水平潜流型人工湿地处理小区雨水径流的试验研究
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摘要
随着我国城市化进程的加快,透水性下垫面在城区内的比例越来越小。由暴雨径流导致的突发性、冲击性和随机性的城市面源污染已成为城市受纳水体水环境污染的主要来源之一。面源引起的水环境污染已成为当前城市水环境综合治理中亟待解决的主要问题之一。然而从另一角度讲,雨水径流同时又是一种宝贵的水资源,若加以适当从处理和利用,不仅能在一定程度上缓解城市水资源的供需矛盾,而且还可有效减少城市地面水径流量,延滞汇流时间,减轻雨水排除设施的压力,减少防洪投资和洪灾损失。因而增加城市雨水资源的利用量,将是节水型城市建设的有效措施。
论文通过对重庆大学校园内两个监测点的雨水径流水质分析,考察了城市小区雨水水质情况及雨水水质随降雨历时的冲刷规律;根据雨水径流特征设计和构建了水平潜流型人工湿地,并对其进行了流态试验研究,考察了在恒定流和非恒定流情况下,水平潜流型人工湿地的流态特征;同时对该系统雨水径流的处理效果和冲击负荷下的处理效果进行了中试研究,确定出该人工湿地运行的最佳工况参数并对影响处理效果的关键因素进行了分析。部分研究结果在棕榈泉水质保持工程中得到应用和检验。
①雨水径流监测结果发现,雨水水径流主要污染物为SS和COD_(cr),NH_3-N和TP平均浓度较低,属于低浓度污水,径流水质与下垫面污染程度、道路交通量、人流量和雨前晴天天数都有一定的关系。屋面雨水和道路雨水水质均具有明显的初始径流冲刷效应,降雨径流污染物冲刷规律基本满足公式C t = C_0e~(-K-t)的模型规律。
②流态试验结果显示,水平潜流型人工湿地流态属于弥散流模型。试验II(D/UL=0.109)的流态最接近理想的平推流型,其流态与六级串联CSTR模型流态相当,试验II(ID/UL=1.354)最接近非串联CSTR的完全混合型,试验(ID/UL=0.292)介于理想的平推流型和完全混合型中间,更倾向于平推流型。
③通过18个正交试验确定了本次试验的最优组合方案为HRT在36小时、水深为400mm以及运行前间隔天数为8天的组合,出水中COD_(cr)、氨氮、TP、TN以及浊度的平均浓度分别为16.25 mg/L、0.87 mg/L、0.040 mg/L、1.15 mg/L和1.51 NTU,水质清亮,感官效果好,达到《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》(GB/T18920—2002)和《城市污水再生利用景观用水水质》(GB/T18921—2002)的相关标准要求。同时在正交试验的基础上增加了4个针对各因素影响程度的试验发现,三个因素中HRT为水平潜流型人工湿地处理暴雨径流的限制性因素。
④分析了3h和5h两种不同强度的冲击负荷试验,试验证明水平潜流型人工湿地对CODcr及TP的处理具有较强的耐冲击负荷能力,但是氨氮的去除效果并不明显,处理率分别仅为14.78%和6.99%,从而也验证了冲击负荷下人工湿地的非串联CSTR弥散流流态的污水处理效果较差的结论。
⑤水平潜流型人工湿地优点突出,不仅具有良好的处理效果、工程基建和运行费用低、操作管理简单、维护方便,而且具有良好的景观效应。目前,该技术逐渐尝试应用到住宅小区和公园等项目的水处理环节,这将是一种充满前景的污水处理技术,是水处理未来的发展方向。
With speeding up of the process of urbanization development in China, the proportion of permeable land area becomes increasingly smaller. The paroxysmal, impulsive and randomicity urban non-point source pollution caused by storm runoff has become one of the major sources of receiving water pollution. Consequently, water pollution by non-point source has become one of the main problems to be urgently solved in present comprehensive treatment of urban water pollution. By making use of the valuable rainwater resource, not only can the conflict between supply and demand of urban water resource be relieved to a certain degree, the quantity of urban surface runoff can also be effectively reduced to delay the form of conflux, and consequently to lighten the pressure of rainwater Drainage facilities and to cut down anti-flood investment and flood loss. Increasing the urban rainwater use efficiency is an effective measure of water-saving cities.
Through the analysis of runoff rainwater quality at two monitoring points at the campus of Chongqing University, this paper aims to explore community rainwater quality and the flush model of rainwater quality as related to the length of rain time. Horizontal subsurface flow wetland is designed and constructed according to rainwater runoff characteristics and its fluidity state is studied to understand the fluidity state of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland under steady flow and unsteady flow. Pilot-scale experiment about the rainwater runoff treatment effect and impulsive load treatment effect is carried out to find out the best mode and to analyze the critical factors affecting treatment effect. The part findings have been validated at the Palm Springs water quality maintaining project.
①Through rainwater runoff monitoring results, it is found out that the main pollutants of runoff are SS, CODcr, NH3-N and TP. The average concentration of these pollutants is low and causes only low-concentration wastewater. Runoff quality is related to the pollution degree of underlying cushion, road traffic, people flux and sunshine days before rain. Roof rainwater and road rainwater takes on obvious first flush effect, while the flush model of rainwater runoff pollutant basically conforms to the model of formula C t = C_0e~(-K-t).
②The fluidity state experiments indicate that the fluidity state of the horizontal subsurface flow wetland is dispersing model. The fluidity state of experiment II (D/UL=0.109) is closest to the ideal horizontal flow, and its fluidity state is equivalent to the one of CSTR model with six levels in series. The fluidity state of experiment III(D/UL=1.354) is closest to complete mixing model which is not in series of CSTR. The fluidity state of experiment I(D/UL=0.292) is situated between the ideal horizontal flow and the complete mixing model, but is more closer to the former.
③The optimal combined plan is definited after 18 orthogonal experiments, the HRT is 36 hours, the depth is 400 mm, and the days before last operating is 8 days. After treatment, the outflow is clean and its average concentration of COD_(cr)r、NH_3-N、TP、TN and turbidity are16.25 mg/L、0.87 mg/L、0.040 mg/L、1.15 mg/L &1.51 NTU, and satisfies the requirements of (GB/T18921—2002) and (GB/T18920-2002). Meanwhile through the additional 4 experiments about the influence level, we find that HRT is the restrictive element of the treatment of the horizontal subsurface flow wetland.
④Through the two different impact load experiments under 3 hours and 5 hours, we find that the horizontal subsurface flow wetland has stronger ability to bear the impact load of CODcr and TP, but the removal effect of NH3-N is not obvious, and its treatment effect are 14.78% & 6.99% respectively. So we can draw the conclusion that the treatment effect of complete mixing model which is not in series of CSTR in the artificial wetland under impact load.⑤The advantages of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland are outstanding. It has favorable treatment effect, low construction and operation cost, easy management and maintenance, and also nice landscape effect. At present, this technology has gradually been applied to water treatment of residential communities and parks. This will be a prosperous wastewater treatment technology and the development orientation of future water treatment.
论文通过对重庆大学校园内两个监测点的雨水径流水质分析,考察了城市小区雨水水质情况及雨水水质随降雨历时的冲刷规律;根据雨水径流特征设计和构建了水平潜流型人工湿地,并对其进行了流态试验研究,考察了在恒定流和非恒定流情况下,水平潜流型人工湿地的流态特征;同时对该系统雨水径流的处理效果和冲击负荷下的处理效果进行了中试研究,确定出该人工湿地运行的最佳工况参数并对影响处理效果的关键因素进行了分析。部分研究结果在棕榈泉水质保持工程中得到应用和检验。
①雨水径流监测结果发现,雨水水径流主要污染物为SS和COD_(cr),NH_3-N和TP平均浓度较低,属于低浓度污水,径流水质与下垫面污染程度、道路交通量、人流量和雨前晴天天数都有一定的关系。屋面雨水和道路雨水水质均具有明显的初始径流冲刷效应,降雨径流污染物冲刷规律基本满足公式C t = C_0e~(-K-t)的模型规律。
②流态试验结果显示,水平潜流型人工湿地流态属于弥散流模型。试验II(D/UL=0.109)的流态最接近理想的平推流型,其流态与六级串联CSTR模型流态相当,试验II(ID/UL=1.354)最接近非串联CSTR的完全混合型,试验(ID/UL=0.292)介于理想的平推流型和完全混合型中间,更倾向于平推流型。
③通过18个正交试验确定了本次试验的最优组合方案为HRT在36小时、水深为400mm以及运行前间隔天数为8天的组合,出水中COD_(cr)、氨氮、TP、TN以及浊度的平均浓度分别为16.25 mg/L、0.87 mg/L、0.040 mg/L、1.15 mg/L和1.51 NTU,水质清亮,感官效果好,达到《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》(GB/T18920—2002)和《城市污水再生利用景观用水水质》(GB/T18921—2002)的相关标准要求。同时在正交试验的基础上增加了4个针对各因素影响程度的试验发现,三个因素中HRT为水平潜流型人工湿地处理暴雨径流的限制性因素。
④分析了3h和5h两种不同强度的冲击负荷试验,试验证明水平潜流型人工湿地对CODcr及TP的处理具有较强的耐冲击负荷能力,但是氨氮的去除效果并不明显,处理率分别仅为14.78%和6.99%,从而也验证了冲击负荷下人工湿地的非串联CSTR弥散流流态的污水处理效果较差的结论。
⑤水平潜流型人工湿地优点突出,不仅具有良好的处理效果、工程基建和运行费用低、操作管理简单、维护方便,而且具有良好的景观效应。目前,该技术逐渐尝试应用到住宅小区和公园等项目的水处理环节,这将是一种充满前景的污水处理技术,是水处理未来的发展方向。
With speeding up of the process of urbanization development in China, the proportion of permeable land area becomes increasingly smaller. The paroxysmal, impulsive and randomicity urban non-point source pollution caused by storm runoff has become one of the major sources of receiving water pollution. Consequently, water pollution by non-point source has become one of the main problems to be urgently solved in present comprehensive treatment of urban water pollution. By making use of the valuable rainwater resource, not only can the conflict between supply and demand of urban water resource be relieved to a certain degree, the quantity of urban surface runoff can also be effectively reduced to delay the form of conflux, and consequently to lighten the pressure of rainwater Drainage facilities and to cut down anti-flood investment and flood loss. Increasing the urban rainwater use efficiency is an effective measure of water-saving cities.
Through the analysis of runoff rainwater quality at two monitoring points at the campus of Chongqing University, this paper aims to explore community rainwater quality and the flush model of rainwater quality as related to the length of rain time. Horizontal subsurface flow wetland is designed and constructed according to rainwater runoff characteristics and its fluidity state is studied to understand the fluidity state of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland under steady flow and unsteady flow. Pilot-scale experiment about the rainwater runoff treatment effect and impulsive load treatment effect is carried out to find out the best mode and to analyze the critical factors affecting treatment effect. The part findings have been validated at the Palm Springs water quality maintaining project.
①Through rainwater runoff monitoring results, it is found out that the main pollutants of runoff are SS, CODcr, NH3-N and TP. The average concentration of these pollutants is low and causes only low-concentration wastewater. Runoff quality is related to the pollution degree of underlying cushion, road traffic, people flux and sunshine days before rain. Roof rainwater and road rainwater takes on obvious first flush effect, while the flush model of rainwater runoff pollutant basically conforms to the model of formula C t = C_0e~(-K-t).
②The fluidity state experiments indicate that the fluidity state of the horizontal subsurface flow wetland is dispersing model. The fluidity state of experiment II (D/UL=0.109) is closest to the ideal horizontal flow, and its fluidity state is equivalent to the one of CSTR model with six levels in series. The fluidity state of experiment III(D/UL=1.354) is closest to complete mixing model which is not in series of CSTR. The fluidity state of experiment I(D/UL=0.292) is situated between the ideal horizontal flow and the complete mixing model, but is more closer to the former.
③The optimal combined plan is definited after 18 orthogonal experiments, the HRT is 36 hours, the depth is 400 mm, and the days before last operating is 8 days. After treatment, the outflow is clean and its average concentration of COD_(cr)r、NH_3-N、TP、TN and turbidity are16.25 mg/L、0.87 mg/L、0.040 mg/L、1.15 mg/L &1.51 NTU, and satisfies the requirements of
④Through the two different impact load experiments under 3 hours and 5 hours, we find that the horizontal subsurface flow wetland has stronger ability to bear the impact load of CODcr and TP, but the removal effect of NH3-N is not obvious, and its treatment effect are 14.78% & 6.99% respectively. So we can draw the conclusion that the treatment effect of complete mixing model which is not in series of CSTR in the artificial wetland under impact load.⑤The advantages of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland are outstanding. It has favorable treatment effect, low construction and operation cost, easy management and maintenance, and also nice landscape effect. At present, this technology has gradually been applied to water treatment of residential communities and parks. This will be a prosperous wastewater treatment technology and the development orientation of future water treatment.
引文
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