小城镇污水A/O/A工艺同步脱氮除磷特性及盐度影响研究
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摘要
我国城镇化进程的加快使中小城镇在我国环境保护和确保经济可持续发展中的作用越来越大。小城镇含盐生活污水脱氮除磷工艺的选择由于其污水间歇非稳定流等特点，不能照搬大型污水厂处理工艺。本研究针对小城镇含盐污水生物脱氮除磷的研究空白，研究不同除磷工艺相互转换时反硝化除磷工艺特性；采用正交试验确定了影响系统运行的主要因素及优化条件，研究了A/O/A-SBR工艺处理实际生活污水的能力特性；利用实际生活污水模拟改变盐度，通过对普通活性污泥的耐盐驯化，以及盐度对耐盐污泥的间歇冲击和连续冲击试验，揭示A/O/A工艺污染物降解规律和去除特性，研究盐度对生物处理脱氮除磷工艺的影响及演变规律；利用matlab和ASM2d模型对A/O/A-SBR工艺降解污染物进行了数值模拟，并依据盐度对微生物的抑制作用，首次提出了基于ASM2d模型的吸磷过程、释磷过程以及硝化过程反应速率的盐度修正项，建立了含盐生活污水脱氮除磷活性污泥数学模型。
研究结果表明：除磷工艺的相互转换对于聚磷菌利用其它形式电子受体的能力没有影响，A/O/A-SBR比传统工艺更利于反硝化除磷菌的富集。A/O/A-SBR工艺以实际生活污水为处理对象，对COD的去除率为84.1%~94.8%；磷的去除率为82.9%~92.2%；氨氮的去除率为89.7%~98.3%；TN去除率为75.6%~85.8%。出水达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）一级B标准。
从盐度对普通活性污泥的影响分析，盐度升高，则系统释磷速率及聚磷速率降低；盐度对于缺氧聚磷速率的影响大于好氧聚磷速率；对聚磷速率的影响大于对释磷速率的影响；缺氧聚磷速率下降大于反硝化速率的下降。盐度越高，污泥的适应期相应越长。
当盐度大于7g/L后，硝化过程中系统出现亚硝酸盐累积，表明盐度对硝酸菌（NOB）比对亚硝酸菌（AOB）有更强的抑制作用。加入4g/L、7g/L和10g/L系列盐度，亚硝酸盐累积率分别为0~2.94%、41.6~52.2%和58.7~69.6%。显示随盐度增加，短程反硝化成为系统缺氧段主要的反应过程。综合考虑硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐反硝化速率之和，各系列盐度条件下反硝化速率差别不明显。
盐度对耐盐污泥的间歇冲击试验表明：低盐冲击与高盐冲击时盐度对磷的去除影响最大，对氨氮的去除影响最小。系统从低盐冲击恢复至正常稳定水平需要约72小时，高盐冲击恢复则需耗130小时左右。系统对低盐度的抗冲击能力较高盐度抗冲击能力强。
对耐盐活性污泥的盐度连续冲击试验表明：当系统盐度由10g/L分别提高为15g/L、20g/L以及25g/L后，随盐度升高，厌氧释磷速率、好氧聚磷速率以及缺氧聚磷速率均呈下降趋势，其中厌氧释磷速率与好氧聚磷速率受盐度影响变化基本一致，缺氧聚磷速率受影响较大。
在污泥盐度驯化期以及受间歇冲击时，硝化速率受盐度影响相对较小；而盐度连续冲击时硝化速率有较大幅度下降，当盐度为15g/L时，与无盐条件相比，仅为后者的52.3%；当盐度为20g/L时，硝化速率为无盐条件的21.6%；盐度25g/L时，好氧段硝化完全受抑制。亚硝化率在盐度为15g/L时最大，为80.1%。。
碳氧化异养菌比硝化菌及聚磷菌有更强的抗盐度冲击能力。在污泥盐度驯化期以及受间歇冲击时，聚磷菌相比硝化菌对盐度更敏感；经驯化后，在盐度连续冲击条件下，聚磷菌对盐度的耐受能力略强于硝化菌。采用A/O/A-SBR系统，在厌氧/好氧/缺氧时间控制为1.5h/3h/2.5h的运行方式下，生物除磷连续冲击耐盐极限浓度为20g/L；硝化菌的连续冲击耐盐极限浓度为15g/L。
在ASM2d模型的基础上，引入盐度抑制项对模型生化过程进行修正，通过对含盐污水污染物处理实测结果进行数值模拟来确定引入抑制系数值，从而提出了适用于模拟含盐污水处理系统的活性污泥数学模型。该模型中好氧吸磷过程抑制系数KsalXPH、缺氧吸磷过程抑制系数KsalXPQ、释磷过程抑制系数KsalSP和硝化过程抑制系数KsalXH的推荐值分别为：12.0g/m~3、10.8g/m~3、14.6g/m~3、15.3g/m~3。
With the accelerating of China's urbanization process, small towns are playing animportant role in environment protection and sustainable economic development in China.The salinity wastewater nutrient removal process of small towns is different from large cityWWTP process because of its intermittent and non-steady flow of sewage. In this study,characteristics of different denitrifying phosphorus removal process are investigated; thekey operating conditions and optimizations of AOA-SBR are found by orthogonal test.Biodegradable characteristics of domestic sewage are studied in A/O/A-SBR process. Aftersludge salinity acclimation with domestic sewage, degradation of pollutants is revealed onthe condition of the shock of intermittent and continuous test. Effects of salinity on thebiological nutrient removal process are investigated. Degradation of pollutants is simulatedusing matlab and ASM2d model in A/O/A-SBR. The first proposed salinity correction termabout the phosphorus uptake/release process and the nitrification process based on ASM2d,nutrient removal activated sludge mathematical model on saline wastewater is established.
The experimental results showed that phosphate accumulating organisms utilizedelectron acceptor according to its occurrence sequence. This ability is stable and feasible.The ratio of anoxic phosphorus uptake rate and aerobic phosphorus uptake rate (PUR) isdistinguished between phosphorus-accumulating and denitrifying phosphorusaccumulating organisms (DNPAOs) in biological nutrient removal (BNR) process. Resultshows that A/O/A-SBR is more beneficial than the traditional process of BNR.
In the anaerobic(1.5h)/aerobic(3h)/anoxic(2.5h)-SBR process, removal efficiency ofCOD, phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen and TN are84.1%~94.8%,82.9%~92.2%,89.7%~98.3%and75.6%~85.8%,respectively.Effluent concentration are lower than "urbansewage treatment plant emission standards"(GB18918-2002) primary B standard.
With an adequate adaption period and gradually increased salt concentration, effect ofsalinity on the conventional activated sludge are showed that the higher the concentrationof salinity, the lower the phosphorus release rate and phosphorus uptake rate; effects ofsalinity on the decrease of anoxic phosphorus uptake rate is greater than the decrease ofaerobic phosphorus uptake rate and denitrification rate. Meanwhile, the decrease ofphosphorus uptake rate is greater than the decrease of aerobic phosphorus release rate.
When salinity is higher than7g/L, nitrite accumulation is found during the course ofnitrification. This showed that Nitrobacter is more sensitive to high salinity thanNitrosomonas. And as salinity increased, the inhibitory effect further enhances. In the SBR, the addition of4g/L,7g/L and10g/L series of salinity, nitrite accumulation is0to2.94%,41.6~52.2%and58.7~69.6%,respectively. Short-cut denitrification could be realized bythe increase of salinity; in the system integrated nitrate and nitrite, and denitrification rateof each series has no significant change.
The experiment investigates the effects of intermittent shock of salinity on thebiological treatment, impact of low salinity was similar to high salinity, significant effect ofsalinity on the phosphorus removal, ammonia-nitrogen removal with minimal impact.System from low salinity shock return to normal level takes about72hours, the impact ofhigh salinity is required to restore about130hours. It has the tolerant ability of low-salinitymore than high salinity in the system.
The experiment investigated the effects of continuous shock of salinity on thebiological treatment, the experiment showed that when the salinity from the10g/L,respectively, increases to15g/L,20g/L and25g/L. The higher the salinity, the lower theanaerobic phosphorus release rate. The aerobic and anoxic phosphorus uptake rate, inwhich the rate of anaerobic phosphorus release and aerobic phosphorus uptake rate effectsaffects by salinity changes are basically the same, the anoxic phosphorus uptake rate hassignificant change.
In salinity acclimation period and the intermittent shock period, effect of salinity onnitrification rate is relatively small; but salinity continuous shock on the nitrification rate ofsalinity has decreased substantially when the salinity of20g/L, the nitrification rate is21.6%of salt-free conditions; salinity of25g/L, the aerobic nitrification completelyinhibited. Nitrite accumulation in the salinity of15g/L is maximum, it is80.1%.
Heterotrophic bacteria has a stronger tolerant of high salinity capability than nitrifiersand PAOs. During salinity acclimation period and intermittent shocks period, PAOscompares to the nitrifying bacteria are more sensitive to salinity; after a acclimation, in thecontinuous impact of salinity conditions, the PAOs on the salinity tolerance of slightlystronger on nitrifiers. In A/O/A-SBR, the result showed that the salinity tolerant limit ofPAOs is20g/L under salinity continuous shocks condition; nitrifiers is15g/L undersalinity continuous shocks condition.
In ASM2d model, salinity inhibition term is introduced into the biochemical processof the model. After the simulation and optimization, the model is established on simulatesalinity wastewater treatment. The aerobic phosphorus uptake inhibitory factor KsalXPH,anoxic phosphorus uptake inhibition factor KsalXPQ, anaerobic phosphorus releaseinhibition factor KsalSP and nitrification inhibition factor KsalXH recommended values are:12.0g/m~3,10.8g/m~3,14.6g/m~3,15.3g/m~3,respectively.
研究结果表明：除磷工艺的相互转换对于聚磷菌利用其它形式电子受体的能力没有影响，A/O/A-SBR比传统工艺更利于反硝化除磷菌的富集。A/O/A-SBR工艺以实际生活污水为处理对象，对COD的去除率为84.1%~94.8%；磷的去除率为82.9%~92.2%；氨氮的去除率为89.7%~98.3%；TN去除率为75.6%~85.8%。出水达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918-2002）一级B标准。
从盐度对普通活性污泥的影响分析，盐度升高，则系统释磷速率及聚磷速率降低；盐度对于缺氧聚磷速率的影响大于好氧聚磷速率；对聚磷速率的影响大于对释磷速率的影响；缺氧聚磷速率下降大于反硝化速率的下降。盐度越高，污泥的适应期相应越长。
当盐度大于7g/L后，硝化过程中系统出现亚硝酸盐累积，表明盐度对硝酸菌（NOB）比对亚硝酸菌（AOB）有更强的抑制作用。加入4g/L、7g/L和10g/L系列盐度，亚硝酸盐累积率分别为0~2.94%、41.6~52.2%和58.7~69.6%。显示随盐度增加，短程反硝化成为系统缺氧段主要的反应过程。综合考虑硝酸盐及亚硝酸盐反硝化速率之和，各系列盐度条件下反硝化速率差别不明显。
盐度对耐盐污泥的间歇冲击试验表明：低盐冲击与高盐冲击时盐度对磷的去除影响最大，对氨氮的去除影响最小。系统从低盐冲击恢复至正常稳定水平需要约72小时，高盐冲击恢复则需耗130小时左右。系统对低盐度的抗冲击能力较高盐度抗冲击能力强。
对耐盐活性污泥的盐度连续冲击试验表明：当系统盐度由10g/L分别提高为15g/L、20g/L以及25g/L后，随盐度升高，厌氧释磷速率、好氧聚磷速率以及缺氧聚磷速率均呈下降趋势，其中厌氧释磷速率与好氧聚磷速率受盐度影响变化基本一致，缺氧聚磷速率受影响较大。
在污泥盐度驯化期以及受间歇冲击时，硝化速率受盐度影响相对较小；而盐度连续冲击时硝化速率有较大幅度下降，当盐度为15g/L时，与无盐条件相比，仅为后者的52.3%；当盐度为20g/L时，硝化速率为无盐条件的21.6%；盐度25g/L时，好氧段硝化完全受抑制。亚硝化率在盐度为15g/L时最大，为80.1%。。
碳氧化异养菌比硝化菌及聚磷菌有更强的抗盐度冲击能力。在污泥盐度驯化期以及受间歇冲击时，聚磷菌相比硝化菌对盐度更敏感；经驯化后，在盐度连续冲击条件下，聚磷菌对盐度的耐受能力略强于硝化菌。采用A/O/A-SBR系统，在厌氧/好氧/缺氧时间控制为1.5h/3h/2.5h的运行方式下，生物除磷连续冲击耐盐极限浓度为20g/L；硝化菌的连续冲击耐盐极限浓度为15g/L。
在ASM2d模型的基础上，引入盐度抑制项对模型生化过程进行修正，通过对含盐污水污染物处理实测结果进行数值模拟来确定引入抑制系数值，从而提出了适用于模拟含盐污水处理系统的活性污泥数学模型。该模型中好氧吸磷过程抑制系数KsalXPH、缺氧吸磷过程抑制系数KsalXPQ、释磷过程抑制系数KsalSP和硝化过程抑制系数KsalXH的推荐值分别为：12.0g/m~3、10.8g/m~3、14.6g/m~3、15.3g/m~3。
With the accelerating of China's urbanization process, small towns are playing animportant role in environment protection and sustainable economic development in China.The salinity wastewater nutrient removal process of small towns is different from large cityWWTP process because of its intermittent and non-steady flow of sewage. In this study,characteristics of different denitrifying phosphorus removal process are investigated; thekey operating conditions and optimizations of AOA-SBR are found by orthogonal test.Biodegradable characteristics of domestic sewage are studied in A/O/A-SBR process. Aftersludge salinity acclimation with domestic sewage, degradation of pollutants is revealed onthe condition of the shock of intermittent and continuous test. Effects of salinity on thebiological nutrient removal process are investigated. Degradation of pollutants is simulatedusing matlab and ASM2d model in A/O/A-SBR. The first proposed salinity correction termabout the phosphorus uptake/release process and the nitrification process based on ASM2d,nutrient removal activated sludge mathematical model on saline wastewater is established.
The experimental results showed that phosphate accumulating organisms utilizedelectron acceptor according to its occurrence sequence. This ability is stable and feasible.The ratio of anoxic phosphorus uptake rate and aerobic phosphorus uptake rate (PUR) isdistinguished between phosphorus-accumulating and denitrifying phosphorusaccumulating organisms (DNPAOs) in biological nutrient removal (BNR) process. Resultshows that A/O/A-SBR is more beneficial than the traditional process of BNR.
In the anaerobic(1.5h)/aerobic(3h)/anoxic(2.5h)-SBR process, removal efficiency ofCOD, phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen and TN are84.1%~94.8%,82.9%~92.2%,89.7%~98.3%and75.6%~85.8%,respectively.Effluent concentration are lower than "urbansewage treatment plant emission standards"(GB18918-2002) primary B standard.
With an adequate adaption period and gradually increased salt concentration, effect ofsalinity on the conventional activated sludge are showed that the higher the concentrationof salinity, the lower the phosphorus release rate and phosphorus uptake rate; effects ofsalinity on the decrease of anoxic phosphorus uptake rate is greater than the decrease ofaerobic phosphorus uptake rate and denitrification rate. Meanwhile, the decrease ofphosphorus uptake rate is greater than the decrease of aerobic phosphorus release rate.
When salinity is higher than7g/L, nitrite accumulation is found during the course ofnitrification. This showed that Nitrobacter is more sensitive to high salinity thanNitrosomonas. And as salinity increased, the inhibitory effect further enhances. In the SBR, the addition of4g/L,7g/L and10g/L series of salinity, nitrite accumulation is0to2.94%,41.6~52.2%and58.7~69.6%,respectively. Short-cut denitrification could be realized bythe increase of salinity; in the system integrated nitrate and nitrite, and denitrification rateof each series has no significant change.
The experiment investigates the effects of intermittent shock of salinity on thebiological treatment, impact of low salinity was similar to high salinity, significant effect ofsalinity on the phosphorus removal, ammonia-nitrogen removal with minimal impact.System from low salinity shock return to normal level takes about72hours, the impact ofhigh salinity is required to restore about130hours. It has the tolerant ability of low-salinitymore than high salinity in the system.
The experiment investigated the effects of continuous shock of salinity on thebiological treatment, the experiment showed that when the salinity from the10g/L,respectively, increases to15g/L,20g/L and25g/L. The higher the salinity, the lower theanaerobic phosphorus release rate. The aerobic and anoxic phosphorus uptake rate, inwhich the rate of anaerobic phosphorus release and aerobic phosphorus uptake rate effectsaffects by salinity changes are basically the same, the anoxic phosphorus uptake rate hassignificant change.
In salinity acclimation period and the intermittent shock period, effect of salinity onnitrification rate is relatively small; but salinity continuous shock on the nitrification rate ofsalinity has decreased substantially when the salinity of20g/L, the nitrification rate is21.6%of salt-free conditions; salinity of25g/L, the aerobic nitrification completelyinhibited. Nitrite accumulation in the salinity of15g/L is maximum, it is80.1%.
Heterotrophic bacteria has a stronger tolerant of high salinity capability than nitrifiersand PAOs. During salinity acclimation period and intermittent shocks period, PAOscompares to the nitrifying bacteria are more sensitive to salinity; after a acclimation, in thecontinuous impact of salinity conditions, the PAOs on the salinity tolerance of slightlystronger on nitrifiers. In A/O/A-SBR, the result showed that the salinity tolerant limit ofPAOs is20g/L under salinity continuous shocks condition; nitrifiers is15g/L undersalinity continuous shocks condition.
In ASM2d model, salinity inhibition term is introduced into the biochemical processof the model. After the simulation and optimization, the model is established on simulatesalinity wastewater treatment. The aerobic phosphorus uptake inhibitory factor KsalXPH,anoxic phosphorus uptake inhibition factor KsalXPQ, anaerobic phosphorus releaseinhibition factor KsalSP and nitrification inhibition factor KsalXH recommended values are:12.0g/m~3,10.8g/m~3,14.6g/m~3,15.3g/m~3,respectively.
引文
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