福州市绿地植被结构特征及其景观生态建设的研究
摘要
随着城市现代化建设的迅猛发展,所带来的环境问题,已引起了全球的关注。1992年联合国环境与发展大会通过的《21世纪议程》,引起世界许多国家的响应,体现可持续发展思想之一的城市绿地规划被融入城市规划体系中。城市绿地系统是由相互作用的具有一定数量和质量的各类绿地组成,具有重要的生态、社会和经济效益,为城市内唯一有生命的基础设施,是城市生态环境及可持续发展的重要基础。
本文以福州城市绿地为例,根据实地调查和资料收集的数据,采用定量定性相结合的分析方法,应用GIS技术,通过对福州城市绿地的调查研究,分析了福州市绿地植被的资源现状、结构特征、行道树绿化状况以及道路廊道状况,同时对绿地的景观多样性和斑块状况进行分析。在此基础上,应用景观生态学的相关理论进行分析,提出福州可持续发展的城市绿地系统的构建策略与城市绿地生物多样性保护方案。本文主要研究结果如下:
福州市绿地植被群落基本上能体现南亚热带季雨林和中亚热带常绿阔叶林的外貌景观,但植被结构单调,季相变化不明显,生物多样性低。道路绿地的绿色廊道宽度平均分布在9m附近。
福州主要常用绿化树种为:豆科、桑科、漆树科、木兰科、棕榈科、樟科、木棉科、无患子科、木犀科、苏木科、蔷薇科等的植物。优势树种为:相思、芒果、小叶榕、白兰花、木棉、假槟榔、龙眼、女贞、羊蹄甲、大叶榕、凤凰木等植物;本次调查共发现树种108种,其中乔木有55种,林木覆盖度有71.23%。在所调查的树木中,以成年树木所占的比例最大,占50.12%。在数量上和出现频率上,相思排在首位,芒果次之。出现频度大于50的共计有6种植物,分别是:相思、芒果、小叶榕、木棉、白兰花及假槟榔。以乔木为主,占有绝对的比例。
福州主要行道树共92种,隶属37科55属。其中乔木35种,灌木57种。在所调查的道路中,以小叶榕(Ficus microcarpa)的分布频度最高,达到62.5%。芒果(Mangifera indica)次之,频度为55%。其他依次为:羊蹄甲(Bauhinia variegata)＞大叶榕(Ficus virens)＞樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)。福州行道树以乔木单层结构为主,占调查道路的52%;乔灌双层结构占33%,而乔灌草三层结构的最少,主要集中在江滨路,白马路等。从水平绿化来看,福州城区道路呈水平网状分布,从植物配置上看,各条道路的绿化差异较大,城区大部分道路绿化形式仍是以传统的一板二带式为主。
另外在绿地斑块方面,福州市人均公共绿地面积和绿地率虽都已达标,且水准较高,但存在分布格局不合理,绿地呈现点、块状分布,城区缺少核心的城市森林,缺少足够宽的绿地廊道进行连接,综合生态效益差,新旧城区的公共绿地分布不均等问题。除了晋安区三项绿化指标,仓山区绿化覆盖率、绿地率达到国家园林城市标准外,其他各区各项指标均偏低。目前全区共有绿地面积3108.95 hm~2,从调查结果来看:晋安区绿地面积最大(1357.06 hm~2),仓山区次之,绿地面积最小的则为台江区;而从各绿地类型来看,其他绿地、公园绿地及防护绿地居前3位,附属绿地面积最小。
在景观多样性方面,台江区的多样性指数最低,仅为0.14,该区应大力加强城市绿地建设。
根据调查结果,提出福州城市绿地生态建设的对策,主要有:增加绿地面积;均衡绿地系统布局连接;提倡立体绿化,按功能分区,选取适宜树种;加强绿地文化特征的建设等。
At present,the rapid modernization of urban development has brought more and more Greenland problems,which had aroused worldwide attention.Greenland is the most important natural factor in urban,which plays an important role in improving urban ecology and maintaining ecological balance.With a certain amount and quality of the interactive various green components,Urban Greenland System have important ecological,social and economic benefits,it's the only infrastructure with life and important foundation of urban ecological environment and sustainable development.In 1992,United Nations Conference on Environment and Development adopted by the "the agenda 21",which plan to integrate the city into the urban Greenland planning system,immediately caused many countries' response because of the idea representing by the pursuit of sustainable development.
By taking the urban green land of Fuzhou,the research explores field study and data collection, uses quality and quantity analysis methods and GIS techniques to illustrate the situation and the structural characteristics of urban vegetation,the situation of street trees as well as the situation of road corridors,simultaneously carries on the analysis to the green space landscape multiplicity and the patch condition.Based on this,carries on the analysis using the landscape ecology's correlation theories,proposes the Fuzhou sustainable development urban green space system's construction strategy and the protection plan of urban green land biodiversity.Main research results are as follows:
The Fuzhou green space vegetation community basically can manifest the appearance landscape of South Asian tropics monsoon forest and the mid-subtropics evergreen broadleaved forest,but the vegetation structure is monotonous,the seasonal aspect change is not obvious,the biodiversity is low.The green corridor width of road green land distributes equally nearby 9m. Main commonly used afforested tree seed:Leguminosae,moraceae,anacardiaceae, magnoliaceae,palmae,lauraceae,bombacaceae,sapindaceae,oleaceae,lignum sappan family, rosaceae.The dominant tree species:Acacia confuse Merr.,Mangifera indica L.,Ficus microcarpa,Michelia alba DC.,Bomb ceiba Linn,Archontophoenix alexandrae(F.Muell) H.Wendl.et D,Dimocarpus longgana Lour.,L.lucidum,Bauhinia variegate L.Ficus macrophylla Caesalpiniaceae and so on,big task banyan tree,flame tree;This investigation altogether discovered that tree seed 108 kinds,tree some 55 kinds,the forest degree of coverage has 71.23%.In investigates in the trees,the proportion which occupies by the grown-up trees is biggest,accounts for 50.12%.And presents in the frequency and the quantity,Acacia confuse Merr arranges at the first place,the Mangifera indica L..next.Appears the frequency is bigger than 50 total has 6 kind of plants,respectively is:Acacia confuse Merr,Mangifera indica L., Ficus microcarpa,Bomb ceiba Linn,Michelia alba DC.and Archontophoenix alexandrae (F.Muell)H.Wendl.By the tree primarily,holds the absolute proportion.
The Fuzhou main street trees altogether 92 kinds,belonged to 37 families and 55 genus.And tree 35 kinds,shrub 57 kinds.In investigates in the path,the Ficus microcarpa is highest in frequency distribution,achieves 62.5%.The Mangifera indica L.next best,the frequency is 55%.The rest is:Bauhinia variegata＞Ficus virens＞Cinnamomum camphora
The Fuzhou street trees by the tree monolayer structure primarily,occupy 52%;tree and shrub double-layer structure to account for 33%,but trees brushes and grasses three structures least, mainly concentrates in the Jiangbin road,baima road and so on.Looking from the level afforestation,the Fuzhou city roads assumes the horizontal netted distribution,looked from the plant disposition,each road's afforested big difference,the city majority of roads afforested the form were still by traditional board two belt types primarily.
Moreover although in the green patches aspect,the Fuzhou average per person public green area accumulates with the green areas coverage rate oneself attains a designated standard,and the standard is high,but has unreasonable distribution pattern,the green space presents point and massive distribution,the city lacks the core of urban forest and enough width to connect the green space corridor to,and the comprehensive ecological benefit is bad,and also the new old public urban Greenland.Besides the Jinan area three afforestation targets,the Cangshan area afforestation coverage fraction,the green areas coverage rate achieves the country garden city standard,the other three areas each target is somewhat low.At present the entire area altogether has green space area 3108.95 hm~2,looking from the survey result:The Jinan area is biggest (1357.06 hm~2),Cangshan area next,the smallest is the Taijiang area;and looking from various green spaces type,other green spaces,the park green space and the protection green space precedes 3,the attached green space area is smallest.
And in the landscape diversity,the Taijiang area is lowest,only 0.14,this area should strengthen the urban green space construction vigorously.
According to the survey result,proposed that the Fuzhou city green space ecological building's countermeasure,including:increasing the green space area;balancing green space system layout connection;advocating stereoscopic afforestation,according to function district,selecting suitable trees;strengthening the culture characteristic construction of the green space and so on.
本文以福州城市绿地为例,根据实地调查和资料收集的数据,采用定量定性相结合的分析方法,应用GIS技术,通过对福州城市绿地的调查研究,分析了福州市绿地植被的资源现状、结构特征、行道树绿化状况以及道路廊道状况,同时对绿地的景观多样性和斑块状况进行分析。在此基础上,应用景观生态学的相关理论进行分析,提出福州可持续发展的城市绿地系统的构建策略与城市绿地生物多样性保护方案。本文主要研究结果如下:
福州市绿地植被群落基本上能体现南亚热带季雨林和中亚热带常绿阔叶林的外貌景观,但植被结构单调,季相变化不明显,生物多样性低。道路绿地的绿色廊道宽度平均分布在9m附近。
福州主要常用绿化树种为:豆科、桑科、漆树科、木兰科、棕榈科、樟科、木棉科、无患子科、木犀科、苏木科、蔷薇科等的植物。优势树种为:相思、芒果、小叶榕、白兰花、木棉、假槟榔、龙眼、女贞、羊蹄甲、大叶榕、凤凰木等植物;本次调查共发现树种108种,其中乔木有55种,林木覆盖度有71.23%。在所调查的树木中,以成年树木所占的比例最大,占50.12%。在数量上和出现频率上,相思排在首位,芒果次之。出现频度大于50的共计有6种植物,分别是:相思、芒果、小叶榕、木棉、白兰花及假槟榔。以乔木为主,占有绝对的比例。
福州主要行道树共92种,隶属37科55属。其中乔木35种,灌木57种。在所调查的道路中,以小叶榕(Ficus microcarpa)的分布频度最高,达到62.5%。芒果(Mangifera indica)次之,频度为55%。其他依次为:羊蹄甲(Bauhinia variegata)＞大叶榕(Ficus virens)＞樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)。福州行道树以乔木单层结构为主,占调查道路的52%;乔灌双层结构占33%,而乔灌草三层结构的最少,主要集中在江滨路,白马路等。从水平绿化来看,福州城区道路呈水平网状分布,从植物配置上看,各条道路的绿化差异较大,城区大部分道路绿化形式仍是以传统的一板二带式为主。
另外在绿地斑块方面,福州市人均公共绿地面积和绿地率虽都已达标,且水准较高,但存在分布格局不合理,绿地呈现点、块状分布,城区缺少核心的城市森林,缺少足够宽的绿地廊道进行连接,综合生态效益差,新旧城区的公共绿地分布不均等问题。除了晋安区三项绿化指标,仓山区绿化覆盖率、绿地率达到国家园林城市标准外,其他各区各项指标均偏低。目前全区共有绿地面积3108.95 hm~2,从调查结果来看:晋安区绿地面积最大(1357.06 hm~2),仓山区次之,绿地面积最小的则为台江区;而从各绿地类型来看,其他绿地、公园绿地及防护绿地居前3位,附属绿地面积最小。
在景观多样性方面,台江区的多样性指数最低,仅为0.14,该区应大力加强城市绿地建设。
根据调查结果,提出福州城市绿地生态建设的对策,主要有:增加绿地面积;均衡绿地系统布局连接;提倡立体绿化,按功能分区,选取适宜树种;加强绿地文化特征的建设等。
At present,the rapid modernization of urban development has brought more and more Greenland problems,which had aroused worldwide attention.Greenland is the most important natural factor in urban,which plays an important role in improving urban ecology and maintaining ecological balance.With a certain amount and quality of the interactive various green components,Urban Greenland System have important ecological,social and economic benefits,it's the only infrastructure with life and important foundation of urban ecological environment and sustainable development.In 1992,United Nations Conference on Environment and Development adopted by the "the agenda 21",which plan to integrate the city into the urban Greenland planning system,immediately caused many countries' response because of the idea representing by the pursuit of sustainable development.
By taking the urban green land of Fuzhou,the research explores field study and data collection, uses quality and quantity analysis methods and GIS techniques to illustrate the situation and the structural characteristics of urban vegetation,the situation of street trees as well as the situation of road corridors,simultaneously carries on the analysis to the green space landscape multiplicity and the patch condition.Based on this,carries on the analysis using the landscape ecology's correlation theories,proposes the Fuzhou sustainable development urban green space system's construction strategy and the protection plan of urban green land biodiversity.Main research results are as follows:
The Fuzhou green space vegetation community basically can manifest the appearance landscape of South Asian tropics monsoon forest and the mid-subtropics evergreen broadleaved forest,but the vegetation structure is monotonous,the seasonal aspect change is not obvious,the biodiversity is low.The green corridor width of road green land distributes equally nearby 9m. Main commonly used afforested tree seed:Leguminosae,moraceae,anacardiaceae, magnoliaceae,palmae,lauraceae,bombacaceae,sapindaceae,oleaceae,lignum sappan family, rosaceae.The dominant tree species:Acacia confuse Merr.,Mangifera indica L.,Ficus microcarpa,Michelia alba DC.,Bomb ceiba Linn,Archontophoenix alexandrae(F.Muell) H.Wendl.et D,Dimocarpus longgana Lour.,L.lucidum,Bauhinia variegate L.Ficus macrophylla Caesalpiniaceae and so on,big task banyan tree,flame tree;This investigation altogether discovered that tree seed 108 kinds,tree some 55 kinds,the forest degree of coverage has 71.23%.In investigates in the trees,the proportion which occupies by the grown-up trees is biggest,accounts for 50.12%.And presents in the frequency and the quantity,Acacia confuse Merr arranges at the first place,the Mangifera indica L..next.Appears the frequency is bigger than 50 total has 6 kind of plants,respectively is:Acacia confuse Merr,Mangifera indica L., Ficus microcarpa,Bomb ceiba Linn,Michelia alba DC.and Archontophoenix alexandrae (F.Muell)H.Wendl.By the tree primarily,holds the absolute proportion.
The Fuzhou main street trees altogether 92 kinds,belonged to 37 families and 55 genus.And tree 35 kinds,shrub 57 kinds.In investigates in the path,the Ficus microcarpa is highest in frequency distribution,achieves 62.5%.The Mangifera indica L.next best,the frequency is 55%.The rest is:Bauhinia variegata＞Ficus virens＞Cinnamomum camphora
The Fuzhou street trees by the tree monolayer structure primarily,occupy 52%;tree and shrub double-layer structure to account for 33%,but trees brushes and grasses three structures least, mainly concentrates in the Jiangbin road,baima road and so on.Looking from the level afforestation,the Fuzhou city roads assumes the horizontal netted distribution,looked from the plant disposition,each road's afforested big difference,the city majority of roads afforested the form were still by traditional board two belt types primarily.
Moreover although in the green patches aspect,the Fuzhou average per person public green area accumulates with the green areas coverage rate oneself attains a designated standard,and the standard is high,but has unreasonable distribution pattern,the green space presents point and massive distribution,the city lacks the core of urban forest and enough width to connect the green space corridor to,and the comprehensive ecological benefit is bad,and also the new old public urban Greenland.Besides the Jinan area three afforestation targets,the Cangshan area afforestation coverage fraction,the green areas coverage rate achieves the country garden city standard,the other three areas each target is somewhat low.At present the entire area altogether has green space area 3108.95 hm~2,looking from the survey result:The Jinan area is biggest (1357.06 hm~2),Cangshan area next,the smallest is the Taijiang area;and looking from various green spaces type,other green spaces,the park green space and the protection green space precedes 3,the attached green space area is smallest.
And in the landscape diversity,the Taijiang area is lowest,only 0.14,this area should strengthen the urban green space construction vigorously.
According to the survey result,proposed that the Fuzhou city green space ecological building's countermeasure,including:increasing the green space area;balancing green space system layout connection;advocating stereoscopic afforestation,according to function district,selecting suitable trees;strengthening the culture characteristic construction of the green space and so on.
引文
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