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基于“系统流”理论的中国玉米产业系统协调性研究
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摘要
玉米产业系统是以玉米种植业为源头,玉米流通和玉米工业加工、消费等各种产业相互耦合形成的复杂产业系统。近年来,随着人口增加和社会经济发展,玉米需求量越来越大,玉米产业系统中各种矛盾凸显,系统的协调运行成为影响社会经济稳定与发展的重要问题。本文基于“系统流”和系统协调理论,对玉米产业系统的协调性进行了研究。
     首先,论文在对产业系统理论和系统协调理论进行分析的基础上,提出了“系统流”理论和“系统流”视角的系统协调理论并对玉米产业系统构成及其演化、玉米产业系统流及其与玉米价格的关系进行了分析。然后,论文从玉米产业物流角度对玉米产业的长期协调性问题进行了研究。在测算玉米产业系统供需平衡的基础上,分析了玉米供需平衡与玉米长期价格表现之间的关系和国家解决玉米产业系统失调的政策,并对玉米生产投入要素贡献、技术贡献与生产效率进行了详细测算。第三,从玉米区域物流角度对玉米产业区域协调展开分析:主要测算了各省份(区域)玉米供需平衡状况、分析了我国玉米区域间流量、流向和流通方式等问题、研究了典型城市(区域)间市场整合问题并就国家当前的玉米物流相关政策进行分析。最后,从玉米价格波动的角度分析了玉米产业系统的运行协调问题。探讨了影响玉米价格变动的因素、对玉米购销和储备体制进行了介绍,并分析了国家调控玉米价格的临储玉米收购和拍卖政策效果。论文的主要结论如下:
     (1)通过对全国和各省(区域)玉米产量、养殖-饲料行业玉米消耗、工业加工玉米消耗、食用、种用和损耗等玉米消耗量的测算,对全国和各省(区域)玉米供需平衡进行分析。结果表明,我国玉米产业存在长期供需失衡和区域供需失衡,这是玉米产业系统体系不协调的主要表现。
     (2)解决玉米产业体系失调的根本在于提高国内玉米产量。论文采用两因素分析法、要素贡献分析法、DEA模型和Malmquist指数法分别对我国玉米生产中播种面积和单产对总产的贡献率、投入要素对单产的贡献、玉米生产效率、技术进步和技术效率等问题进行了分析。结果表明:1990-2010年,我国玉米产量的增长68%应该归功于播种面积的贡献,32%是单产的贡献。从物质投入与科技进步两个方面考察对单产增加的影响,发现化肥投入对玉米增产的贡献降低,机械投入对玉米增产的贡献增加。相比物质投入,科技进步对玉米单产增长影响更大。对技术进步和技术效率的分析表明,当前我国玉米生产技术进步提高较快,但是,技术效率(包括纯技术效率和规模效率)不高,而且很多省份年均技术效率在下降。所以,注重技术推广,提高技术应用能力是未来提高玉米产量的关键。
     (3)对玉米区域供需失衡和流通路径、流通数量和流通方式的考察发现,我国玉米主要存在四条流通通道:从东北产区到大连,然后经海运流入华东和华南是主要的流通路径,每年运输量在2100多万吨;从东北产区长春—四平—铁岭集散中心经铁路流入西南和华中地区,每年约1000万吨;另外,黄淮海地区通过铁路和公路每年流入长江中下游地区600多万吨;新疆、甘肃每年约有200万吨玉米经铁路流入西南地区。从流通成本上看,运输成本占流通成本的比例最高;从运输效率上看,海运方式优于铁路运输,铁路运输优于公路运输。影响玉米流通效率的主要问题是铁路运输瓶颈问题、粮食物流网络和物流中心建设问题与“四散化”运输问题,这些问题也是国家政策关注的重点。
     (4)通过对20个典型城市玉米市场价格序列的协整分析发现,东北产区各城市之间的市场整合程度很高,南方销区各城市之间玉米市场的整合程度也很高,但是,东北市场整体上与销区市场之间整合关系不好,是相对独立的玉米市场,长春和大连两个玉米集散中心起到了连接东北市场与销区市场的作用;黄淮海玉米产区市场内部整合程度也较好,但是在与其他区域玉米市场关系上,南方城市与南方销区市场整合而北方城市则与东北产区市场整合度高。通过大区之间玉米价格协整关系分析,发现产区玉米价格收销区玉米价格影响较大,但销区玉米价格受产区玉米价格影响较小;玉米市场的基本贸易结构也可以从市场价格中得到反映。
     (5)玉米价格波动可以反映玉米产业系统运行协调状况。利用Cesus X12和H-P滤波法将玉米价格分解为长期变化趋势、周期性循环趋势、受季节影响的变化和不确定的随机性变化四类,分别对影响这些分量变化的因素进行了分析。发现玉米价格波动与经济周期关系不大,虽然玉米价格与CPI有协整关系,但是,玉米价格的波动更多是产业系统内部不协调带来。玉米价格循环与猪肉价格循环的分析和Granger因果检验表明,两者之间存在相互影响。
     (6)我国玉米价格调控政策主要是保护主产区农民利益的临储玉米收购政策和保护主销区玉米消费企业利益的临储玉米拍卖政策。采用变异系数分析法和DID模型对两种价格调控政策对区域市场的影响分析表明:价格调控政策对稳定各地玉米市场都起到了积极的作用;临储玉米收购政策在提高东北和黄淮海市场的平均玉米价格上作用比较明显。这说明,我国的玉米价格调控政策是比较有效的,应该继续加强并进一步完善。
Corn is one of the most important food crops in China, is also an important industrial rawmaterial for processing and feed crop. Based on different ways of usage, a complex system ofcorn industry including corn planting, corn circulation, corn processing industry, feed industryand other industries has formed. With the population growth and social-economicdevelopment, various contradictions about the corn industry system have appeared, and thecoordinated operation of the corn industry system has become the focus of the community.The thesis studied corn industry system coordination based on the "system flow" and thesystem coordination theory.
     In chapterⅠand chapterⅡ, the thesis illustrates the significance and the basic idea of theresearch. Based on the industrial system theory theories, the composition of the corn industryecosystem and its evolution characteristics were analyzed. Based on the perspective of systemflow, the system coordination theory was founded and was used for the corn industry analysis.The relationship between corn prices and corn flow was also discussed. In chapter Ⅲ, thecorn industry's long-term coordination issues were studied from the perspective of the cornindustry logistics. This section includes the following contents: the balance between supplyand demand of corn and industrial systems, the relationship between the performance of cornlong-term price and the balance of corn supply and demand, the national corn industry systemregulatory policy, corn planting resources contribution and the production efficiency. Inchapter Ⅳ,the thesis analyzed the corn industry regional coordination development fromcorn regional logistics perspective. This section analyzed the following problems: the cornproduction and consumption of different provinces and the corn supply and demand balanceof these provinces, typical city (area) market integration issues, corn circulation problems inregional and the state of current corn logistics related policy. In Chapter Ⅴ,the thesisanalyzed the corn industry system operation coordination problems from corn pricefluctuations. After the corn price was broken down into long-term trend, price trend, seasonschange and circulation random changes, the factors impacting on each component of the cornprices change was studied; further, the national regulators in the corn prices includingtemporary corn acquisitions and auction policy was analyzed. In chapter Ⅵ,the full text issummarized and the limitations of the study and further research direction was discussed. Themain conclusions of this thesis are as follows:
     (1) By estimating the national and provincial (area) maize yield, breeding-feed industry cornconsumption, industrial processing corn consumption, edible, kind of use and loss of cornconsumption, the national and provincial corn supply and demand balance was analyzed. Theresults showed that there is a long-term supply and demand imbalances and regionalimbalance of supply and demand in corn industry of China, which is the main performance ofthe coordination of corn industry system.
     (2)Increasing domestic maize yield is the main measurement to solve the corn industrysystem disorders. Using the two factors analysis method, factor contribution analysis method,DEA model and Malmquist index method, we analyzed some problems in the process of cornproduction of our country, such as the sowing area, the contribution of the total yield of perunit area yield, the contribution of the input elements to yield, the production efficiency ofeach province, TFP growth rates, technological progress and technical efficiency. The resultsshowed that68%of national maize yield increase should be attributed to the contribution ofthe planting area,32%was the contribution of yield from1990to2010. Compared with thematerial input, the progress of science and technology has greater impact on corn yield. Theanalysis on technical progress and technical efficiency shows that Chinese corn productiontechnology progress improves rapidly, however, technical efficiency (including pure technicalefficiency and scale efficiency) is not high and it is declining in many provinces. So, toimprove maize yield through technology, accelerating the transformation and application of ismore important than promoting the advancement of technology.
     (3) After investigating the corn regional imbalance of supply and demand, circulation path,circulation quantity and distribution, we find that there are mainly four circulation channel forcorn.:①From the northeast region to Dalian and then was transported to the east and southChina by sea, this is the main circulation path and the amount of transportation is more than2100tons every year.②From the distribution center of railway of the northeast regionChangchun-Siping-Tieling into southwest and central China, and the amount of transport ismore than10million tons every year.③Huang-huai-hai region through the rail and road intothe Yangtze river every year more than600tons;④Xinjiang, Gansu about2million tons ofcorn into the railway southwest each year. Look from circulation costs, transportation costaccounts for the highest percentage of the cost of circulation; About the transportationefficiency, the shipping method is better than the railway transportation, and railwaytransportation is better than the highway transportation. The bottleneck problem of railwaytransportation, food logistics network and logistics center construction problems and "fourdeconcentrations' transportation issues were the main problems that affect the circulationefficiency of corn, which is also the main concern of national policy.
     (4)By analyzing20typical cities' corn market price Cointegration, we found that our cornmarket is basically united in the long term. But, the regional market close degree is verydifferent: the internal integration degree between the northeast region, Huanghuaihai regionand the southern market (The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze region, Fujian andGuangdong provinces) are very high. But, except Dalian, the northeast region market andother market connections are not close enough; the connections between Huang-huai-haimarket (especially in south market) and the middle and lower Yangtze market is very close;and the connections among Dalian, the middle and lower Yangtze and Fujian and Guangdongmarket are also close. Large area of corn prices the cointegration analysis further verifiedbetween the trade relations among each region.
     (5)Corn price fluctuations can reflect the corn industry system running in coordination.Using Cesus X12and H-P filtering method, corn prices is broken into four types: long-termchange trend, periodic cycle trend, the change of the influence by season, and the randomnessof the change. In this chapter, the thesis analyzed the factors that influence these componentchanges. The results illustrated that although there is a co-integration relationship betweencorn prices and CPI, the fluctuation of the corn prices is affected more by internaluncoordination of industry system, and the impact of the fluctuation of economic cycles is notvery important.
     (6)The corn price control policy of China have two purposes: to protect farmers' interestby temporary storage of corn purchase policy and to protect corn consumption enterprises'interest by the temporary storage of corn auction policy. Using the variation coefficientanalysis method and DID model for two kinds of policy on regional market impact, the resultsshow as follow: price control policy to stabilize the country corn market has played a positiverole; temporary storage of corn purchase policy have a greater impact to Northeast market andcertain effect on the North China market. This indicates Chinese corn price control policy ismore effective, should continue to strengthen and further improve.
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