陕西省华阳川铀多金属成矿作用地球化学研究
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摘要
通过对矿石进行精细研究，查明了矿石的矿物成分、化学成分、物理性质；对矿化围岩进行化学分析，查明了变质岩、碳酸岩、伟晶岩、花岗岩的岩石学、主微量元素特征，恢复了变质岩原岩，归纳了变质岩的年代学特征，阐述了碳酸岩脉的成因及流体特征，确定了花岗岩的类型，讨论了花岗岩的形成环境及物源，利用锆石U—Pb法测得了花岗岩的形成年龄为207Ma和225Ma—229Ma；经过详细的坑道编录，基本查明了重要含矿脉体类型、矿脉的形态特征、含矿脉岩穿插关系、矿脉的空间展布特点，结合矿石的物质组份、矿物之间的相互关系、热液蚀变，分析了成矿作用地球化学过程，明确了矿床为岩浆-热液复成因成矿类型，建立了成矿模式。具体结论成果如下：
（1）从铀、铌、铅矿化的生成条件来看，铀-铌、铅矿化属于两套成矿系统，并不赋存于同一成矿空间，划分为铀铌矿石和铅矿石两类。但是铀铌矿化和铅矿化在空间上比较接近，从综合利用角度来看，称为铀铌铅混合矿石类型。铀矿石构造主要有浸染状、细脉状、网脉状、不规则团块状等。方铅矿以稀疏的斑点构造和网脉状构造为主，次为稀疏团块状和细脉状构造。铌钛铀矿沉淀在黑云母、独居石周边、微斜长石及黑云母的裂隙中，铌钛铀矿包括独居石、晶质铀矿。方铅矿嵌布于脉石矿物粒间，多呈他形粒状结构。
（2）U、Pb、Nb、稀土元素为主要有用元素，Ag、Bi、Sr、Rb等为伴生有益有用元素。矿石矿物主要有铌钛铀矿、晶质铀矿、方铅矿，其次为独居石、褐帘石、磷灰石、磁铁矿、菱锶矿、重晶石-天青石簇矿物等。脉石矿物主要有微斜长石、石英、斜长石、角闪石、黑云母、方解石等。
（3）93.245%的UO2赋存于铌钛铀矿中，5.98%赋存于晶质铀矿中，其余以类质同象或吸附的形式赋存于独居石、褐帘石、磷灰石、榍石矿物中。Pb主要以方铅矿产出，铅矿物中的铅集中系数为87.32%，其余12.68%分散于其它矿物中。95.982%的Nb2O5赋存于铌钛铀矿中，其余以类质同象或吸附的形式赋存于独居石、褐帘石、磷灰石、榍石矿物中。稀土元素赋存于独居石、褐帘石、铌钛铀矿、榍石、磷灰石中总计63.20％。其它分散于方解石、重晶石等矿物中。
（4）矿石围岩分为变质岩和岩浆岩，其中黑云斜长片麻岩为中深变质作用形成，花岗斑岩、花岗伟晶岩、碳酸岩属于岩浆岩。这些围岩的球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线具轻稀土异常富集的右倾特征，轻重稀土比值较大，具有一定程度的铕亏损和微弱铈亏损。矿石中的球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线同样具轻稀土异常富集的右倾特征，其稀土元素组成特征与围岩具有相似性。
（5）花岗岩表现为I型花岗岩的特征，其源区可能为中-下地壳岩层，即太华群或熊耳群。成岩有两期年龄，分别为207Ma和225Ma—229Ma。继承锆石的年龄同样分为两期，分别为1907Ma和2420Ma；2.7Ga左右为太华群原岩的形成时间，2.2～2.3Ga为其变质时代，这一变质年龄与花岗岩中继承锆石的年龄相差不大。
（6）碳酸岩脉呈脉群产出，受控于太华群片麻岩的构造裂隙。从宏观和微观两个方面来看，碳酸岩脉和伴生的碱性岩脉的成岩物质是同源的，是由源于EMI的碱性硅酸盐－碳酸盐熔体－溶液不混溶结晶分异，先后或同时形成的产物，碳酸岩脉比碱性岩脉更加富含稀土元素，可能是在液态不混溶过程中，稀土元素尤其是轻稀土元素优先进入碳酸盐熔体所导致。碳酸岩流体包裹体可以分为2类：Ⅰ类CO2—H2S气相包裹体、Ⅱ类CO2—H2O液相包裹体。均一温度为195.0℃～197.0℃，冰点温度-13.7℃～-12.4℃。初步判断华阳川矿床的含矿碳酸岩脉很可能源于EMI。
（7）不同类型、规模的矿脉沿着不同方向、不同性质的裂隙贯入，不同阶段的矿脉相互叠加、穿插。矿脉总体走向、特别是主矿化阶段的矿脉以NW、NNW方向为主，规模NW组较大、延伸较远。矿区矿脉总体构成了NWW向展布的矿脉密集带，带内含脉率一般50%～60%，最高90%以上，最低20%～30%。矿脉密集带向NW侧伏，剖面上呈现上推式雁列。
（8）厘定了矿物的生成顺序。首先是伟晶期，铀主要存在于钍石、铀钍矿、独居石、褐帘石、锆石等含铀矿物，少量以铌钛铀矿形式产出，铀矿化作用微弱；在高中温热液期，形成铌钛铀矿，其与磷灰石及独居石共生，是铌钛铀矿矿化主要阶段；在中低温热液期，形成方铅矿、黄铁矿和钡锶硫酸盐及碳酸盐矿物，是硫化物矿化主要阶段。在方铅矿形成过程中，与铅地球化学性质相似的银、铋、硒、碲、铟等元素主要呈分散状态赋存于方铅矿中；在晚期阶段，形成大量的沸石、方解石、重晶石、石英等低温热液矿物组成的碳酸岩脉；在表生期，形成的主要矿物是白铅矿、铅矾和铅丹等铅的氧化矿物及锰土、褐铁矿、粘土及少量的方解石。
（9）与铌钛铀矿矿化有关的热液蚀变主要是混合伟晶岩和石英碳酸岩脉中的热液蚀变作用，围岩中分布的硅化、黑云母化、碳酸盐化等热液蚀变。花岗斑岩和花岗伟晶岩中由岩浆结晶晚期自交代作用形成的钠长石化，混合岩化作用形成的微斜长石化、钠长石化、绿帘石化、绿泥石化、绢云母化等蚀变遍布全区。
Detailed research has been carried out to study essentials of the HuayangchuanU-Nb-Pb (uranium-niobium-lead) deposit with respect to mineralogy, petrology,geochemistry, geochronology and tectonics. Mineral composition, chemicalcomposition and physical property of ore were partly solved by detailed research ofore. The study on petrology, geochemistry and geochronology of different types ofmineralization country rocks points out: types, U-Pb ages of zircon (207Ma and225Ma-229Ma), evolution processes and origins of granite; protoliths and ages ofmetamorphic rocks; genesis and fluid characteristics of carbonatite veins; Veins arecommon features in rocks and here we provide a general profile of morphology,transect relationships, spatial distribution characteristics of leads by detailed workingsdocumentation. Combined with the study on ore composition, the correlationsbetween minerals, hydrothermal alteration, this paper presents an overview aboutore-forming geochemistry processes, genetic type (magmatic hydrothermalmulti-origin type) and metallogenic model. There are the specific results:
(1) Distinctive formation conditions of U、Nb and Pb mineralization indicate thatmineralization can be divided into U-Nb-mineralization and Pb-mineralization, whichdo not occur in same place. In terms of comprehensive utilization, we emphasizeanother mineralization of U-Nb-Pb-mineralization, which means U-Nb-mineralizationand Pb-mineralization have a close occurrence location. At the same time, the types ofore can be divided into U-Nb ore, Pb ore and U-Nb-Pb ore. U ore are mostlyimpregnation structure, veinlet structure, network structure and irregular crumbstructure. Rarefaction spotted structure and network structure are common structuresin Pb ore. Rarefaction crumb structure and veinlet structure can be observedsometimes. Betafite precipitate around the margin of biotite、monazite, and in thefractures of microcline、biotite. Galena that precipitates in the intergranular space ismostly xenomorphic granular texture.
(2) U、Pb、Nb、rare earth elements (REE) are the major useful elements. Ag(silver), Bi (bismuth), Sr (strontium), Rb (rubidium) and other elements are regarded as useful associated elements. Betafite, uraninite and galena are major ore minerals,and other minerals include monazite, allanite, apatite, magnetite, strontianite, baritefamily. Microcline, quartz, plagioclase, amphibole, biotite and calcite are majorgangue minerals.
(3) Betafite hosts93.245%total UO2, uraninite contains5.98%total UO2, andthe rest disseminates in monazite, allanite, apatite and titanite as isomorphic andabsorbed components. Galena is the major plumbeous mineral that contains87.32%Pb, and12.68%Pb disseminates in other minerals. Betafite contains95.982%Nb2O5,and the rest disseminates in monazite, allanite, apatite and titanite as isomorphic andabsorbed components. The contents of REE in monazite, allanite, betafite, titanite,apatite account for63.20%, and the rest disseminates in calcite, barite etc.
(4) Country rocks in this region are metamorphic rock and igneous rock. Bearingbiotite plagioclase gneiss is the product of medium and high grade metamorphism.Igneous rocks include granite porphyry, granitic pegmatite, carbonatite. These countryrocks have an abnormal light REE (LREE) enrichment relative to heavy REE (HREE),to some extent, show a negative Eu (europium) anomaly and faint negative Ce(cerium) anomaly. And chondrite normalized REE abundance patterns of countryrocks apparently present a trend of right incline. The REE abundance patternscharacteristics of ores are similar to country rocks’.
(5) Detailed research shows that granite in this region that can be distinguishedas I-type granite may derive from medium-lower crust (Taihua group and Xiongergroup in this region). The diagenesis ages are207Ma and225Ma-229Ma. Inheritancezircon gives two ages of1907Ma and2420Ma. Taihua group protolith diagenesis ageand metamorphic events occurrence age are2.7Ga and2.2-2.3Ga, respectively.Metamorphic events and granite diagenesis may occur at an approximate time.
(6) Carbonatite veins group is controlled by the tectonic fractures of Taihuagroup gneiss. Macroscopic and microscopic evidences show that the rock-formingsubstances of carbonatite veins and associated alkaline veins come from immiscibilitycrystallization differentiation products of alkaline silicate-carbonate melt-solution thatcome from enriched mantle type1(EMI). Carbonatite veins have higher abundances of REE compared with alkaline rock veins probably because melt have an enrichmentof REE, especially LREE, during the liquid immiscibility process. There are thedivisions of carbonatite fluid inclusions: CO2-H2S gaseous inclusions; CO2-H2Oliquid inclusions. Homogenization temperature and freezing temperature are195.0-197.0℃a nd-13.7--12.4℃, respectively. The preliminary conclusionis that thecarbonatite veins of Huayangchuan deposit may derive from EMI.
(7) Leads of different types and sizes inject into fractures with differentdirections and characteristics. Distinctive stages leads that superimpose and transecteach other show a complex network morphology in space. The overall trend directionsof leads, especially the master leads, are predominant directions of NW and NNW.The NW leads have a large size and extend relatively widely. Leads density zones thatveins commonly account for50%to60%, even up to at least90%, down to20%,generally distribute along NWW. Leads pitch NW, and occur in en-échelon arrays onthe section.
(8) Field geological works and microgeology facts provide an overview aboutgeneration of minerals: in pegmatitic stage, U mainly occour in forms of thorite,uranothorite, monazite, allanite, zircon, together with a small amount of betafite. TheU-mineralization is faint; in hypothermal-mesothermal stage, betafite form. Betafite,apatite, and monazite are paragenetic mineral association. This stage is the mainbetafite-mineralization stage; in mesothermal-epithermal stage, galena, pyrite,Ba-Sr-sulphate, carbonate occur. In this main sulfide-mineralizaiton stage, Ag, Bi, Se,Te, In that geochemistry characteristics are similar to Pb, disseminate in galena; in thelate stage, the carbonate veins that consist of a large amount of zeolite, calcite, barite,quartz and other epithermal minerals occur; in supergene stage, wad, limonite, clay, asmall amount of calcite and the main oxide of Pb including cerussite, anglesite,minium are the main minerals.
(9) Hydrothermal alteration process related to betafite mineralization is mainlyhydrothermal alteration in mixing pegmatite veins and quartz carbonatite veins.Alterations occur in country rocks including silication, biotitization, carbonation.Albitization related to late magmatic crystallization autometamorphism and microclinizaiton, albitization, epidotization, chloritization, sericitization related tomigmatization disseminate in research area.
（1）从铀、铌、铅矿化的生成条件来看，铀-铌、铅矿化属于两套成矿系统，并不赋存于同一成矿空间，划分为铀铌矿石和铅矿石两类。但是铀铌矿化和铅矿化在空间上比较接近，从综合利用角度来看，称为铀铌铅混合矿石类型。铀矿石构造主要有浸染状、细脉状、网脉状、不规则团块状等。方铅矿以稀疏的斑点构造和网脉状构造为主，次为稀疏团块状和细脉状构造。铌钛铀矿沉淀在黑云母、独居石周边、微斜长石及黑云母的裂隙中，铌钛铀矿包括独居石、晶质铀矿。方铅矿嵌布于脉石矿物粒间，多呈他形粒状结构。
（2）U、Pb、Nb、稀土元素为主要有用元素，Ag、Bi、Sr、Rb等为伴生有益有用元素。矿石矿物主要有铌钛铀矿、晶质铀矿、方铅矿，其次为独居石、褐帘石、磷灰石、磁铁矿、菱锶矿、重晶石-天青石簇矿物等。脉石矿物主要有微斜长石、石英、斜长石、角闪石、黑云母、方解石等。
（3）93.245%的UO2赋存于铌钛铀矿中，5.98%赋存于晶质铀矿中，其余以类质同象或吸附的形式赋存于独居石、褐帘石、磷灰石、榍石矿物中。Pb主要以方铅矿产出，铅矿物中的铅集中系数为87.32%，其余12.68%分散于其它矿物中。95.982%的Nb2O5赋存于铌钛铀矿中，其余以类质同象或吸附的形式赋存于独居石、褐帘石、磷灰石、榍石矿物中。稀土元素赋存于独居石、褐帘石、铌钛铀矿、榍石、磷灰石中总计63.20％。其它分散于方解石、重晶石等矿物中。
（4）矿石围岩分为变质岩和岩浆岩，其中黑云斜长片麻岩为中深变质作用形成，花岗斑岩、花岗伟晶岩、碳酸岩属于岩浆岩。这些围岩的球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线具轻稀土异常富集的右倾特征，轻重稀土比值较大，具有一定程度的铕亏损和微弱铈亏损。矿石中的球粒陨石标准化稀土元素配分曲线同样具轻稀土异常富集的右倾特征，其稀土元素组成特征与围岩具有相似性。
（5）花岗岩表现为I型花岗岩的特征，其源区可能为中-下地壳岩层，即太华群或熊耳群。成岩有两期年龄，分别为207Ma和225Ma—229Ma。继承锆石的年龄同样分为两期，分别为1907Ma和2420Ma；2.7Ga左右为太华群原岩的形成时间，2.2～2.3Ga为其变质时代，这一变质年龄与花岗岩中继承锆石的年龄相差不大。
（6）碳酸岩脉呈脉群产出，受控于太华群片麻岩的构造裂隙。从宏观和微观两个方面来看，碳酸岩脉和伴生的碱性岩脉的成岩物质是同源的，是由源于EMI的碱性硅酸盐－碳酸盐熔体－溶液不混溶结晶分异，先后或同时形成的产物，碳酸岩脉比碱性岩脉更加富含稀土元素，可能是在液态不混溶过程中，稀土元素尤其是轻稀土元素优先进入碳酸盐熔体所导致。碳酸岩流体包裹体可以分为2类：Ⅰ类CO2—H2S气相包裹体、Ⅱ类CO2—H2O液相包裹体。均一温度为195.0℃～197.0℃，冰点温度-13.7℃～-12.4℃。初步判断华阳川矿床的含矿碳酸岩脉很可能源于EMI。
（7）不同类型、规模的矿脉沿着不同方向、不同性质的裂隙贯入，不同阶段的矿脉相互叠加、穿插。矿脉总体走向、特别是主矿化阶段的矿脉以NW、NNW方向为主，规模NW组较大、延伸较远。矿区矿脉总体构成了NWW向展布的矿脉密集带，带内含脉率一般50%～60%，最高90%以上，最低20%～30%。矿脉密集带向NW侧伏，剖面上呈现上推式雁列。
（8）厘定了矿物的生成顺序。首先是伟晶期，铀主要存在于钍石、铀钍矿、独居石、褐帘石、锆石等含铀矿物，少量以铌钛铀矿形式产出，铀矿化作用微弱；在高中温热液期，形成铌钛铀矿，其与磷灰石及独居石共生，是铌钛铀矿矿化主要阶段；在中低温热液期，形成方铅矿、黄铁矿和钡锶硫酸盐及碳酸盐矿物，是硫化物矿化主要阶段。在方铅矿形成过程中，与铅地球化学性质相似的银、铋、硒、碲、铟等元素主要呈分散状态赋存于方铅矿中；在晚期阶段，形成大量的沸石、方解石、重晶石、石英等低温热液矿物组成的碳酸岩脉；在表生期，形成的主要矿物是白铅矿、铅矾和铅丹等铅的氧化矿物及锰土、褐铁矿、粘土及少量的方解石。
（9）与铌钛铀矿矿化有关的热液蚀变主要是混合伟晶岩和石英碳酸岩脉中的热液蚀变作用，围岩中分布的硅化、黑云母化、碳酸盐化等热液蚀变。花岗斑岩和花岗伟晶岩中由岩浆结晶晚期自交代作用形成的钠长石化，混合岩化作用形成的微斜长石化、钠长石化、绿帘石化、绿泥石化、绢云母化等蚀变遍布全区。
Detailed research has been carried out to study essentials of the HuayangchuanU-Nb-Pb (uranium-niobium-lead) deposit with respect to mineralogy, petrology,geochemistry, geochronology and tectonics. Mineral composition, chemicalcomposition and physical property of ore were partly solved by detailed research ofore. The study on petrology, geochemistry and geochronology of different types ofmineralization country rocks points out: types, U-Pb ages of zircon (207Ma and225Ma-229Ma), evolution processes and origins of granite; protoliths and ages ofmetamorphic rocks; genesis and fluid characteristics of carbonatite veins; Veins arecommon features in rocks and here we provide a general profile of morphology,transect relationships, spatial distribution characteristics of leads by detailed workingsdocumentation. Combined with the study on ore composition, the correlationsbetween minerals, hydrothermal alteration, this paper presents an overview aboutore-forming geochemistry processes, genetic type (magmatic hydrothermalmulti-origin type) and metallogenic model. There are the specific results:
(1) Distinctive formation conditions of U、Nb and Pb mineralization indicate thatmineralization can be divided into U-Nb-mineralization and Pb-mineralization, whichdo not occur in same place. In terms of comprehensive utilization, we emphasizeanother mineralization of U-Nb-Pb-mineralization, which means U-Nb-mineralizationand Pb-mineralization have a close occurrence location. At the same time, the types ofore can be divided into U-Nb ore, Pb ore and U-Nb-Pb ore. U ore are mostlyimpregnation structure, veinlet structure, network structure and irregular crumbstructure. Rarefaction spotted structure and network structure are common structuresin Pb ore. Rarefaction crumb structure and veinlet structure can be observedsometimes. Betafite precipitate around the margin of biotite、monazite, and in thefractures of microcline、biotite. Galena that precipitates in the intergranular space ismostly xenomorphic granular texture.
(2) U、Pb、Nb、rare earth elements (REE) are the major useful elements. Ag(silver), Bi (bismuth), Sr (strontium), Rb (rubidium) and other elements are regarded as useful associated elements. Betafite, uraninite and galena are major ore minerals,and other minerals include monazite, allanite, apatite, magnetite, strontianite, baritefamily. Microcline, quartz, plagioclase, amphibole, biotite and calcite are majorgangue minerals.
(3) Betafite hosts93.245%total UO2, uraninite contains5.98%total UO2, andthe rest disseminates in monazite, allanite, apatite and titanite as isomorphic andabsorbed components. Galena is the major plumbeous mineral that contains87.32%Pb, and12.68%Pb disseminates in other minerals. Betafite contains95.982%Nb2O5,and the rest disseminates in monazite, allanite, apatite and titanite as isomorphic andabsorbed components. The contents of REE in monazite, allanite, betafite, titanite,apatite account for63.20%, and the rest disseminates in calcite, barite etc.
(4) Country rocks in this region are metamorphic rock and igneous rock. Bearingbiotite plagioclase gneiss is the product of medium and high grade metamorphism.Igneous rocks include granite porphyry, granitic pegmatite, carbonatite. These countryrocks have an abnormal light REE (LREE) enrichment relative to heavy REE (HREE),to some extent, show a negative Eu (europium) anomaly and faint negative Ce(cerium) anomaly. And chondrite normalized REE abundance patterns of countryrocks apparently present a trend of right incline. The REE abundance patternscharacteristics of ores are similar to country rocks’.
(5) Detailed research shows that granite in this region that can be distinguishedas I-type granite may derive from medium-lower crust (Taihua group and Xiongergroup in this region). The diagenesis ages are207Ma and225Ma-229Ma. Inheritancezircon gives two ages of1907Ma and2420Ma. Taihua group protolith diagenesis ageand metamorphic events occurrence age are2.7Ga and2.2-2.3Ga, respectively.Metamorphic events and granite diagenesis may occur at an approximate time.
(6) Carbonatite veins group is controlled by the tectonic fractures of Taihuagroup gneiss. Macroscopic and microscopic evidences show that the rock-formingsubstances of carbonatite veins and associated alkaline veins come from immiscibilitycrystallization differentiation products of alkaline silicate-carbonate melt-solution thatcome from enriched mantle type1(EMI). Carbonatite veins have higher abundances of REE compared with alkaline rock veins probably because melt have an enrichmentof REE, especially LREE, during the liquid immiscibility process. There are thedivisions of carbonatite fluid inclusions: CO2-H2S gaseous inclusions; CO2-H2Oliquid inclusions. Homogenization temperature and freezing temperature are195.0-197.0℃a nd-13.7--12.4℃, respectively. The preliminary conclusionis that thecarbonatite veins of Huayangchuan deposit may derive from EMI.
(7) Leads of different types and sizes inject into fractures with differentdirections and characteristics. Distinctive stages leads that superimpose and transecteach other show a complex network morphology in space. The overall trend directionsof leads, especially the master leads, are predominant directions of NW and NNW.The NW leads have a large size and extend relatively widely. Leads density zones thatveins commonly account for50%to60%, even up to at least90%, down to20%,generally distribute along NWW. Leads pitch NW, and occur in en-échelon arrays onthe section.
(8) Field geological works and microgeology facts provide an overview aboutgeneration of minerals: in pegmatitic stage, U mainly occour in forms of thorite,uranothorite, monazite, allanite, zircon, together with a small amount of betafite. TheU-mineralization is faint; in hypothermal-mesothermal stage, betafite form. Betafite,apatite, and monazite are paragenetic mineral association. This stage is the mainbetafite-mineralization stage; in mesothermal-epithermal stage, galena, pyrite,Ba-Sr-sulphate, carbonate occur. In this main sulfide-mineralizaiton stage, Ag, Bi, Se,Te, In that geochemistry characteristics are similar to Pb, disseminate in galena; in thelate stage, the carbonate veins that consist of a large amount of zeolite, calcite, barite,quartz and other epithermal minerals occur; in supergene stage, wad, limonite, clay, asmall amount of calcite and the main oxide of Pb including cerussite, anglesite,minium are the main minerals.
(9) Hydrothermal alteration process related to betafite mineralization is mainlyhydrothermal alteration in mixing pegmatite veins and quartz carbonatite veins.Alterations occur in country rocks including silication, biotitization, carbonation.Albitization related to late magmatic crystallization autometamorphism and microclinizaiton, albitization, epidotization, chloritization, sericitization related tomigmatization disseminate in research area.
引文
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