高含CO_2天然气管道输送技术研究
摘要
目前,我国已发现多个不同CO2含量的天然气气田,如：长庆长北气田(CO2含量5.321%),江苏黄桥气田(CO2含量90～99%),广东三水气田(CO2含量84～99%),吉林万金塔气田(CO2含量90～99%)等。高含CO2天然气开采出来后需要通过集输管道输送到处理厂进行CO2和天然气的分离；分离出的CO2也需要通过管道或车船等运输方式输送到消费市场用于化工生产、油气开采、消防、食品加工等。然而由于CO2的热物性特点(纯CO2临界温度为304.25K,临界压力为7.36MPa),当纯CO2或含CO2天然气进行管道输送时,其工况明显不同于常规天然气,如容易出现气相、液相、超临界的相互转换等,所有这些给含CO2天然气管道的设计和管理带来了新的课题。
针对高含CO2天然气和纯CO2管道输送过程中的有关工艺设计和计算问题,采用实验和理论研究相结合的方法,首先评价和筛选了高含CO2天然气物性参数和相态的计算方法；研究了管道设计过程中的管径优选问题；讨论了高含CO2天然气水合物预测与防止问题；最后分别考虑气相、液相、超临界三种情况,基于管道输送基本方程和特征线求解方法,开发出了CO2管道仿真系统软件。取得的主要成果如下：
(1)对4种CO2含量(10%、50%、90%、100%)气体样品进行配制,在-10～40℃、0～15MPa范围内,对压缩因子、密度、粘度、泡点、露点等参数进行实验测试,获得了完整的实验数据,为高含CO2天然气物性参数计算方法的筛选修正提供了依据；实验还表明：当压力、温度相同时,随着天然气中CO2含量的增加,天然气相对体积、密度、粘度总体均呈增大的趋势,而天然气压缩因子、体积系数则呈降低的趋势。
(2)针对5种CO2含量(10%、30%、50%、70%、90%)与甲醇(质量浓度16.5%、34.6%)、乙二醇(质量浓度21.8%、42.6%)2种抑制剂在0～15MPa范围内进行水合物生成温度测试。结果显示,在实验条件范围内,加甲醇可以降低水合物生成温度15～18℃左右,加乙二醇可以降低水合物生成温度6～10～C左右。从抑制效果来看,甲醇优于乙二醇,且在同样的抑制效果下甲醇的使用量低于乙二醇。
(3)在-10～40℃、0～15MPa范围内,采用实验数据评价RK、SRK、PR、BWRS气体状态方程,以误差±5%为界,确定了各状态方程的适用范围(表3.2),通过对比发现BWRS方程的适用范围相对较广。因此,在实际计算中可依据不同的压力、温度具体选择状态方程计算物性参数以获得更佳的计算精度。
(4)对比分析国外已有的CO2管道投资估算模型,结合我国管道投资实际情况,建立了适合我国实际情况的CO2管道投资费用估算模型,并得到了输量与管径、输量与年折合费用、输量与经济流速之间的关系,可为管道设计人员提供参考依据。
(5)采用实验数据在0～15MPa范围内对用于水合物生成条件预测的Chen-Guo模型进行分析,发现Chen-Guo模型在计算高含CO2天然气水合物生成温度时的误差在2-7℃内。基于实验结果对Chen-Guo模型进行改进,改进后的模型计算平均误差小于0.25℃,能够满足CO2含量在10%～90%、压力0～15MPa范围的计算要求。
(6)在CO2气相、液相输送管道系统数学模型的基础上,考虑压缩机、泵、阀门等非管元件,结合不同的初值条件、边界条件,采用特征线求解方法,基于C#语言,开发了CO2管道仿真系统软件,并针对气相、液相、超临界三种高含C02天然气管道输送管网进行了具体应用,分析了各种管输条件下管路沿线的温度、压力分布规律,预测管路沿线流体介质的相态变化,证明了软件和方法的合理性。
论文为CO2气田和高含CO2天然气气田的有效开发利用以及CO2安全、经济、高效的管道输送奠定理论基础,具有重要的社会意义和经济价值。
Recently, China has found many natural gas fields with high content of CO2for example Changbei natural gas field of Changqing (5.321%content of CO2), Huangqiao natural gas field (90-99%content of CO2), Sanshui natural gas field in Guangdong Province (84-99%content of CO2), Wanjinta natural gas field in Jilin Province (90-99%content of CO2). The high-CO2-content gas always transports by gathering pipelines from the gas fields to process plants for CO2separation. The pure CO2separated from the gas then delivers to commercial systems such as oil and gas exploitation, chemical production, fire control, food-processing, etc. However, the transmission process for CO2contained gas is much different from the one for regular gas because of the low critical parameters (Tc=304.25K, Pc=7.36MPa) which would cause phase change along the pipelines. So feasible design and operation methods for the CO2pipelines become a new issue in the field.
In order to build an effective design and calculation method for high-CO2-content gas as well as the pure CO2transmission process, this paper studied the calculation method of corresponding physical parameters firstly. Then, the methods for the investment estimation, pipe diameter optimization and economic flow velocity determination were also studied. Thirdly, the hydrate formation prediction and inhibition methods were also researched for flow assurance of the CO2contained gas pipelines. Finally, the simulation models for different transmission process, including vapor phase, liquid phase and supercritical phase process, were built and solved by the method of characteristic. On these bases, a CO2pipeline simulation software package was developed. In details, the main achievements of the paper are as follows.
(1) Four gas samples with different CO2content (10%,20%,30%,40%) were prepared. The compressibility factors, densities, viscosities, bubble points and dew points of the samples were measured at temperatures ranging from-10℃to40℃and the pressures ranging from OMPa to15MPa. The experimental results show, when the pressures and temperatures keep constant, with the increase of CO2content in natural gas, the relative volume, density, viscosity generally showed an increasing trend, while the compressibility factor and volume coefficient showed a decreasing trend.
(2) The hydrate formation conditions of five gas samples with different CO2content (10%、30%、50%、70%、90%) were measured in the presence of2inhibitors methanol(mass concentrations are16.5%and34.6%) and glycol (mass concentrations are21.8%and42.6%). The experimental pressure is from OMPa to15MPa. The results show the presence of the methanol would decrease the hydrate formation temperature about15-18℃, and the injection of the glycol would decrease the hydrate formation temperature about1℃to10℃. The methanol has better hydrate inhibition performance than the glycol has.
(3) The experimental data under the conditions-10℃to40℃and OMPa to15MPa were used to evaluate the accuracy of four equations of state (EoSs):RK, SRK, PR and BWRS. The applicability scopes of the four EoSs were determined by the principle that the maximum relative tolerance of the deviation between the experimental and calculation is5%. The results show the BWRS EoS has the widest applicability scope. In the pipeline simulation, the EoSs are selected dynamically according to the pressure and temperature in the pipe, thus the accuracy of the predicted physical parameters can be improved.
(4) Based on the comparing and analysis of existed cost estimation models for the CO2transportation pipelines, a cost estimation mathematical model for the CO2transportation pipeline which is suitable for the actual situation of China was developed. The conversion cost and economic flow velocity of the pipelines with different diameter and transportation amount are determined with using of the cost estimation model. The achievement provides evidences for selecting the pipe diameter and transportation amount.
(5) The experimental hydrate formation results were used to validate the Chen-Guo model which is used to predict the hydrate formation condition prediction. The results show the deviations between the predicted and experimental results are from2℃to7℃. The original Chen-Guo model was improved based on above comparisons. Finally, The improved model can predict the hydrate formation temperature better than the original model, whose average deviation is less than0.25℃.
(6) On the basis of the mathematical model for CO2pipelines, the simulation software was developed according to the suitable considerations of the tube elements, different initial conditions and boundary conditions. The practical applications analyzed temperature and pressure distributions as well as fluid phase behavior changing along the pipelines under different transportation processes and different kinds of conditions. The applications proved technical rationality of design scheme and operation scheme.
This paper provides a theoretical basis for the development of CO2gas fields as well as the high CO2content gas fields. The paper also makes a theoretical foundation for the safety, economic and efficient transmission of CO2pipeline. The achievements are significant to both the social significance and economic development.
针对高含CO2天然气和纯CO2管道输送过程中的有关工艺设计和计算问题,采用实验和理论研究相结合的方法,首先评价和筛选了高含CO2天然气物性参数和相态的计算方法；研究了管道设计过程中的管径优选问题；讨论了高含CO2天然气水合物预测与防止问题；最后分别考虑气相、液相、超临界三种情况,基于管道输送基本方程和特征线求解方法,开发出了CO2管道仿真系统软件。取得的主要成果如下：
(1)对4种CO2含量(10%、50%、90%、100%)气体样品进行配制,在-10～40℃、0～15MPa范围内,对压缩因子、密度、粘度、泡点、露点等参数进行实验测试,获得了完整的实验数据,为高含CO2天然气物性参数计算方法的筛选修正提供了依据；实验还表明：当压力、温度相同时,随着天然气中CO2含量的增加,天然气相对体积、密度、粘度总体均呈增大的趋势,而天然气压缩因子、体积系数则呈降低的趋势。
(2)针对5种CO2含量(10%、30%、50%、70%、90%)与甲醇(质量浓度16.5%、34.6%)、乙二醇(质量浓度21.8%、42.6%)2种抑制剂在0～15MPa范围内进行水合物生成温度测试。结果显示,在实验条件范围内,加甲醇可以降低水合物生成温度15～18℃左右,加乙二醇可以降低水合物生成温度6～10～C左右。从抑制效果来看,甲醇优于乙二醇,且在同样的抑制效果下甲醇的使用量低于乙二醇。
(3)在-10～40℃、0～15MPa范围内,采用实验数据评价RK、SRK、PR、BWRS气体状态方程,以误差±5%为界,确定了各状态方程的适用范围(表3.2),通过对比发现BWRS方程的适用范围相对较广。因此,在实际计算中可依据不同的压力、温度具体选择状态方程计算物性参数以获得更佳的计算精度。
(4)对比分析国外已有的CO2管道投资估算模型,结合我国管道投资实际情况,建立了适合我国实际情况的CO2管道投资费用估算模型,并得到了输量与管径、输量与年折合费用、输量与经济流速之间的关系,可为管道设计人员提供参考依据。
(5)采用实验数据在0～15MPa范围内对用于水合物生成条件预测的Chen-Guo模型进行分析,发现Chen-Guo模型在计算高含CO2天然气水合物生成温度时的误差在2-7℃内。基于实验结果对Chen-Guo模型进行改进,改进后的模型计算平均误差小于0.25℃,能够满足CO2含量在10%～90%、压力0～15MPa范围的计算要求。
(6)在CO2气相、液相输送管道系统数学模型的基础上,考虑压缩机、泵、阀门等非管元件,结合不同的初值条件、边界条件,采用特征线求解方法,基于C#语言,开发了CO2管道仿真系统软件,并针对气相、液相、超临界三种高含C02天然气管道输送管网进行了具体应用,分析了各种管输条件下管路沿线的温度、压力分布规律,预测管路沿线流体介质的相态变化,证明了软件和方法的合理性。
论文为CO2气田和高含CO2天然气气田的有效开发利用以及CO2安全、经济、高效的管道输送奠定理论基础,具有重要的社会意义和经济价值。
Recently, China has found many natural gas fields with high content of CO2for example Changbei natural gas field of Changqing (5.321%content of CO2), Huangqiao natural gas field (90-99%content of CO2), Sanshui natural gas field in Guangdong Province (84-99%content of CO2), Wanjinta natural gas field in Jilin Province (90-99%content of CO2). The high-CO2-content gas always transports by gathering pipelines from the gas fields to process plants for CO2separation. The pure CO2separated from the gas then delivers to commercial systems such as oil and gas exploitation, chemical production, fire control, food-processing, etc. However, the transmission process for CO2contained gas is much different from the one for regular gas because of the low critical parameters (Tc=304.25K, Pc=7.36MPa) which would cause phase change along the pipelines. So feasible design and operation methods for the CO2pipelines become a new issue in the field.
In order to build an effective design and calculation method for high-CO2-content gas as well as the pure CO2transmission process, this paper studied the calculation method of corresponding physical parameters firstly. Then, the methods for the investment estimation, pipe diameter optimization and economic flow velocity determination were also studied. Thirdly, the hydrate formation prediction and inhibition methods were also researched for flow assurance of the CO2contained gas pipelines. Finally, the simulation models for different transmission process, including vapor phase, liquid phase and supercritical phase process, were built and solved by the method of characteristic. On these bases, a CO2pipeline simulation software package was developed. In details, the main achievements of the paper are as follows.
(1) Four gas samples with different CO2content (10%,20%,30%,40%) were prepared. The compressibility factors, densities, viscosities, bubble points and dew points of the samples were measured at temperatures ranging from-10℃to40℃and the pressures ranging from OMPa to15MPa. The experimental results show, when the pressures and temperatures keep constant, with the increase of CO2content in natural gas, the relative volume, density, viscosity generally showed an increasing trend, while the compressibility factor and volume coefficient showed a decreasing trend.
(2) The hydrate formation conditions of five gas samples with different CO2content (10%、30%、50%、70%、90%) were measured in the presence of2inhibitors methanol(mass concentrations are16.5%and34.6%) and glycol (mass concentrations are21.8%and42.6%). The experimental pressure is from OMPa to15MPa. The results show the presence of the methanol would decrease the hydrate formation temperature about15-18℃, and the injection of the glycol would decrease the hydrate formation temperature about1℃to10℃. The methanol has better hydrate inhibition performance than the glycol has.
(3) The experimental data under the conditions-10℃to40℃and OMPa to15MPa were used to evaluate the accuracy of four equations of state (EoSs):RK, SRK, PR and BWRS. The applicability scopes of the four EoSs were determined by the principle that the maximum relative tolerance of the deviation between the experimental and calculation is5%. The results show the BWRS EoS has the widest applicability scope. In the pipeline simulation, the EoSs are selected dynamically according to the pressure and temperature in the pipe, thus the accuracy of the predicted physical parameters can be improved.
(4) Based on the comparing and analysis of existed cost estimation models for the CO2transportation pipelines, a cost estimation mathematical model for the CO2transportation pipeline which is suitable for the actual situation of China was developed. The conversion cost and economic flow velocity of the pipelines with different diameter and transportation amount are determined with using of the cost estimation model. The achievement provides evidences for selecting the pipe diameter and transportation amount.
(5) The experimental hydrate formation results were used to validate the Chen-Guo model which is used to predict the hydrate formation condition prediction. The results show the deviations between the predicted and experimental results are from2℃to7℃. The original Chen-Guo model was improved based on above comparisons. Finally, The improved model can predict the hydrate formation temperature better than the original model, whose average deviation is less than0.25℃.
(6) On the basis of the mathematical model for CO2pipelines, the simulation software was developed according to the suitable considerations of the tube elements, different initial conditions and boundary conditions. The practical applications analyzed temperature and pressure distributions as well as fluid phase behavior changing along the pipelines under different transportation processes and different kinds of conditions. The applications proved technical rationality of design scheme and operation scheme.
This paper provides a theoretical basis for the development of CO2gas fields as well as the high CO2content gas fields. The paper also makes a theoretical foundation for the safety, economic and efficient transmission of CO2pipeline. The achievements are significant to both the social significance and economic development.
引文
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