面向循环经济的汽车产品回收利用若干问题研究
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摘要
在能源短缺和环境污染的双重压力下,大量耗能排污的汽车产业面临着可持续发展的严峻挑战。循环经济作为一种全新的经济发展模式,是指导汽车产业可持续发展的理论基础。推行汽车产品回收利用工程是实现汽车产业循环经济发展的重要途径。当前我国汽车回收利用行业技术水平落后、管理体系混乱,存在诸多问题。节能减排是循环经济发展的主要目标,通过设计提高产品可回收利用性是发展循环经济的重要手段,完善管理体系是循环经济发展的重要保障。因此,以循环经济等理论为指导,开展汽车产品回收利用节能减排绩效评价、设计技术和管理对策等若干问题研究,具有十分重要的意义。
本文以研究汽车产品回收利用促进汽车产业循环经济发展为主线,在理论分析和文献综述的基础上,首先通过构建模型、编写程序开展汽车产品回收利用节能减排绩效评价,然后从技术层面研究汽车产品可回收利用性设计的关键技术,最后从管理层面探讨提高汽车产品回收利用水平的相关建议。主要研究工作包括以下几个方面:
在分析系统动力学建模理论方法和汽车报废量主要影响因素的基础上,构建了“汽车报废量系统动力学模型”,通过仿真运行预测了我国汽车报废量的发展变化规律,并运用历史检验法验证了模型的逼真度。
在分析汽车材料全生命周期评价流程和节能减排要求的基础上,建立了“汽车原生与再生材料制品环境参数差异模型”,引用相关材料数据库中的数据开展了实证研究,定量对比分析了钢、铝等几种主要汽车原生材料与再生材料制品的能耗、排放参数。
在报废量预测和材料环境参数分析的基础上,提出了汽车产品回收利用的节能减排绩效评价方法;结合报废车型比例、车型材料构成、材料再生率和综合成材率等相关数据分析,构建了“汽车产品回收利用节能减排绩效评价模型”,定量评价了汽车产品回收利用所产生的再生资源对降低能耗和减少排放的效果,论证了汽车产品回收利用对节能减排的巨大贡献;通过影响因素分析,探讨了提高回收利用节能减排绩效的思路。
在分析汽车产品可回收利用性影响因素的基础上,从结构和材料二方面提出了汽车产品可回收利用性设计的相关准则;重点研究了汽车产品可拆解性设计和可回收性设计的关键问题;并以汽车仪表板连接结构的改进设计为实例,分析如何通过对产品结构的有效改进和材料的合理选用,从设计的根源上改善汽车产品的可回收利用性。
针对我国汽车回收利用管理方面存在的实际问题,从汽车设计、回收拆解、零部件再制造等环节提出了完善汽车产品回收利用法律法规体系的相关建议;从管理模式、信息系统和激励约束机制等方面探讨了健全政策支持体系的思路。
汽车产品回收利用是实现汽车行业节能减排目标、发展循环经济的有效途径。本文所提出的汽车产品回收利用的节能减排绩效评价方法较为合理,构建的回收利用节能减排绩效评价模型及相关的汽车报废量系统动力学预测模型和汽车原生与再生材料制品环境参数差异模型具有较高的逼真度,预测和评价结果已成为政府主管部门相关评价工作的基础依据;本文提出的可回收利用性设计准则在汽车企业的产品设计过程中得到了实际应用,为汽车企业开展可回收利用性设计提供了指南;本文所提管理建议具有一定的可操作性,为相关政府主管部门制定汽车产品回收利用政策法规和技术标准提供了翔实的参考依据,部分建议内容已经被正式采纳。本文的研究工作对提高我国汽车产品回收利用水平、促进循环经济发展具有一定的推动作用。
Under the pressure of resources shortage and environment pollution, automotive industry, as one consuming great amount of energy and one ejecting polluted substance highly, is facing the challenge of sustainable development. Circular economy, as a completely new economic development mode, is the theory for sustainable development of automotive industry, and the key to realize it is to carry out recovery project for automotive products. While in the current situation, such problems as the backward recovery technology and the disordered management system still occur. The goal of circular economy development is to save energy and decrease ejection, the crucial means of circular economy development is by improving the recoverability of products, and the vital guarantee of circular economy development is by perfecting the management system. Therefore, it is of great significance to study, with the guidance of circular economy theory, the key problems in the recovery of automotive products such as energy-saving and ejection-decreasing performance evaluation, its design and technology, and the management countermeasures.
To study the recovery of automotive products so as to promote circular economy development of automotive industry, this dissertation, based on theoretical analysis and literature review, constructs relevant models and compiles programmes to study energy-saving and ejection-decreasing performance evaluation of automotive products. Then from the aspect of technology, it explores the recoverability design technology of automotive products, and finally from the aspect of management, it discusses the relevant management ideas on the recovery of automotive products. The main points of this dissertation are as follows:
First, by analyzing the theoretical method of model-building in system dynamics and the factors affecting the amount of ELV(end-of-life vehicle), the dissertation, constructs a model which predicts the changes of the amount of ELV. Furthermore, it verifies the fidelity degree of the model by using the method of historical test.
Second, by analyzing the life cycle of automotive materials and the need of energy-saving and ejection-decreasing, the disseration constructs a model of differences in environment parameter between raw automotive materials and recycled automotive materials. Refering to the data from the database about materials, it takes steel, aluminum and other major automotive materials as examples to analyze their energy consumption and emission parameters.
Third, based on the prediction of the amount of ELV and the analysis on environment parameter of materials, it proposes some ways of evaluating energy-saving and ejection-decreasing performance in the recovery and utilization process. Together with the analysis on relevant data of predicted proportion of ELV of all kinds of vehicles, their material constitution, the reproduction of materials, and the finished product rate, this dissertation quantitatively assesses the effects of recycled materials on energy-saving and ejection-decreasing, thus confirms the great potential of saving energy and decreasing ejection by recovery and utilization. And then by analyzing the affecting factors, it explores the potential ways to improve energy-saving and ejection-decreasing performance in recovery.
Fourthly, based on the analysis of factors affecting the recoverability of automotive, it puts forwards some pertinent norms for recoverability design from the aspects of vehicle construction and vehicle materials. Especially, it focuses on the DFD (Design for Disassembly) and DFR (Design for Recycle). Taking the revised design of fascia connection structure as an example, the dissertation discusses how to improve the product construction effectively and how to select materials properly, thus to promote the recoverability of automotive products from the root of design.
Lastly, in order to solve the actual management problems in recovery of automotive industry, it gives some suggestions on how to perfect the legislation system on automotive design, disassembly and remanufacture, thus tables proposals to strengthen the recovery and utilization management of automotive products from the aspects of management mode, informative system and incentive and encouragement mechanism.
Recovery of automotive products is a vital way to realize energy-saving and ejection-releasing and thus to develop circular economy. The performance evaluation methods proposed in this dissertaion about energy-saving and ejection-releasing are feasible, and the constructed model of energy-saving and ejection-releasing, the prediction model of the amount of ELV and the model of environment parameter difference between raw automotive materials and recycled automotive materials are of high fidelity, the results of which have been a basis for assessment by government authorities. What’s more, the recoverability design principles proposed in this dissertation have already been applied in the design process of automotive industry. Therefore, it is of great reference value for enterprises to draw up recoverability design policies. The policy suggestions proposed in this dissertation are not only workable but also reliable for relevant government branches to make policies on recoverability of sutomotive products. In fact, part of the proposals have been adopted officially. This study can, to a certain degree, average up the recovery level of automotive products in China and accelerate the development of circular economy.
本文以研究汽车产品回收利用促进汽车产业循环经济发展为主线,在理论分析和文献综述的基础上,首先通过构建模型、编写程序开展汽车产品回收利用节能减排绩效评价,然后从技术层面研究汽车产品可回收利用性设计的关键技术,最后从管理层面探讨提高汽车产品回收利用水平的相关建议。主要研究工作包括以下几个方面:
在分析系统动力学建模理论方法和汽车报废量主要影响因素的基础上,构建了“汽车报废量系统动力学模型”,通过仿真运行预测了我国汽车报废量的发展变化规律,并运用历史检验法验证了模型的逼真度。
在分析汽车材料全生命周期评价流程和节能减排要求的基础上,建立了“汽车原生与再生材料制品环境参数差异模型”,引用相关材料数据库中的数据开展了实证研究,定量对比分析了钢、铝等几种主要汽车原生材料与再生材料制品的能耗、排放参数。
在报废量预测和材料环境参数分析的基础上,提出了汽车产品回收利用的节能减排绩效评价方法;结合报废车型比例、车型材料构成、材料再生率和综合成材率等相关数据分析,构建了“汽车产品回收利用节能减排绩效评价模型”,定量评价了汽车产品回收利用所产生的再生资源对降低能耗和减少排放的效果,论证了汽车产品回收利用对节能减排的巨大贡献;通过影响因素分析,探讨了提高回收利用节能减排绩效的思路。
在分析汽车产品可回收利用性影响因素的基础上,从结构和材料二方面提出了汽车产品可回收利用性设计的相关准则;重点研究了汽车产品可拆解性设计和可回收性设计的关键问题;并以汽车仪表板连接结构的改进设计为实例,分析如何通过对产品结构的有效改进和材料的合理选用,从设计的根源上改善汽车产品的可回收利用性。
针对我国汽车回收利用管理方面存在的实际问题,从汽车设计、回收拆解、零部件再制造等环节提出了完善汽车产品回收利用法律法规体系的相关建议;从管理模式、信息系统和激励约束机制等方面探讨了健全政策支持体系的思路。
汽车产品回收利用是实现汽车行业节能减排目标、发展循环经济的有效途径。本文所提出的汽车产品回收利用的节能减排绩效评价方法较为合理,构建的回收利用节能减排绩效评价模型及相关的汽车报废量系统动力学预测模型和汽车原生与再生材料制品环境参数差异模型具有较高的逼真度,预测和评价结果已成为政府主管部门相关评价工作的基础依据;本文提出的可回收利用性设计准则在汽车企业的产品设计过程中得到了实际应用,为汽车企业开展可回收利用性设计提供了指南;本文所提管理建议具有一定的可操作性,为相关政府主管部门制定汽车产品回收利用政策法规和技术标准提供了翔实的参考依据,部分建议内容已经被正式采纳。本文的研究工作对提高我国汽车产品回收利用水平、促进循环经济发展具有一定的推动作用。
Under the pressure of resources shortage and environment pollution, automotive industry, as one consuming great amount of energy and one ejecting polluted substance highly, is facing the challenge of sustainable development. Circular economy, as a completely new economic development mode, is the theory for sustainable development of automotive industry, and the key to realize it is to carry out recovery project for automotive products. While in the current situation, such problems as the backward recovery technology and the disordered management system still occur. The goal of circular economy development is to save energy and decrease ejection, the crucial means of circular economy development is by improving the recoverability of products, and the vital guarantee of circular economy development is by perfecting the management system. Therefore, it is of great significance to study, with the guidance of circular economy theory, the key problems in the recovery of automotive products such as energy-saving and ejection-decreasing performance evaluation, its design and technology, and the management countermeasures.
To study the recovery of automotive products so as to promote circular economy development of automotive industry, this dissertation, based on theoretical analysis and literature review, constructs relevant models and compiles programmes to study energy-saving and ejection-decreasing performance evaluation of automotive products. Then from the aspect of technology, it explores the recoverability design technology of automotive products, and finally from the aspect of management, it discusses the relevant management ideas on the recovery of automotive products. The main points of this dissertation are as follows:
First, by analyzing the theoretical method of model-building in system dynamics and the factors affecting the amount of ELV(end-of-life vehicle), the dissertation, constructs a model which predicts the changes of the amount of ELV. Furthermore, it verifies the fidelity degree of the model by using the method of historical test.
Second, by analyzing the life cycle of automotive materials and the need of energy-saving and ejection-decreasing, the disseration constructs a model of differences in environment parameter between raw automotive materials and recycled automotive materials. Refering to the data from the database about materials, it takes steel, aluminum and other major automotive materials as examples to analyze their energy consumption and emission parameters.
Third, based on the prediction of the amount of ELV and the analysis on environment parameter of materials, it proposes some ways of evaluating energy-saving and ejection-decreasing performance in the recovery and utilization process. Together with the analysis on relevant data of predicted proportion of ELV of all kinds of vehicles, their material constitution, the reproduction of materials, and the finished product rate, this dissertation quantitatively assesses the effects of recycled materials on energy-saving and ejection-decreasing, thus confirms the great potential of saving energy and decreasing ejection by recovery and utilization. And then by analyzing the affecting factors, it explores the potential ways to improve energy-saving and ejection-decreasing performance in recovery.
Fourthly, based on the analysis of factors affecting the recoverability of automotive, it puts forwards some pertinent norms for recoverability design from the aspects of vehicle construction and vehicle materials. Especially, it focuses on the DFD (Design for Disassembly) and DFR (Design for Recycle). Taking the revised design of fascia connection structure as an example, the dissertation discusses how to improve the product construction effectively and how to select materials properly, thus to promote the recoverability of automotive products from the root of design.
Lastly, in order to solve the actual management problems in recovery of automotive industry, it gives some suggestions on how to perfect the legislation system on automotive design, disassembly and remanufacture, thus tables proposals to strengthen the recovery and utilization management of automotive products from the aspects of management mode, informative system and incentive and encouragement mechanism.
Recovery of automotive products is a vital way to realize energy-saving and ejection-releasing and thus to develop circular economy. The performance evaluation methods proposed in this dissertaion about energy-saving and ejection-releasing are feasible, and the constructed model of energy-saving and ejection-releasing, the prediction model of the amount of ELV and the model of environment parameter difference between raw automotive materials and recycled automotive materials are of high fidelity, the results of which have been a basis for assessment by government authorities. What’s more, the recoverability design principles proposed in this dissertation have already been applied in the design process of automotive industry. Therefore, it is of great reference value for enterprises to draw up recoverability design policies. The policy suggestions proposed in this dissertation are not only workable but also reliable for relevant government branches to make policies on recoverability of sutomotive products. In fact, part of the proposals have been adopted officially. This study can, to a certain degree, average up the recovery level of automotive products in China and accelerate the development of circular economy.
引文
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