基于碳源因素的倒置/常规A~2/O工艺性能比较研究
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摘要
常规A2/O工艺呈厌氧／缺氧／好氧的布置形式,好氧硝化液内回流到系统的缺氧区进行反硝化,经泥水分离后的大部分污泥回流到厌氧区,部分污泥作为剩余污泥排出系统。倒置A2/O工艺是将常规A2/O工艺的厌氧、缺氧环境倒置,并取消常规A2/O工艺硝化液内回流,适当加大污泥回流比,反应流程呈缺氧／厌氧／好氧的布置形式。倒置A2/O工艺是被实践证实的具有高效脱氮除磷性能的成熟工艺,以倒置A2/O工艺理念指导建设的污水处理厂相对于传统脱氮除磷工艺不仅节省污水处理厂的基建投资,还在运行过程中表现出节能降耗的优势。
为了更好地揭示“厌氧／缺氧”空间位置变化对系统脱氮除磷性能及碳源代谢规律的影响,本论文在前期已有研究成果基础上,从碳源负荷及碳源类型两个方面对倒置A2/O工艺和常规A2/O工艺进行平行对比研究。通过对倒置A2/O工艺与常规A2/O工艺的小试试验结果、脱氮除磷反应机制及好氧条件下微生物代谢活性的平行对比分析,研究了倒置A2/O工艺与常规A2/O工艺碳源利用效率、脱氮除磷性能以及微生物代谢活性之间的规律性联系,从碳源因素角度揭示了倒置A2/O工艺具有高效氮磷脱除性能与节能技术优势的原因,对倒置A2/O工艺的进一步推广应用提供科学的理论指导。
主要研究内容及结果如下：
1、两工艺系统的小试试验研究表明,两种不同碳源负荷及碳源类型条件下,倒置A2/O工艺系统有机物、氮磷脱除性能均优于常规A2/O工艺系统,并且在碳源因素条件不佳的情况下,倒置A2/O工艺系统较常规A2/O工艺系统的优势更加显著。倒置A2/O工艺系统在碳源负荷及碳源类型条件方面表现出更广的适用性。
在有机物、氨氮的脱除性能方面,两种不同碳源负荷及碳源类型条件下,倒置A2/O工艺系统均略优于常规A2/O工艺系统。在反硝化脱氮性能方面,在两种碳源负荷条件下,倒置A2/O工艺系统均优于常规A2/O工艺系统,且在低碳源负荷条件下,倒置A2/O工艺系统的脱氮性能较常规A2/O工艺系统的优势更加显著；在两种碳源类型条件下,倒置A2/O工艺系统均略优于常规A2/O工艺系统。在除磷性能方面,两种不同碳源负荷及碳源类型条件下,倒置A2/O工艺系统均优于常规A2/O工艺系统,且在碳源因素条件不佳情况下,倒置A2/O工艺系统的除磷性能较常规A2/O工艺系统的优势更加显著。
2、两工艺系统的脱氮机制研究表明,两种不同碳源负荷及碳源类型条件下,倒置A2/O工艺系统脱氮性能及其脱氮反应对碳源的利用效率均优于常规A2/O工艺系统,在碳源因素条件不佳时,倒置A2/O工艺系统脱氮性能较常规A2/O工艺系统的优势更明显。
在硝化性能方面,两种不同碳源负荷及碳源类型条件下,在氨氮硝化反应的主要阶段,倒置A2/O工艺系统的平均比硝化速率均明显高于常规A2/O工艺系统；在整个好氧阶段,常规A2/O工艺系统的平均氨氮浓度均高于倒置A2/O工艺系统,倒置A2/O工艺系统的硝化能力均优于常规A2/O工艺系统。在反硝化脱氮性能方面,在VFA数量充足时,两工艺系统脱氮效率相当。在VFA数量不足,但总有机物碳源充足,两工艺系统脱氮效率相当；在VFA数量不足,且总有机物碳源也不足,倒置A2/O工艺系统脱氮效率明显优于常规A2/O工艺系统。在碳源利用效率方面,两工艺系统达到同等脱氮效率时,常规A2/O工艺系统需要更多的碳源数量或更优质的碳源种类；在碳源数量或碳源种类越是不利的情况下,倒置A2/O工艺系统脱氮性能较常规A2/O工艺系统的优势越是明显。
3、两工艺系统除磷机制研究表明,两种不同碳源负荷及碳源类型条件下,倒置A2/O工艺系统微生物除磷性能及其除磷反应对碳源利用效率均优于常规A2/O工艺系统,在碳源因素条件不佳时,倒置A2/O工艺系统除磷性能较常规A2/O工艺系统的优势更明显。
在非曝气段,两种不同碳源负荷及碳源类型条件下,常规A2/O工艺系统虽然消耗了大量的碳源在其厌氧段末端合成了较多的胞内物质,并达到了较高的释磷水平,但是却被缺氧环境低效吸磷反应大量消耗,尤其在VFA不足时,导致进入好氧段之前,其系统微生物胞内物质含量及释磷水平反而低于倒置A2/O工艺系统,充分说明常规A2/O工艺系统在非曝气阶段对碳源存在低效利用或浪费的突出问题。在好氧快速吸磷阶段,无论常规A2/O工艺系统微生物胞内物质含量在好氧起始时刻高于或是低于倒置A2/O工艺系统,其系统微生物利用胞内物质的吸磷速率均低于倒置A2/O工艺系统。
4、两种不同碳源负荷及碳源类型条件下,倒置A2/O工艺系统微生物较常规A2/O工艺系统微生物在好氧段均具有更高的的代谢活性,且在碳源因素不佳时,倒置A2/O工艺性能的优势更显著。微生物代谢活性的提高是在相同有机物及氮磷去除负荷条件下,倒置A2/O工艺系统宏观上表现出高效与节能性能的原因所在,这为在工程应用上进一步挖掘倒置A2/O工艺潜能指明了方向。
通过对两工艺系统微生物好氧反应的脱氢酶活性、电子传递体系活性、比耗氧呼吸速率的对比研究表明,两种不同碳源负荷及碳源类型条件下,倒置A2/O工艺系统微生物好氧反应的脱氢酶活性、电子传递体系活性、比耗氧呼吸速率平均值均明显高于常规A2/O工艺系统,表明倒置A2/O工艺系统微生物具有明显较高的生化反应活性。通过Biolog方法对两工艺系统微生物碳源代谢活性的对比研究表明,两种不同碳源负荷及碳源类型条件下,倒置A2/O工艺活性污泥微生物对糖类、氨基酸等常见碳源的降解能力和平均利用速率均优于常规A2/O工艺,表明倒置A2/O工艺系统微生物在碳源代谢方面具有更高的活性。
Conventional A2/O process is arranged in the order of anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic zones. The nitrifying liquid from the aerobic zone is returned to the anoxic zone to perform denitrification, most sludge from the secondary clarifiers is returned to the anaerobic zone and little of them leave the system in the form of excessive sludge. The reversed A2/O process, which exchanges the anaerobic and anoxic zones of conventional A2/O process, is arranged in the order of anoxic/anaerobic/aerobic. Such a configuration allows the nitrification liquid backflow to be canceled and guarantee the nitrogen removal efficiency by increasing the sludge reflux ratio properly. Reversed A2/O process has been proved by plentiful practice to be able to remove phosphorus and nitrogen efficiently. Compared to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) employed conventional A2/O process, many WWTPs designed according to the reversed A2/O process conception can either save investment during construction or economize running cost during daily operation.
To reveal how the change of "anaerobic/anoxic" zones affect the system on denitrification and phosphorus removal performance and carbon source metabolism, the paper focused on carbon source load and carbon source type with a parallel comparative study on the reversed A2/O process and the conventional A2/O process on the basis of the existing research results. By parallel comparative study on the pilot scale experiment, the different nitrogen and phosphorus removal mechanism and the microbes' activity under aerobic conditions, the paper revealed the carbon source utilization efficiency, nitrogen phosphorus removal performance and the regularity link between microbial metabolic activity of the inverted A2/O process and conventional A2/O process. The theory basis of high efficiency and energy saving of the reversed A2/O process was founded, which may provide theoretical guidance to further optimization of the reversed A2/O process.
The main results are as follows:
1. During the pilot scale experiment, organic removal performance and ammonia nitrogen removal performance and phosphorus removal performance, reversed A2/O process system was superior to conventional A2/O process system in both two kinds of different carbon source under the condition of load and type. And under poor conditions of carbon source, the reversed A2/O process system showed significant advantages. Reversed A2/O process system showed wider applicability in terms of carbon source and carbon source load types.
As far as the organic and ammonium removal performance is concerned, the reversed A2/O process always performed better than the conventional A2/O process under the two carbon load conditions and two carbon type conditions; as far as the denitrification efficiency is concerned, the reversed A2/O process always showed better efficiency than the conventional A2/O process under the two carbon load conditions and the gap is more apparent when lower carbon load conditions is adopted, the reversed A2/O process always showed little better efficiency than the conventional A2/O process under the two carbon type conditions; when it comes to the phosphorus removal, the reversed A2/O process always did better than the conventional A2/O process under the two carbon load conditions and carbon type conditions and the advantage of reversed A2/O process is more notable when the carbon sources are less favorable. So, the reversed A2/O process system showed wider applicability of nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance in terms of carbon source and carbon source load types, and under poor conditions of carbon source, the reversed A2/O process system showed significant advantages.
2. Denitrification mechanism study shows that reversed A2/O process system was superior to conventional A2/O process system in denitrification performance and denitrification reaction of carbon source utilization efficiency under different carbon source type and carbon source load. Under poor conditions of carbon source, the reversed A2/O process system showed significant advantages in denitrification performance.
As far as nitrification performance is concerned, comparison research of the nitrification performance under the conditions of different carbon source type and carbon source load revealed that the average specific nitrification rate of the reversed A2/O process was significantly higher than that of conventional A2/O process during the main stage of the ammonia nitrogen nitrification. It is indicated that, the nitrification ability of the reversed A2/O process system was superior to conventional A2/O process system; As far asdenitrifying denitrification performance is concerned, reversed A2/O process system was similar denitrification efficiency to conventional A2/O process system when sufficient VFAs are provided. When the carbon source is insufficient, the reversed A2/O process showed similar performance to the conventional A2/O process when relatively insufficient carbon sources are provided, but great better performance when absolutely insufficient carbon sources are provided; As far as carbon sources use efficiency is concerned, to achieve the same denitrification efficiency, conventional A2/O process system needed more carbon sources or more high-quality carbon source types. Therefore, under the two different conditions of carbon source type and carbon source load, the reversed A2/O process system showed higher carbon sources use efficiency. The more unfavorable circumstances of carbon source quantity or carbon source type is provided, the superior denitrification performance reversed A2/O process system showed than conventional A2/O process system.
3. Phosphorus removal mechanism study shows that:Reversed A2/0process system was superior to conventional A2/O process system in phosphorus removal performance under the condition of two different carbon source load and carbon source type. Under poor conditions of carbon source, the reversed A2/O process system showed significant advantages in phosphorus removal performance.
During the anaerobic and anoxic stages, although conventional A2/O process system consumes carbon source to synthesize intracellular substances in anoxic zone and reaches a higher level of phosphorus release, but the intracellular substances was mostly consumed by low phosphorus absorb reaction in anaerobic zone especially in poor condition of VFA. Because of that itsmicrobial intracellular substances and phosphorus release level was lower than reversed A2/O process system. This fully shows that conventional A2/O process system exist inefficient use of carbon source or waste problems in anaerobic and anoxic stages. During rapidly phosphorus absorption in the aerobic stages, whether microbial intracellular substances of conventional A2/O process system is higher or lower than reversed A2/O process system, its phosphorus uptake rate of microorganism using intracellular substances is lower than reversed A2/O process system.
4. Reversed A2/O process system microorganisms had higher carbon source utilization efficiency and metabolic capability than conventional A2/O process system microorganisms under two different carbon source type and carbon source load conditions, with the same condition of organic matter and nitrogen removal or phosphorus removal load, the reversed A2/O process system needed shorter aerobic time or consumed less energy, and showed a better energy-saving performance.
The comparison study on the microbes'dehydrogenase activity, electron transport system activity and specific oxygen uptake rate during aerobic stage shows that:compared to the conventional A2/O process system, the reversed A2/O process system had significantly higher levels of biochemical reactivity under two different carbon source type and carbon source load conditions. The comparison study on carbon source metabolic activity of microorganisms'taken from the two process systems by using Biolog method shows that: under two different conditions of carbon source type and carbon source load conditions, activated sludge microorganisms in the reversed A2/O process was superior to conventional A2/O process on the degradation of the common carbon sources such as sugars and amino acids, as well as the average utilization rate. The microbes in reversed A2/O process system had higher activity in terms of carbon metabolism.
为了更好地揭示“厌氧／缺氧”空间位置变化对系统脱氮除磷性能及碳源代谢规律的影响,本论文在前期已有研究成果基础上,从碳源负荷及碳源类型两个方面对倒置A2/O工艺和常规A2/O工艺进行平行对比研究。通过对倒置A2/O工艺与常规A2/O工艺的小试试验结果、脱氮除磷反应机制及好氧条件下微生物代谢活性的平行对比分析,研究了倒置A2/O工艺与常规A2/O工艺碳源利用效率、脱氮除磷性能以及微生物代谢活性之间的规律性联系,从碳源因素角度揭示了倒置A2/O工艺具有高效氮磷脱除性能与节能技术优势的原因,对倒置A2/O工艺的进一步推广应用提供科学的理论指导。
主要研究内容及结果如下：
1、两工艺系统的小试试验研究表明,两种不同碳源负荷及碳源类型条件下,倒置A2/O工艺系统有机物、氮磷脱除性能均优于常规A2/O工艺系统,并且在碳源因素条件不佳的情况下,倒置A2/O工艺系统较常规A2/O工艺系统的优势更加显著。倒置A2/O工艺系统在碳源负荷及碳源类型条件方面表现出更广的适用性。
在有机物、氨氮的脱除性能方面,两种不同碳源负荷及碳源类型条件下,倒置A2/O工艺系统均略优于常规A2/O工艺系统。在反硝化脱氮性能方面,在两种碳源负荷条件下,倒置A2/O工艺系统均优于常规A2/O工艺系统,且在低碳源负荷条件下,倒置A2/O工艺系统的脱氮性能较常规A2/O工艺系统的优势更加显著；在两种碳源类型条件下,倒置A2/O工艺系统均略优于常规A2/O工艺系统。在除磷性能方面,两种不同碳源负荷及碳源类型条件下,倒置A2/O工艺系统均优于常规A2/O工艺系统,且在碳源因素条件不佳情况下,倒置A2/O工艺系统的除磷性能较常规A2/O工艺系统的优势更加显著。
2、两工艺系统的脱氮机制研究表明,两种不同碳源负荷及碳源类型条件下,倒置A2/O工艺系统脱氮性能及其脱氮反应对碳源的利用效率均优于常规A2/O工艺系统,在碳源因素条件不佳时,倒置A2/O工艺系统脱氮性能较常规A2/O工艺系统的优势更明显。
在硝化性能方面,两种不同碳源负荷及碳源类型条件下,在氨氮硝化反应的主要阶段,倒置A2/O工艺系统的平均比硝化速率均明显高于常规A2/O工艺系统；在整个好氧阶段,常规A2/O工艺系统的平均氨氮浓度均高于倒置A2/O工艺系统,倒置A2/O工艺系统的硝化能力均优于常规A2/O工艺系统。在反硝化脱氮性能方面,在VFA数量充足时,两工艺系统脱氮效率相当。在VFA数量不足,但总有机物碳源充足,两工艺系统脱氮效率相当；在VFA数量不足,且总有机物碳源也不足,倒置A2/O工艺系统脱氮效率明显优于常规A2/O工艺系统。在碳源利用效率方面,两工艺系统达到同等脱氮效率时,常规A2/O工艺系统需要更多的碳源数量或更优质的碳源种类；在碳源数量或碳源种类越是不利的情况下,倒置A2/O工艺系统脱氮性能较常规A2/O工艺系统的优势越是明显。
3、两工艺系统除磷机制研究表明,两种不同碳源负荷及碳源类型条件下,倒置A2/O工艺系统微生物除磷性能及其除磷反应对碳源利用效率均优于常规A2/O工艺系统,在碳源因素条件不佳时,倒置A2/O工艺系统除磷性能较常规A2/O工艺系统的优势更明显。
在非曝气段,两种不同碳源负荷及碳源类型条件下,常规A2/O工艺系统虽然消耗了大量的碳源在其厌氧段末端合成了较多的胞内物质,并达到了较高的释磷水平,但是却被缺氧环境低效吸磷反应大量消耗,尤其在VFA不足时,导致进入好氧段之前,其系统微生物胞内物质含量及释磷水平反而低于倒置A2/O工艺系统,充分说明常规A2/O工艺系统在非曝气阶段对碳源存在低效利用或浪费的突出问题。在好氧快速吸磷阶段,无论常规A2/O工艺系统微生物胞内物质含量在好氧起始时刻高于或是低于倒置A2/O工艺系统,其系统微生物利用胞内物质的吸磷速率均低于倒置A2/O工艺系统。
4、两种不同碳源负荷及碳源类型条件下,倒置A2/O工艺系统微生物较常规A2/O工艺系统微生物在好氧段均具有更高的的代谢活性,且在碳源因素不佳时,倒置A2/O工艺性能的优势更显著。微生物代谢活性的提高是在相同有机物及氮磷去除负荷条件下,倒置A2/O工艺系统宏观上表现出高效与节能性能的原因所在,这为在工程应用上进一步挖掘倒置A2/O工艺潜能指明了方向。
通过对两工艺系统微生物好氧反应的脱氢酶活性、电子传递体系活性、比耗氧呼吸速率的对比研究表明,两种不同碳源负荷及碳源类型条件下,倒置A2/O工艺系统微生物好氧反应的脱氢酶活性、电子传递体系活性、比耗氧呼吸速率平均值均明显高于常规A2/O工艺系统,表明倒置A2/O工艺系统微生物具有明显较高的生化反应活性。通过Biolog方法对两工艺系统微生物碳源代谢活性的对比研究表明,两种不同碳源负荷及碳源类型条件下,倒置A2/O工艺活性污泥微生物对糖类、氨基酸等常见碳源的降解能力和平均利用速率均优于常规A2/O工艺,表明倒置A2/O工艺系统微生物在碳源代谢方面具有更高的活性。
Conventional A2/O process is arranged in the order of anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic zones. The nitrifying liquid from the aerobic zone is returned to the anoxic zone to perform denitrification, most sludge from the secondary clarifiers is returned to the anaerobic zone and little of them leave the system in the form of excessive sludge. The reversed A2/O process, which exchanges the anaerobic and anoxic zones of conventional A2/O process, is arranged in the order of anoxic/anaerobic/aerobic. Such a configuration allows the nitrification liquid backflow to be canceled and guarantee the nitrogen removal efficiency by increasing the sludge reflux ratio properly. Reversed A2/O process has been proved by plentiful practice to be able to remove phosphorus and nitrogen efficiently. Compared to wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) employed conventional A2/O process, many WWTPs designed according to the reversed A2/O process conception can either save investment during construction or economize running cost during daily operation.
To reveal how the change of "anaerobic/anoxic" zones affect the system on denitrification and phosphorus removal performance and carbon source metabolism, the paper focused on carbon source load and carbon source type with a parallel comparative study on the reversed A2/O process and the conventional A2/O process on the basis of the existing research results. By parallel comparative study on the pilot scale experiment, the different nitrogen and phosphorus removal mechanism and the microbes' activity under aerobic conditions, the paper revealed the carbon source utilization efficiency, nitrogen phosphorus removal performance and the regularity link between microbial metabolic activity of the inverted A2/O process and conventional A2/O process. The theory basis of high efficiency and energy saving of the reversed A2/O process was founded, which may provide theoretical guidance to further optimization of the reversed A2/O process.
The main results are as follows:
1. During the pilot scale experiment, organic removal performance and ammonia nitrogen removal performance and phosphorus removal performance, reversed A2/O process system was superior to conventional A2/O process system in both two kinds of different carbon source under the condition of load and type. And under poor conditions of carbon source, the reversed A2/O process system showed significant advantages. Reversed A2/O process system showed wider applicability in terms of carbon source and carbon source load types.
As far as the organic and ammonium removal performance is concerned, the reversed A2/O process always performed better than the conventional A2/O process under the two carbon load conditions and two carbon type conditions; as far as the denitrification efficiency is concerned, the reversed A2/O process always showed better efficiency than the conventional A2/O process under the two carbon load conditions and the gap is more apparent when lower carbon load conditions is adopted, the reversed A2/O process always showed little better efficiency than the conventional A2/O process under the two carbon type conditions; when it comes to the phosphorus removal, the reversed A2/O process always did better than the conventional A2/O process under the two carbon load conditions and carbon type conditions and the advantage of reversed A2/O process is more notable when the carbon sources are less favorable. So, the reversed A2/O process system showed wider applicability of nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance in terms of carbon source and carbon source load types, and under poor conditions of carbon source, the reversed A2/O process system showed significant advantages.
2. Denitrification mechanism study shows that reversed A2/O process system was superior to conventional A2/O process system in denitrification performance and denitrification reaction of carbon source utilization efficiency under different carbon source type and carbon source load. Under poor conditions of carbon source, the reversed A2/O process system showed significant advantages in denitrification performance.
As far as nitrification performance is concerned, comparison research of the nitrification performance under the conditions of different carbon source type and carbon source load revealed that the average specific nitrification rate of the reversed A2/O process was significantly higher than that of conventional A2/O process during the main stage of the ammonia nitrogen nitrification. It is indicated that, the nitrification ability of the reversed A2/O process system was superior to conventional A2/O process system; As far asdenitrifying denitrification performance is concerned, reversed A2/O process system was similar denitrification efficiency to conventional A2/O process system when sufficient VFAs are provided. When the carbon source is insufficient, the reversed A2/O process showed similar performance to the conventional A2/O process when relatively insufficient carbon sources are provided, but great better performance when absolutely insufficient carbon sources are provided; As far as carbon sources use efficiency is concerned, to achieve the same denitrification efficiency, conventional A2/O process system needed more carbon sources or more high-quality carbon source types. Therefore, under the two different conditions of carbon source type and carbon source load, the reversed A2/O process system showed higher carbon sources use efficiency. The more unfavorable circumstances of carbon source quantity or carbon source type is provided, the superior denitrification performance reversed A2/O process system showed than conventional A2/O process system.
3. Phosphorus removal mechanism study shows that:Reversed A2/0process system was superior to conventional A2/O process system in phosphorus removal performance under the condition of two different carbon source load and carbon source type. Under poor conditions of carbon source, the reversed A2/O process system showed significant advantages in phosphorus removal performance.
During the anaerobic and anoxic stages, although conventional A2/O process system consumes carbon source to synthesize intracellular substances in anoxic zone and reaches a higher level of phosphorus release, but the intracellular substances was mostly consumed by low phosphorus absorb reaction in anaerobic zone especially in poor condition of VFA. Because of that itsmicrobial intracellular substances and phosphorus release level was lower than reversed A2/O process system. This fully shows that conventional A2/O process system exist inefficient use of carbon source or waste problems in anaerobic and anoxic stages. During rapidly phosphorus absorption in the aerobic stages, whether microbial intracellular substances of conventional A2/O process system is higher or lower than reversed A2/O process system, its phosphorus uptake rate of microorganism using intracellular substances is lower than reversed A2/O process system.
4. Reversed A2/O process system microorganisms had higher carbon source utilization efficiency and metabolic capability than conventional A2/O process system microorganisms under two different carbon source type and carbon source load conditions, with the same condition of organic matter and nitrogen removal or phosphorus removal load, the reversed A2/O process system needed shorter aerobic time or consumed less energy, and showed a better energy-saving performance.
The comparison study on the microbes'dehydrogenase activity, electron transport system activity and specific oxygen uptake rate during aerobic stage shows that:compared to the conventional A2/O process system, the reversed A2/O process system had significantly higher levels of biochemical reactivity under two different carbon source type and carbon source load conditions. The comparison study on carbon source metabolic activity of microorganisms'taken from the two process systems by using Biolog method shows that: under two different conditions of carbon source type and carbon source load conditions, activated sludge microorganisms in the reversed A2/O process was superior to conventional A2/O process on the degradation of the common carbon sources such as sugars and amino acids, as well as the average utilization rate. The microbes in reversed A2/O process system had higher activity in terms of carbon metabolism.
引文
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