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葡萄胚培养与育种技术的研究
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摘要
以二倍体葡萄品种‘无核白’、‘里扎马特’、‘全球红’和四倍体葡萄品种‘巨峰’为研究材料进行二倍体与四倍体、二倍体间正反杂交,常规育种方法去雄授粉。在授粉后35d~75d期间采用胚培养技术,不同时期取样并接种胚在不同培养基上离体培养,应用低温处理结合横切以及切喙方法以打破休眠,促进胚发育和萌发以进行杂种培育和培养方法的研究,对苏木精等5种染色剂进行筛选用于二倍体与四倍体杂种幼苗的染色体鉴定。
    结果表明:‘无核白’杂交胚和自花授粉胚35d取样发育最好,但各时期取样的萌发率之间差异不显著。‘巨峰’杂交胚和自花授粉胚55d取样发育最好,60d取样的萌发率最高。‘里扎马特’杂交胚和自花授粉胚60d取样的发育率和萌发率最高。‘全球红’杂交胚和自花授粉胚60d取样发育最好,75d取样萌发率最高。 取样所有时期中,‘无核白’自花授粉胚和杂交胚的发育率和萌发率之间都无显著差异,‘巨峰’自花授粉胚的发育率比杂交胚的发育率高,萌发率之间无显著差异。‘里扎马特’自花授粉胚和杂交胚的发育率之间无显著差异,自花授粉胚的萌发率高于杂交胚的萌发率。‘全球红’自花授粉胚和杂交胚中,‘全球红’ב无核白’的发育率和萌发率最高。胚在MS、Nitsch基本培养基和3%、6%蔗糖浓度的4种组合中发育无明显区别,在MS+6%蔗糖中萌发最好。胚在0.5mg/L GA3中只有部分萌发,提高GA3浓度可以促进未萌发的胚继续萌发,2.0mg/L 浓度的处理中萌发率有显著的提高。杂交胚的发育率和萌发率与母本胚的发育率和萌发率正相关,表示发育行为和萌发行为都接近母本胚。高温(30℃以上)抑制成苗,幼苗生长缓慢。高浓度生长调节剂影响后期成苗:细胞分裂素浓度过高叶片畸形、面积过大。生长素浓度过高根茎部位产生愈伤组织,导致叶片和根生长缓慢。2.5%纤维素酶和果胶酶的混合酶液中,果胶酶的比例为2.0%适合葡萄组培苗根尖的酶解,解离后的根尖细胞分散,结合后低渗处理利于观察染色体。根尖染色体用苏木精色染色的效果优于醋酸洋红、吉姆萨、卡宝品红和改良品红的染色效果。二倍体间杂交胚成苗50棵,二倍体与四倍体的杂交胚成苗12棵,经鉴定有‘巨峰’ב全球红’1棵为杂交后代,染色体数2n=3X=57。
Reciprocal hybridization was made between the diploid grape and the tetraploid grape and between the diploid grapes with the diploid varieties: ‘Thompson Seedless’, ‘Rizamat’ ,‘Red Globe’ and tetraploid variety ‘Kyoho’. The normal breeding method of emasculation was followed to artificially pollinate the stigma. 35days to 75 days after the pollination, the hybridized and the self-pollinated embryos were cultured in different media by the technique of embryo culturing combining cryogenic treatment and beak cutting to get rid of the dormancy. Studies of the hybrid breeding and the culturing method were carried on during the process of developing and germinating of embryos. 5 stains include haematoxylin were compared to choose a best one for chromosome identification of the hybrid seedlings.
    The result indicated that the best sampling time for embryo development of the grape ‘Thompson Seedless’ by self-pollinating and maternal crossing is at 35 days after pollination., but there is no significant difference for germiantionin among all of the sampling time. The best sampling time for embryo development of the grape ‘Kyoho’ by self-pollinating and maternal crossing is at 55 days after pollination, and the best sampling time for embryo germination is at 60 days after pollination. The best sampling time for embryo development and germination of the grape ‘Rizamat’ by self-pollinating and maternal crossing is at 60 days after pollination. The best sampling time for embryo development of the grape ‘Red Globe’ by self-pollinating and maternal crossing is at 60 days after pollination, and the best sampling time for embryo germination is at 75 days after pollination.
    There is no significant difference in development and germination between the self-pollinated embryos and maternal crossed embryos of the grape ‘Thompson Seedless’ in all sampling time. The development percentage of the self-pollinated embryo of the grape ‘Kyoho’ is higher than the the maternal crossed embryo in all sampling time, but there is no significant difference in germination between the self-pollinated embryos and the maternal crossed embryos in all sampling time. There is no significant difference in development percentage between the self-pollinated
    
    
    embryos and the maternal crossed embryos of the grape ‘Rizamat’ in all sampling time, but the germination percentage of the self-pollinated embryo is higher than the the maternal crossed embryo in all sampling time. Among the self-pollinated and maternal crossed embryos of the grape ‘Red Globe’, the development percentage and germination percentage of ‘Red Globe’ × ‘Thompson Seedless’ are higher than the other’s in all sampling time.
    There is no significant difference for embryo development in MS and Nitsch’ basic media combined with 3% sucrose and 6% sucrose, but MS basic media combining 6% sucrose is suit for germination. Only a part of embryos had germinated in the media with 0.5mg/L GA3 treatment, surplus embryos germinated after the density of GA3 was enhanced later, and the density of 2.0mg/L improved germination significantly. The development percentages and the germination percentages of the hybrid embryos are directly ratio relevance to the development percentages and germination percentages of maternal embryos; it shows that the behaviors of development and germination of the hybrid embryos are similar to the behaviors of development and germination of maternal embryos. The high-temperature made an affect of repressing the growth of plants after germination. The high-density of hormone resulted in the emergence of malformed plants and slowed down the growth. The 2.0% proportion petinase in the 2.5% proportion of the mixed liquid with petinase and cellulase is suit for enzymolysising root tip of grape. The scattered cell of the enzymolysised root tip is good for staining chromosome. The haematoxylin is competitiver than ethylic acid carmine, Giemsa’s, carbolated fuchsine and refined carbolated fuchsine in chromosome identification of hybrid seedlings. 50 hybr
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