基于生态系统的渔业管理研究
|
摘要
本研究的总体目标是系统地把握基于生态系统的渔业管理所涉及到的基本概念、原则和实际应用情况,以期为完善我国现有渔业管理体系提供理论指导。为达成这一总体目标,本研究确立了如下子目标:①把握生态系统特别是海洋生态系统的运行机制;②分析海洋捕捞活动对海洋生态系统的影响;③了解基于生态系统的渔业管理的概念、目标、原则和步骤;④系统考察基于生态系统管理在有关国家的应用情况。
为实现上述目标,作者主要研究了:①渔业系统和生态系统的构成及各组分之间的关系;②海洋生态系统的特征和运行机制;③渔业捕捞活动对海洋生态系统的影响;④基于生态系统的渔业管理的理论与方法;⑤基于生态系统的渔业管理的监测和评估框架;⑥基于生态系统的渔业管理在其他国家的应用情况;⑦我国现行渔业管理体制的特点和局限性等内容。
上述研究表明,渔业系统得以运行的基础是海洋生态系统保持健康状态并持续产出,然而,渔业捕捞对海洋生态系统的诸多影响都改变了海洋生态系统的这种状态,通过研究发现,海洋生态系统的特征和复杂的运行机制决定了渔业管理应当以海洋生态系统为管理单元,从而致力于保持海洋生态系统的健康状态,那么应当采用基于生态系统的渔业管理方式。因此,通过考察国外相关的文献资料并借鉴一些成功经验,本文整理出了基于生态系统的渔业管理体系,并提出了我国构建该体系时的建议。
本研究的主要创新之处在于:①研究领域创新,就作者所知,到目前为止,在国内几乎没有一篇与此相关的较为系统的研究论文。即使在国外,这一领域的研究也是处于十分前沿的地位;②研究视角创新,传统的渔业管理研究常以目标鱼种这一管理单元为研究视角,而本文选择了以生态系统为管理单元这一研究视角,进而展开各项研究工作;③概念创新,基于生态系统的渔业管理这一概念饱含新内容,在国内,本研究第一次提出了此概念。
作者清醒地意识到,本研究还有诸多亟待弥补和完善之处,这一方面是由于缺少经费支撑,另一方面则受个人时间和能力所限。首先,作为一项探索性的基础研究,国内没有相关资料可以参考,也没有相关经验可以借鉴,因此作者考察了大量的相关英文文献,由于本人时间和能力所限,很难在短时间内将这一管理体系全面地整理出来。其次,在案例考察方面,即使是在此方面较为先进的国家也是处于初步开展阶段,很难以一国情况将它按照渔业管理框架系统地梳理出来,那么只能借鉴与此相通的生态系统管理的多个个别成功案例,以便帮助理解这种管理体系。显然,上述两个方面将是作者以后努力完善和改进之处。
The total goal of the thesis is that holding the concepts, principles and specific application of the ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) systemically in order to provide a theoretic guidance for perfecting the system of the fisheries management of our country. For achieving the goal above, the thesis also makes several sub-goals as follow:①understanding the functioning of the ecosystem-specially the marine ecosystem;②making out the impacts from the marine fishing activities on marine ecosystems;③holding the concepts, goals, principles and methods of the EBFM;④systemically reviewing related cases and succeed experiences of advanced countries about ecosystem management (EM);⑤forming the process of the EBFM.
For achieving those former goals, the thesis covers contents about seven aspects as follow:①the structure of the fishery system and the natural ecosystem and their relation;②characters of an ecosystem and the functioning of marine ecosystems;③impacts from fishing activities on marine ecosystems;④theories and methods about the ecosystem-based management and the EBFM in international range;⑤a drafted frame of a monitoring and evaluating system;⑥cases and status of other advanced countries about ecosystem management;⑦active systems of fishery management in our country.
Previous studies indicate that the basis of function of the fisheries system is keeping marine ecosystems wellbeing and keeping its product sustainable. However, many impacts from fishing on marine ecosystems have been changing the state of marine ecosystem. It is found by study that the characters and functioning of marine ecosystems dominate that fisheries management should take a marine ecosystem as the unit of management in order to keep the wellbeing of marine ecosystems, and that should adopt the manner of EBFM. Therefore, the author concluded the system of EBFM and made several proposals on the China designing the system by reviewing lots of English literatures and by using experiences of other countries.
The innovation of the thesis presents three aspects below:①The thesis gets innovation in the field of study. As far as the author knows, there is nearly not one systemic paper related to the field in China until now. In international range, however, the field is also on the frontier of science;②The angle of view is new. A large majority of traditional fisheries managements select the fishing target as the unit of management, but the thesis select a natural ecosystem as the unit of management;③The concept is new. The concept of EBFM contains rich new contents. It is the first time that the thesis has put forward the new concept in China;
For the sake of lacking of study fund and of limiting of time and ability of the author, however, there are many aspects needed to be developed. First, as a groping basic study, there is not one paper to be referenced and a little experience to be used in China. Therefore, the author reviewed a large number of English literatures. Because of limiting of time and ability, the author does not clarify a system of management in all sides in short time. Second, in case study, the author does not explain a systemic case according to the frame of the EBFM because those advanced countries are practicing EBFM preliminarily also. Thus, the thesis used several individual cases of EM and related to EBFM in different countries in order to understand EBFM with help. Apparently, the two points are needed to be developed in the future.
为实现上述目标,作者主要研究了:①渔业系统和生态系统的构成及各组分之间的关系;②海洋生态系统的特征和运行机制;③渔业捕捞活动对海洋生态系统的影响;④基于生态系统的渔业管理的理论与方法;⑤基于生态系统的渔业管理的监测和评估框架;⑥基于生态系统的渔业管理在其他国家的应用情况;⑦我国现行渔业管理体制的特点和局限性等内容。
上述研究表明,渔业系统得以运行的基础是海洋生态系统保持健康状态并持续产出,然而,渔业捕捞对海洋生态系统的诸多影响都改变了海洋生态系统的这种状态,通过研究发现,海洋生态系统的特征和复杂的运行机制决定了渔业管理应当以海洋生态系统为管理单元,从而致力于保持海洋生态系统的健康状态,那么应当采用基于生态系统的渔业管理方式。因此,通过考察国外相关的文献资料并借鉴一些成功经验,本文整理出了基于生态系统的渔业管理体系,并提出了我国构建该体系时的建议。
本研究的主要创新之处在于:①研究领域创新,就作者所知,到目前为止,在国内几乎没有一篇与此相关的较为系统的研究论文。即使在国外,这一领域的研究也是处于十分前沿的地位;②研究视角创新,传统的渔业管理研究常以目标鱼种这一管理单元为研究视角,而本文选择了以生态系统为管理单元这一研究视角,进而展开各项研究工作;③概念创新,基于生态系统的渔业管理这一概念饱含新内容,在国内,本研究第一次提出了此概念。
作者清醒地意识到,本研究还有诸多亟待弥补和完善之处,这一方面是由于缺少经费支撑,另一方面则受个人时间和能力所限。首先,作为一项探索性的基础研究,国内没有相关资料可以参考,也没有相关经验可以借鉴,因此作者考察了大量的相关英文文献,由于本人时间和能力所限,很难在短时间内将这一管理体系全面地整理出来。其次,在案例考察方面,即使是在此方面较为先进的国家也是处于初步开展阶段,很难以一国情况将它按照渔业管理框架系统地梳理出来,那么只能借鉴与此相通的生态系统管理的多个个别成功案例,以便帮助理解这种管理体系。显然,上述两个方面将是作者以后努力完善和改进之处。
The total goal of the thesis is that holding the concepts, principles and specific application of the ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) systemically in order to provide a theoretic guidance for perfecting the system of the fisheries management of our country. For achieving the goal above, the thesis also makes several sub-goals as follow:①understanding the functioning of the ecosystem-specially the marine ecosystem;②making out the impacts from the marine fishing activities on marine ecosystems;③holding the concepts, goals, principles and methods of the EBFM;④systemically reviewing related cases and succeed experiences of advanced countries about ecosystem management (EM);⑤forming the process of the EBFM.
For achieving those former goals, the thesis covers contents about seven aspects as follow:①the structure of the fishery system and the natural ecosystem and their relation;②characters of an ecosystem and the functioning of marine ecosystems;③impacts from fishing activities on marine ecosystems;④theories and methods about the ecosystem-based management and the EBFM in international range;⑤a drafted frame of a monitoring and evaluating system;⑥cases and status of other advanced countries about ecosystem management;⑦active systems of fishery management in our country.
Previous studies indicate that the basis of function of the fisheries system is keeping marine ecosystems wellbeing and keeping its product sustainable. However, many impacts from fishing on marine ecosystems have been changing the state of marine ecosystem. It is found by study that the characters and functioning of marine ecosystems dominate that fisheries management should take a marine ecosystem as the unit of management in order to keep the wellbeing of marine ecosystems, and that should adopt the manner of EBFM. Therefore, the author concluded the system of EBFM and made several proposals on the China designing the system by reviewing lots of English literatures and by using experiences of other countries.
The innovation of the thesis presents three aspects below:①The thesis gets innovation in the field of study. As far as the author knows, there is nearly not one systemic paper related to the field in China until now. In international range, however, the field is also on the frontier of science;②The angle of view is new. A large majority of traditional fisheries managements select the fishing target as the unit of management, but the thesis select a natural ecosystem as the unit of management;③The concept is new. The concept of EBFM contains rich new contents. It is the first time that the thesis has put forward the new concept in China;
For the sake of lacking of study fund and of limiting of time and ability of the author, however, there are many aspects needed to be developed. First, as a groping basic study, there is not one paper to be referenced and a little experience to be used in China. Therefore, the author reviewed a large number of English literatures. Because of limiting of time and ability, the author does not clarify a system of management in all sides in short time. Second, in case study, the author does not explain a systemic case according to the frame of the EBFM because those advanced countries are practicing EBFM preliminarily also. Thus, the thesis used several individual cases of EM and related to EBFM in different countries in order to understand EBFM with help. Apparently, the two points are needed to be developed in the future.
引文
1. Donald J.Macintosh,Elizabeth C.Ashton,红树林生态系统管理和可持续利用行为规范准则。世界银行,国际红树林生态系统协会,报告,2005年3月10日版,11-66。
2.邓景耀,姜卫民,杨纪明,李军,渤海主要生物种间关系及食物网的研究。中国水产科学,1997,4:1-7。
3.冯之浚,论循环经济。中国软科学,2004,10:1-9。
4.高吉喜,新世纪生态环境管理的理论与方法。环境保护,2002,7:9-14。
5.联合国粮农组织,负责任渔业行为守则。FAO,罗马,1995。
6.联合国粮农组织:《海洋捕捞渔业:可持续发展指标》, 2000 , http ://www.fao.org/fi/defaultc_all.asp。
7.刘桂梅,孙松,王辉,海洋生态系统动力学模型及其研究进展。地球科学进展,2003,3:427-432。
8.陆忠康,关于构建我国渔业科学管理体系的探讨。现代渔业信息,2005,10:6-9。
9.慕永通,韩立民,渔业问题及其根源剖析。中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版),2003,6:
66-74。
10.慕永通,渔业管理—以基于权利的管理为中心。青岛:中国海洋大学出版社,2006:28-36。
11.农业部渔业局主编:《中国渔业年鉴2002》(第1版),北京:中国农业出版社,2002,11。
12.农业部渔业局主编:《中国渔业年鉴2003》(第1版),北京:中国农业出版社,2003,8。
13.丘建文,吴宝铃,黄海渔业:从单种和多种资源管理走向生态系统水平的管理。自然资源学报,1995,3:2598-266。
14.任海,邬建国,彭少麟,赵利忠,生态系统管理的概念及其要素。应用生态学报,2000,3:455-458。
15.沈国英,施并章,海洋生态学。北京:科学出版社,2001:12-360。
16.唐启升,海洋食物网与高营养层次营养动力学研究策略。海洋水产研究,1999,2:1-6。
17.唐启升,苏纪兰,海洋生态系统动力学研究与海洋生物资源可持续利用。地球科学进展,2001,1:5-11。
18.唐启升,苏纪兰,张经,我国近海生态系统食物产出的关键过程及其可持续机理。地球科学进展,2005,12:1280-1287。
19.韦晟,姜卫民,黄海鱼类食物网的研究。海洋与湖沼,1992,2:182-192。
20.叶属峰,温泉,周秋麟,海洋生态系统管理—以生态系统为基础的海洋管理新模式探讨。海洋开发与管理,2006,1:77-80。
21.于贵瑞,生态系统管理学的概念框架及其生态学基础。应用生态学报,2001,5:787-794。
22.张义龙,慕永通,基于生态系统的渔业管理理论探讨。2006,3:34-36。
23.赵士洞,汪业勖,生态系统管理的基本问题。生态学杂志,1997,4:35-38。
24.赵淑江,吴常文,梁冰,张树义,大海洋生态渔业理论与海洋渔业的可持续发展。海洋开发与管理,2005,3:75-78。
25.赵淑江,朱爱意,吴常文,海洋渔业对海洋生态系统的影响。海洋开发与管理,2006,3:93-97。
26. Agardy.T,Effects of fisheries on marine ecosystems:a conservationist’s perspective。ICES journal of marine science,2000,57(3):761-765。
27. Bodal.B.O,Incorporating ecosystem considerations into fisheries management:large-scale industry perspective。Responsible fisheries in the marine ecosystem,Rome,2003:41-46。
28. Cochrane.K.L,ed,A fishery manager’s handbook。Management measures and their application,FAO Fisheries Technical Paper,No.424:220-231。
29. Cole,Donald,John Eyles,Adele Iannantuono,Nancy Ross,The ecosystem health metaphor in science and policy。Canadian Geographer,1997,41:4-27。
30. Coward,Harold,Rosemary Ommer,Tony Pitcher,eds,Just Fish:Ethics and canadian marine fisheries。St.John’s:Memorial University of Newfoundland,Institute of social and economic research,2000。
31. Ecosystem principles advisory panel,Ecosystem-based fishery management:A report to congress by the ecosystem principles advisory panel。U.S.National marine fisheries service,1999。
32. FAO,Fisheries management。FAO Technical guidelines for responsible fisheries,Rome,1997。
33. FAO,Indicators for sustainable development of marine capture fisheries。FAO technicalguidelines for responsible fisheries,1999a,No.8:30-72。
34. FAO,Integration of fisheries into coastal areas management。FAO technical guidelines for responsible fisheries,1996c,No.3:14-20。
35. FAO,The ecosystem approach to marine capture fisheries。FAO technical guidelines for responsible fisheries,2003,No.4(suppl.2):20-112。
36. FAO,The precautionary approach to marine capture fisheries and species introductions。FAO technical guidelines for responsible fisheries,1996a,No.2:71-73。
37. Fluharty.D,Cyr.N,Implementing ecosystem-based management of fisheries in the context of the US regional fisheries management:recommendations of the NMFS principles advisory panel。CalCOFI Reports,2001,42:66-73。
38. Garcia S M,Zerbi A,et,The ecosystem approach to fisheries: Issues, terminology,principles,institutional,foundations,implementation and outlook,FAO Fisheries technical Paper ,No.433 ,2003:8-46。
39. Gislason.H,The effect of fishing on non-target species and ecosystem structure and function。Responsible fisheries in the marine ecosystem,Rome,2003,255-247。
40. Kay,James.J,Henry A Regier,Michelle Boyle,George Francis,An ecosystem approach for sustainability:addressing the challenge of complexity。Futures,1999,7:721-742。
41. M.Mangel,A.Constable,G.Parkes,A review of approaches to fisheries management based on ecosystem considerations,With Particular Emphasis on Species Interactions。MRAG Americas,Inc,2000。
42. Philippe Cury, Lynne Shannon, Yunne-Jai Shin, The functioning of marine ecosystems。Reykjavik Conference on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem,2001。
43. Pikitch.E.K,Santora.C,Babcock.E.A,et,Ecosystem-based fishery management。Science,2004,Volume 305:346-347。
44. Sainsbury.K,Sumaila.U.R,Incorparating ecosystem objectives into management of sustainable marine fisheries,including "best practice" reference points and use of marine protected areas。Responsible fisheries in the marine ecosystem,Rome,2003:343-361。
45. Scott Parsons,Ecosystem considerations in fisheries management:theory and practice。Conference on the Governance of High Seas Fisheries and the UN Fish Agreement,2005。
46. Sherman.K,Assessing the health of the ocean:Large marine ecosystems as regionalcomponents of a global monitoring strategy。A paper presented at the international workshop of marine environmental protection and coastal living resources monitoring:training and Implementation,Bremerhaven Germany,1992。
47. Steele.J.H,Some problems in the study of marine resources。Special publication of the International commission of northwest atlantic fisheries,1965,6:428-463。
48. Ward.T,Tarte.D,Hegerl.E,Short.K,Ecosystem-based management of marine capture fisheries。World Wide Fund for nature Australia,2002:40-86。
2.邓景耀,姜卫民,杨纪明,李军,渤海主要生物种间关系及食物网的研究。中国水产科学,1997,4:1-7。
3.冯之浚,论循环经济。中国软科学,2004,10:1-9。
4.高吉喜,新世纪生态环境管理的理论与方法。环境保护,2002,7:9-14。
5.联合国粮农组织,负责任渔业行为守则。FAO,罗马,1995。
6.联合国粮农组织:《海洋捕捞渔业:可持续发展指标》, 2000 , http ://www.fao.org/fi/defaultc_all.asp。
7.刘桂梅,孙松,王辉,海洋生态系统动力学模型及其研究进展。地球科学进展,2003,3:427-432。
8.陆忠康,关于构建我国渔业科学管理体系的探讨。现代渔业信息,2005,10:6-9。
9.慕永通,韩立民,渔业问题及其根源剖析。中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版),2003,6:
66-74。
10.慕永通,渔业管理—以基于权利的管理为中心。青岛:中国海洋大学出版社,2006:28-36。
11.农业部渔业局主编:《中国渔业年鉴2002》(第1版),北京:中国农业出版社,2002,11。
12.农业部渔业局主编:《中国渔业年鉴2003》(第1版),北京:中国农业出版社,2003,8。
13.丘建文,吴宝铃,黄海渔业:从单种和多种资源管理走向生态系统水平的管理。自然资源学报,1995,3:2598-266。
14.任海,邬建国,彭少麟,赵利忠,生态系统管理的概念及其要素。应用生态学报,2000,3:455-458。
15.沈国英,施并章,海洋生态学。北京:科学出版社,2001:12-360。
16.唐启升,海洋食物网与高营养层次营养动力学研究策略。海洋水产研究,1999,2:1-6。
17.唐启升,苏纪兰,海洋生态系统动力学研究与海洋生物资源可持续利用。地球科学进展,2001,1:5-11。
18.唐启升,苏纪兰,张经,我国近海生态系统食物产出的关键过程及其可持续机理。地球科学进展,2005,12:1280-1287。
19.韦晟,姜卫民,黄海鱼类食物网的研究。海洋与湖沼,1992,2:182-192。
20.叶属峰,温泉,周秋麟,海洋生态系统管理—以生态系统为基础的海洋管理新模式探讨。海洋开发与管理,2006,1:77-80。
21.于贵瑞,生态系统管理学的概念框架及其生态学基础。应用生态学报,2001,5:787-794。
22.张义龙,慕永通,基于生态系统的渔业管理理论探讨。2006,3:34-36。
23.赵士洞,汪业勖,生态系统管理的基本问题。生态学杂志,1997,4:35-38。
24.赵淑江,吴常文,梁冰,张树义,大海洋生态渔业理论与海洋渔业的可持续发展。海洋开发与管理,2005,3:75-78。
25.赵淑江,朱爱意,吴常文,海洋渔业对海洋生态系统的影响。海洋开发与管理,2006,3:93-97。
26. Agardy.T,Effects of fisheries on marine ecosystems:a conservationist’s perspective。ICES journal of marine science,2000,57(3):761-765。
27. Bodal.B.O,Incorporating ecosystem considerations into fisheries management:large-scale industry perspective。Responsible fisheries in the marine ecosystem,Rome,2003:41-46。
28. Cochrane.K.L,ed,A fishery manager’s handbook。Management measures and their application,FAO Fisheries Technical Paper,No.424:220-231。
29. Cole,Donald,John Eyles,Adele Iannantuono,Nancy Ross,The ecosystem health metaphor in science and policy。Canadian Geographer,1997,41:4-27。
30. Coward,Harold,Rosemary Ommer,Tony Pitcher,eds,Just Fish:Ethics and canadian marine fisheries。St.John’s:Memorial University of Newfoundland,Institute of social and economic research,2000。
31. Ecosystem principles advisory panel,Ecosystem-based fishery management:A report to congress by the ecosystem principles advisory panel。U.S.National marine fisheries service,1999。
32. FAO,Fisheries management。FAO Technical guidelines for responsible fisheries,Rome,1997。
33. FAO,Indicators for sustainable development of marine capture fisheries。FAO technicalguidelines for responsible fisheries,1999a,No.8:30-72。
34. FAO,Integration of fisheries into coastal areas management。FAO technical guidelines for responsible fisheries,1996c,No.3:14-20。
35. FAO,The ecosystem approach to marine capture fisheries。FAO technical guidelines for responsible fisheries,2003,No.4(suppl.2):20-112。
36. FAO,The precautionary approach to marine capture fisheries and species introductions。FAO technical guidelines for responsible fisheries,1996a,No.2:71-73。
37. Fluharty.D,Cyr.N,Implementing ecosystem-based management of fisheries in the context of the US regional fisheries management:recommendations of the NMFS principles advisory panel。CalCOFI Reports,2001,42:66-73。
38. Garcia S M,Zerbi A,et,The ecosystem approach to fisheries: Issues, terminology,principles,institutional,foundations,implementation and outlook,FAO Fisheries technical Paper ,No.433 ,2003:8-46。
39. Gislason.H,The effect of fishing on non-target species and ecosystem structure and function。Responsible fisheries in the marine ecosystem,Rome,2003,255-247。
40. Kay,James.J,Henry A Regier,Michelle Boyle,George Francis,An ecosystem approach for sustainability:addressing the challenge of complexity。Futures,1999,7:721-742。
41. M.Mangel,A.Constable,G.Parkes,A review of approaches to fisheries management based on ecosystem considerations,With Particular Emphasis on Species Interactions。MRAG Americas,Inc,2000。
42. Philippe Cury, Lynne Shannon, Yunne-Jai Shin, The functioning of marine ecosystems。Reykjavik Conference on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem,2001。
43. Pikitch.E.K,Santora.C,Babcock.E.A,et,Ecosystem-based fishery management。Science,2004,Volume 305:346-347。
44. Sainsbury.K,Sumaila.U.R,Incorparating ecosystem objectives into management of sustainable marine fisheries,including "best practice" reference points and use of marine protected areas。Responsible fisheries in the marine ecosystem,Rome,2003:343-361。
45. Scott Parsons,Ecosystem considerations in fisheries management:theory and practice。Conference on the Governance of High Seas Fisheries and the UN Fish Agreement,2005。
46. Sherman.K,Assessing the health of the ocean:Large marine ecosystems as regionalcomponents of a global monitoring strategy。A paper presented at the international workshop of marine environmental protection and coastal living resources monitoring:training and Implementation,Bremerhaven Germany,1992。
47. Steele.J.H,Some problems in the study of marine resources。Special publication of the International commission of northwest atlantic fisheries,1965,6:428-463。
48. Ward.T,Tarte.D,Hegerl.E,Short.K,Ecosystem-based management of marine capture fisheries。World Wide Fund for nature Australia,2002:40-86。