崇明前卫村微污染水体的生态修复与基质研究
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摘要
本项目是上海市科委“崇明岛水资源保障与水体生态修复技术与示范”课题的子课题,项目编号：05dz12009。
作为崇明县乃至上海市的生态科技示范基地、“全球生态村500佳”之一的前卫村,其绿色辐射功能已经日趋突出,而随着旅游人数的日益增多,前卫村的景观湖——中心湖正逐渐呈现出可承载能力下降、受污染日益严重的问题,水质日益变坏。
针对这种情况,本文提出了用生态塘/人工湿地相结合的工艺对中心湖湖水进行处理的方案。这种复合工艺在国内外应用较少,作为一种新的尝试,我们进行了近一年的小试试验研究,初步掌握了有关塘/人工湿地系统的维护和管理措施。同时,有针对性地研究了崇明地区特定的气候、土壤条件下,复合生态系统对微污染湖泊水的处理效果与特性,分析了温度、进水浓度、水力负荷等因素对污染物去除效果的影响,为中试工程的正常运转提供了必不可少的经验。
长期的试验数据分析结果表明,水力停留时间为3天时,系统对微污染水体污染物的去除率较高,时间延长对去除效果并没有较大的影响。综合考虑水平流人工湿地、潜流人工湿地、生态塘/水平流人工湿地复合处理系统和生态塘/潜流人工湿地复合处理系统四种不同流态对中心湖湖水污染物的去除效果：对CODCr的去除率为10%～50%左右,对浊度的去处率在35%～90%之间,TN的浓度去除率为35%～55%,NH4＋-N的浓度去除率为38%～44.2%,NO3--N的浓度去除率为25%～37%,TP的浓度去除率为56%～81%,TDP的浓度去除率为30%～44%。结果表明,四种处理单元对所测试项目的去除效果差别不大,说明四种处理系统对中心湖水的污染治理均能发挥有效的作用,为中试工程的设计提供了帮助。
小试试验模型中应用的陶粒是用河道底泥自己制备的,这一举措对减小环境污染、增加社会经济效益具有较好的作用,并且开辟了一条河道底泥处理、处置和资源化利用的新途径。
经过对河道底泥的主要化学成分、粒径分布、矿物成分以及重金属含量分析后结果表明：河道底泥的主要化学成分同粘土类原料比较接近,这为河道底泥制备陶粒提供了有利的依据；河道底泥中重金属含量和浸出液浓度均较高,但对其Cu2+、Zn2+、Pb2+、Cd2+、Cr6+、Hg+的分析结果表明底泥样品还不属于危险废物的范畴。
在综合考虑原料的化学组成及烧制陶粒对原料化学组成的要求的基础上,确定以河道底泥、生活污泥、广西白泥和水玻璃为原料制备底泥陶粒。通过正交试验确定制备底泥陶粒的最佳工艺条件和配比,即河道底泥：生活污泥：广西白泥：粘结剂=100：20：15：6,烧成温度为1140℃,保温时间为9Min。按照试验确定的最佳工艺条件进行试验所制备的底泥陶粒其比表面积为3.67m2/g,堆积密度为710 kg/m3,表观密度1517 kg/m3,孔隙率53%,耐冲刷强度在3MPa以上,与同类产品相比具有比表面积大,堆积密度低,孔隙率高的优点,是较好的生物膜载体,对有机物和氨氮有较强的吸附性能。
通过参考小试试验积累的经验和教训,并依据节约、高效的原则,中心湖水质处理采用生态塘/人工湿地复合处理系统,处理构筑物由中心湖北侧已经废弃的前卫村热带鱼养殖鱼塘改造而成,采用水平流与潜流相结合的方式构建,拟通过建立微污染水体的土地生态净化系统,实现对分散型微污染水体的净化和资源化,为应用土地处理系统建设“生态崇明”起到示范作用。
生态塘/人工湿地系统自2006年2月运行起至2008年3月运行2年多的时间来看,系统对浊度的去除为70%～94%,对CODCr的去除率为20%～47.6%,对总磷的去除率为50%～90%,对总氮的平均去除率为21.2%,系统出水浊度在8度以内,出水CODCr为20～36mg/L,出水总磷维持在0.10mg/L以内(达到地面水Ⅱ类水水平),总氮含量降至0.98～1.641mg/L,以上出水指标除总氮外均接近国家地表水Ⅲ类水质水平。由于硝化菌等世代周期长的微生物需要长期培养,且冬季运行,微生物受温度限制生长活性差,随着运行的进一步稳定,最佳运行条件的摸索、运行参数的控制,出水水质可望进一步提高。
本文创新点主要有以下五点：
1)首次将生态纤维作为“人工水草”应用于人工湿地的前处理；
2)将人工湿地与生态塘结合在一起作为一种新型的复合生态处理系统进行尝试,氧化塘系统作为人工湿地的前处理系统,通过对该系统小试及中试对中心湖水质处理情况的跟踪试验测定,探讨了温度、进水浓度,水力负荷等因素对污染物去除率的影响；
3)首次进行河道底泥制作轻质生态陶粒,并应用于人工湿地进行河道生态修复的循环经济研究；
利用崇明前卫村实验培训基地前中心河道受污染的底泥制备轻质陶粒,由于底泥主要受到生活污水和渔业养殖废水的影响,有机物含量较高,充分利用其本身有机物作发泡剂产生多孔,并将其应用于潜流式人工湿地,配合生态纤维的使用,去除NH4＋-N及CODCr,净化水体,实现“以污治污”的目的。
4)首次研究人工湿地用多孔陶粒对潜质水流的影响；
研究将多孔陶粒应用于人工湿地,对传统湿地水流产生的影响。
5)零能耗水循环驱动系统与复合式人工湿地河水净化系统集成技术。
采用风车作为动力实现受污染水的提升。风车提供足够的动力,为生物接触氧化提供充足的氧。实现水域生态的合理布局,水产养殖鱼类的合理分层,保证鱼类与水生植物的合理共生。
The projects come form the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission that "Water resource protection and water ecological restoration technology and demonstration of Chongming Island". Item No.:05dz 12009.
The Qianwei village which is famous as one of the "One of the five hundred best ecological villages in the world" is Shanghai's ecological base in Chongming County. Its green radiation functions have become increasingly prominent, and with the growing number of tourists increased, the biggest landscape lake--The Center Lake, has shown the characteristic of bad carrying capacity by pollution with increasingly serious problem, the water quality is worse and worse.
Based on this case, we put forward the technology of oxidation pond/constructed wetland treatment system to control the pollution of The Center Lake. This technology was applied very little in domestic and abroad, as a new attempt, we had nearly a year of small-scale test studies and master of the maintenance and management measures of oxidation pond/constructed wetland system. At the same time, study the treatment effect and characteristic of micro-polluted lake water by complex ecological system in specific climate and soil conditions of Chongming, analyze effect of temperature, influent concentration, and hydraulic load factors on the removal of contamination, all of these afford absolutely necessarily experience for working order of medium-sized test project.
Test results showed that HRT for three days, the system has high removal rate toward micro-polluted water and no significant influence toward removal effect if extend HRT. Think over the treatment effect of The Center Lake by four different flow patterns that subsurface flow constructed wetland, undercurrent constructed wetland, oxidation pond/subsurface flow constructed wetland and oxidation pond/undercurrent constructed wetland:CODCr removal of 10% to 50%, turbidity place the rate at 35% to 90%, the concentration of TN removal rate of 35% to 55%, NH4+-N concentration in the removal of 38% to 44.2%, NO3--N concentrations removal rate of 25% to 37%, TP concentration of the removal of 56% to 81%, the concentration of TDP removal rate of 30% to 44%. The results showed that four processing units have not very different to removal effect of test items, and account for four treatment system can play an effective role to pollution control of The Center Lake water and provide help for designed of medium-sized test project.
The ceramic used in small-scale test system made by river sediment ourselves, the move has better effect to reduce pollution and increase social economic benefit, and opened up a new ways toward river sediment processing, disposal and reutilization.
The main chemical composition, particle size distribution, mineral component and heavy metals in river sediment has been analyzed; the results indicate that the main chemical compositions are similar to the clay raw materials, which provide possibility of reutilization river sediment. River sediment contains heavy metals and lixivium concentration higher, but analysis of the results of Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Cr6+, Hg+ showed that sediment samples is not reaching the level of hazard waste.
Consideration of chemical composition of the raw materials, to determine the river sediment, sewage sludge, Guangxi Baini and water glass are chosen to be the raw materials of ceramic. Orthogonal Test Preparation of sediment ceramic optimum conditions and formulas, that the river sediment:sewage sludge:Guangxi Baini:water glass=100:20:15:6, sintering temperature of 1140 centigrade, the heat preservation time of 9 minutes. The test to determine optimum conditions for the prepared ceramic that its surface of 3.67m2/g, packing density is 710kg/m3, the apparent density of 1517kg/m3,53% porosity, high strength 3MPa washed over. Comparable with the same kind of products, the sediment ceramic have some strongpoint of a large surface area, low packing density and high porosity. The sediment ceramic is better bio-film carrier and strong adsorption capability toward organic matter and NH4+-N.
By reference the experience gained and lessons learned from small-scale test system, in accordance with conservation and efficient principles, water treatment of The Center Lake used oxidation pond/constructed wetland complex processing system, the structure rebuild by tropical fish breeding ponds of Qianwei village lie north of The Center Lake. Adopt subsurface flow combined with undercurrent construction way, plan to be through the land purification ecological system of micro-polluted water to realize purification and resources of decentralized micro-polluted water, and for adopt land treatment system building "Ecological Chongming" play an demonstration.
Oxidation pond/constructed wetland system since February 2006 run until March 2008 running more than two years, the system for the removal of turbidity of 70%～94%, the CODCr removal rate of 20%～47.6%, the TP removal rate of 50%～90%, the TN average removal rate of 21.2%, the effluent turbidity 8NTU within, CODCr 20～36mg/L and the TP at 0.10mg/L within (reach surface water classⅡlevel), TN content of 0.98～1.641mg/L and above effluent index have close to the classⅢof State except TN. Because microorganism need long-term training that its long generation cycle, for example nitrobacteria. And the system operations in winter, temperature limit microbial growth and activity worse, with the further stabilization operations, the best operating conditions of exploration, operating parameter control, the effluent water quality can be further improved.
The five innovations bring out in thesis:
1) The first time take the ecosystem fiber as "artificial water grass" to apply pretreatment of constructed wetland;
2) Constructed wetland and oxidation pond combine together is a new complex ecosystem and the oxidation pond system as pretreatment system of constructed wetland. By experiment mensurate of small-scale test system and medium-sized test project toward The Center Lake, analyze effect of temperature, influent concentration, and hydraulic load factors on the removal of contamination;
3) The first time that makes light quality ceramic by river sediment and applies to circulation economy research of riverway ecological repair in constructed wetland;
Make use of river sediment polluted in The Center Lake before experiment base in Qianwei village, Chongming County. The river sediment pollution by living sewage and fishery breed aquatics waste water, so the organic matter content is higher, making use of its organic matter as vesicant and applied it with ecological fibre in undercurrent constructed wetland can get rid of NH4+-N and CODCr, clean the water and curry out the purpose of "with dirty cure dirty".
4) Study the influence of water current that use of ceramic in constructed wetland for the first time;
Study the variety of water current that use of ceramic in constructed wetland.
5) Zero energy water circle drive system and mulriple constructed wetland river water cleanse system an integration a technique.
Adopt windmill as power to realize the step up of polluted water. The windmill can provide enough power in order to provide ample oxygen for the biology contact oxygenation. To realize the reasonable layout of water area ecology, the delamination of acuiculture fish and accrete of fish and hydrophyte.
作为崇明县乃至上海市的生态科技示范基地、“全球生态村500佳”之一的前卫村,其绿色辐射功能已经日趋突出,而随着旅游人数的日益增多,前卫村的景观湖——中心湖正逐渐呈现出可承载能力下降、受污染日益严重的问题,水质日益变坏。
针对这种情况,本文提出了用生态塘/人工湿地相结合的工艺对中心湖湖水进行处理的方案。这种复合工艺在国内外应用较少,作为一种新的尝试,我们进行了近一年的小试试验研究,初步掌握了有关塘/人工湿地系统的维护和管理措施。同时,有针对性地研究了崇明地区特定的气候、土壤条件下,复合生态系统对微污染湖泊水的处理效果与特性,分析了温度、进水浓度、水力负荷等因素对污染物去除效果的影响,为中试工程的正常运转提供了必不可少的经验。
长期的试验数据分析结果表明,水力停留时间为3天时,系统对微污染水体污染物的去除率较高,时间延长对去除效果并没有较大的影响。综合考虑水平流人工湿地、潜流人工湿地、生态塘/水平流人工湿地复合处理系统和生态塘/潜流人工湿地复合处理系统四种不同流态对中心湖湖水污染物的去除效果：对CODCr的去除率为10%～50%左右,对浊度的去处率在35%～90%之间,TN的浓度去除率为35%～55%,NH4＋-N的浓度去除率为38%～44.2%,NO3--N的浓度去除率为25%～37%,TP的浓度去除率为56%～81%,TDP的浓度去除率为30%～44%。结果表明,四种处理单元对所测试项目的去除效果差别不大,说明四种处理系统对中心湖水的污染治理均能发挥有效的作用,为中试工程的设计提供了帮助。
小试试验模型中应用的陶粒是用河道底泥自己制备的,这一举措对减小环境污染、增加社会经济效益具有较好的作用,并且开辟了一条河道底泥处理、处置和资源化利用的新途径。
经过对河道底泥的主要化学成分、粒径分布、矿物成分以及重金属含量分析后结果表明：河道底泥的主要化学成分同粘土类原料比较接近,这为河道底泥制备陶粒提供了有利的依据；河道底泥中重金属含量和浸出液浓度均较高,但对其Cu2+、Zn2+、Pb2+、Cd2+、Cr6+、Hg+的分析结果表明底泥样品还不属于危险废物的范畴。
在综合考虑原料的化学组成及烧制陶粒对原料化学组成的要求的基础上,确定以河道底泥、生活污泥、广西白泥和水玻璃为原料制备底泥陶粒。通过正交试验确定制备底泥陶粒的最佳工艺条件和配比,即河道底泥：生活污泥：广西白泥：粘结剂=100：20：15：6,烧成温度为1140℃,保温时间为9Min。按照试验确定的最佳工艺条件进行试验所制备的底泥陶粒其比表面积为3.67m2/g,堆积密度为710 kg/m3,表观密度1517 kg/m3,孔隙率53%,耐冲刷强度在3MPa以上,与同类产品相比具有比表面积大,堆积密度低,孔隙率高的优点,是较好的生物膜载体,对有机物和氨氮有较强的吸附性能。
通过参考小试试验积累的经验和教训,并依据节约、高效的原则,中心湖水质处理采用生态塘/人工湿地复合处理系统,处理构筑物由中心湖北侧已经废弃的前卫村热带鱼养殖鱼塘改造而成,采用水平流与潜流相结合的方式构建,拟通过建立微污染水体的土地生态净化系统,实现对分散型微污染水体的净化和资源化,为应用土地处理系统建设“生态崇明”起到示范作用。
生态塘/人工湿地系统自2006年2月运行起至2008年3月运行2年多的时间来看,系统对浊度的去除为70%～94%,对CODCr的去除率为20%～47.6%,对总磷的去除率为50%～90%,对总氮的平均去除率为21.2%,系统出水浊度在8度以内,出水CODCr为20～36mg/L,出水总磷维持在0.10mg/L以内(达到地面水Ⅱ类水水平),总氮含量降至0.98～1.641mg/L,以上出水指标除总氮外均接近国家地表水Ⅲ类水质水平。由于硝化菌等世代周期长的微生物需要长期培养,且冬季运行,微生物受温度限制生长活性差,随着运行的进一步稳定,最佳运行条件的摸索、运行参数的控制,出水水质可望进一步提高。
本文创新点主要有以下五点：
1)首次将生态纤维作为“人工水草”应用于人工湿地的前处理；
2)将人工湿地与生态塘结合在一起作为一种新型的复合生态处理系统进行尝试,氧化塘系统作为人工湿地的前处理系统,通过对该系统小试及中试对中心湖水质处理情况的跟踪试验测定,探讨了温度、进水浓度,水力负荷等因素对污染物去除率的影响；
3)首次进行河道底泥制作轻质生态陶粒,并应用于人工湿地进行河道生态修复的循环经济研究；
利用崇明前卫村实验培训基地前中心河道受污染的底泥制备轻质陶粒,由于底泥主要受到生活污水和渔业养殖废水的影响,有机物含量较高,充分利用其本身有机物作发泡剂产生多孔,并将其应用于潜流式人工湿地,配合生态纤维的使用,去除NH4＋-N及CODCr,净化水体,实现“以污治污”的目的。
4)首次研究人工湿地用多孔陶粒对潜质水流的影响；
研究将多孔陶粒应用于人工湿地,对传统湿地水流产生的影响。
5)零能耗水循环驱动系统与复合式人工湿地河水净化系统集成技术。
采用风车作为动力实现受污染水的提升。风车提供足够的动力,为生物接触氧化提供充足的氧。实现水域生态的合理布局,水产养殖鱼类的合理分层,保证鱼类与水生植物的合理共生。
The projects come form the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission that "Water resource protection and water ecological restoration technology and demonstration of Chongming Island". Item No.:05dz 12009.
The Qianwei village which is famous as one of the "One of the five hundred best ecological villages in the world" is Shanghai's ecological base in Chongming County. Its green radiation functions have become increasingly prominent, and with the growing number of tourists increased, the biggest landscape lake--The Center Lake, has shown the characteristic of bad carrying capacity by pollution with increasingly serious problem, the water quality is worse and worse.
Based on this case, we put forward the technology of oxidation pond/constructed wetland treatment system to control the pollution of The Center Lake. This technology was applied very little in domestic and abroad, as a new attempt, we had nearly a year of small-scale test studies and master of the maintenance and management measures of oxidation pond/constructed wetland system. At the same time, study the treatment effect and characteristic of micro-polluted lake water by complex ecological system in specific climate and soil conditions of Chongming, analyze effect of temperature, influent concentration, and hydraulic load factors on the removal of contamination, all of these afford absolutely necessarily experience for working order of medium-sized test project.
Test results showed that HRT for three days, the system has high removal rate toward micro-polluted water and no significant influence toward removal effect if extend HRT. Think over the treatment effect of The Center Lake by four different flow patterns that subsurface flow constructed wetland, undercurrent constructed wetland, oxidation pond/subsurface flow constructed wetland and oxidation pond/undercurrent constructed wetland:CODCr removal of 10% to 50%, turbidity place the rate at 35% to 90%, the concentration of TN removal rate of 35% to 55%, NH4+-N concentration in the removal of 38% to 44.2%, NO3--N concentrations removal rate of 25% to 37%, TP concentration of the removal of 56% to 81%, the concentration of TDP removal rate of 30% to 44%. The results showed that four processing units have not very different to removal effect of test items, and account for four treatment system can play an effective role to pollution control of The Center Lake water and provide help for designed of medium-sized test project.
The ceramic used in small-scale test system made by river sediment ourselves, the move has better effect to reduce pollution and increase social economic benefit, and opened up a new ways toward river sediment processing, disposal and reutilization.
The main chemical composition, particle size distribution, mineral component and heavy metals in river sediment has been analyzed; the results indicate that the main chemical compositions are similar to the clay raw materials, which provide possibility of reutilization river sediment. River sediment contains heavy metals and lixivium concentration higher, but analysis of the results of Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Cr6+, Hg+ showed that sediment samples is not reaching the level of hazard waste.
Consideration of chemical composition of the raw materials, to determine the river sediment, sewage sludge, Guangxi Baini and water glass are chosen to be the raw materials of ceramic. Orthogonal Test Preparation of sediment ceramic optimum conditions and formulas, that the river sediment:sewage sludge:Guangxi Baini:water glass=100:20:15:6, sintering temperature of 1140 centigrade, the heat preservation time of 9 minutes. The test to determine optimum conditions for the prepared ceramic that its surface of 3.67m2/g, packing density is 710kg/m3, the apparent density of 1517kg/m3,53% porosity, high strength 3MPa washed over. Comparable with the same kind of products, the sediment ceramic have some strongpoint of a large surface area, low packing density and high porosity. The sediment ceramic is better bio-film carrier and strong adsorption capability toward organic matter and NH4+-N.
By reference the experience gained and lessons learned from small-scale test system, in accordance with conservation and efficient principles, water treatment of The Center Lake used oxidation pond/constructed wetland complex processing system, the structure rebuild by tropical fish breeding ponds of Qianwei village lie north of The Center Lake. Adopt subsurface flow combined with undercurrent construction way, plan to be through the land purification ecological system of micro-polluted water to realize purification and resources of decentralized micro-polluted water, and for adopt land treatment system building "Ecological Chongming" play an demonstration.
Oxidation pond/constructed wetland system since February 2006 run until March 2008 running more than two years, the system for the removal of turbidity of 70%～94%, the CODCr removal rate of 20%～47.6%, the TP removal rate of 50%～90%, the TN average removal rate of 21.2%, the effluent turbidity 8NTU within, CODCr 20～36mg/L and the TP at 0.10mg/L within (reach surface water classⅡlevel), TN content of 0.98～1.641mg/L and above effluent index have close to the classⅢof State except TN. Because microorganism need long-term training that its long generation cycle, for example nitrobacteria. And the system operations in winter, temperature limit microbial growth and activity worse, with the further stabilization operations, the best operating conditions of exploration, operating parameter control, the effluent water quality can be further improved.
The five innovations bring out in thesis:
1) The first time take the ecosystem fiber as "artificial water grass" to apply pretreatment of constructed wetland;
2) Constructed wetland and oxidation pond combine together is a new complex ecosystem and the oxidation pond system as pretreatment system of constructed wetland. By experiment mensurate of small-scale test system and medium-sized test project toward The Center Lake, analyze effect of temperature, influent concentration, and hydraulic load factors on the removal of contamination;
3) The first time that makes light quality ceramic by river sediment and applies to circulation economy research of riverway ecological repair in constructed wetland;
Make use of river sediment polluted in The Center Lake before experiment base in Qianwei village, Chongming County. The river sediment pollution by living sewage and fishery breed aquatics waste water, so the organic matter content is higher, making use of its organic matter as vesicant and applied it with ecological fibre in undercurrent constructed wetland can get rid of NH4+-N and CODCr, clean the water and curry out the purpose of "with dirty cure dirty".
4) Study the influence of water current that use of ceramic in constructed wetland for the first time;
Study the variety of water current that use of ceramic in constructed wetland.
5) Zero energy water circle drive system and mulriple constructed wetland river water cleanse system an integration a technique.
Adopt windmill as power to realize the step up of polluted water. The windmill can provide enough power in order to provide ample oxygen for the biology contact oxygenation. To realize the reasonable layout of water area ecology, the delamination of acuiculture fish and accrete of fish and hydrophyte.
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