to south, the distribution pattern in interstitial water was more complex.
2) In Waihai section, the average contents of TP in surface water and middle water were 72.7%,77.1% of that in overlying water, respectively. The average contents of TDP in surface water and middle water were both 94.3%. In Caohai section, the average contents of TP in surface water and middle water were 72.7%, 76.1% of that in overlying water, respectively, almost the same in Waihai. The contents of TDP and SRP in two upper layers basically at the same level. Vertical analysis suggested that the contents of phosphorus pools in water body were increased with depth.
3) In Caohai section, the average contents of TP, TDP, SRP in interstitial water 3.45,5.61,4.97 times higher than that in overlying water, the mean relative contribution of TDP to TP, SRP to TP in interstitial water were 84.9%,64.3%, both higher than that in overlying water of 51.8%,44.7% which revealed a strong evidence of potential releasing trend from the interstitial water to the water body in hyper-eutropacation Caohai section. In Waihai section, the average TP content in the interstitial water was 1.46 times higher than that in overlying water, the mean relative contribution of TDP to TP, SRP to TP in interstitial water was 10.6%,3.5% also lower than 25.8%,11.3% in overlying water which was opposing to that in Caohai which revealed less potential releasing process generally.
4) The contents of TP in Waihai were ranged from 1465.27-3650.12 mg·kg-1 with an average content of 1901.92 mg·kg-1, and the average content in Caohai was 3349.29 mg·kg-1. Two sections in Dianchi Lake were both in severely eutrophication status.
5) In Waihai section, the rank order of phosphorus fractions was Fe-P>Oc Fe-P>Ca-P>Exch-P>Al-P>Oc Al-P, the contents of Fe-P, Ca-P, Oc Fe-P were at the same magnitudes, the contents of Exch-P, Al-P, Oc Al-P were two magnitudes lower than the former three. In Caohai section, the rank order of phosphorus fractions was Oc Fe-P> Fe-P>Ca-P>Al-P>Exch-P>Oc Al-P, and the contents of each phosphorus fractions was lower than that in the Caohai as the content of TP.
引文
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