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甘薯茎尖脱毒、快繁技术及其脱毒苗增产机理的研究
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摘要
甘薯[Ipomoea batatas(L.)Lam]是一种重要的粮食、工业原料、饲料及保健食品作物。目前发现病毒病已成为甘薯种质退化、产量降低的重要因素。通过茎尖培养获得脱毒种苗是防治甘薯病毒病害和减缓种质退化的最为有效的措施。
    本研究为探索甘薯组织培养、快速繁殖的有效途径,以甘薯的茎尖为外植体,通过随机组合、正交设计等方法,研究其培养的最佳培养基配方,建立甘薯茎尖脱毒、快繁技术体系,并初步研究了脱毒苗的增产机理,结果表明:
    1、在甘薯茎尖分生组织培养中,外植体冲洗后,用0.1%升汞的溶液消毒8 min,无菌水清洗4~5次,可达到理想的消毒效果,成活率可达86.8%。
    2、通过正交试验筛选出的适合不同基因型甘薯茎尖分生组织培养的培养基配方MS+1.0 mg/L BA+0.05 mg/L NAA+0.5 mg/L GA3,成苗率最高达到79.5%。在培养基中添加椰汁、香蕉汁等有机添加物可以明显提高成苗率。
    3、采用二次剥离茎尖的方法,从无菌试管苗上切取带2个叶原基(大小0.3-0.4mm)茎尖分生组织培养,成苗率为72.1%,脱毒率为54.2%。剥离茎尖前对薯苗热疗(37±1℃)20 d,可使脱毒率提高到62.2%。
    4、以MS为基本培养基,食用白砂糖代替蔗糖,省去有机成分和琼脂,滤纸作为支持物的简易培养基MSJ对甘薯脱毒试管苗进行快繁,能够节省成本87.63%。同时还证明,在培养基中添加低浓度的NAA(0.1 mg/L、0.2 mg/L),可以促进甘薯脱毒试管苗的快繁。
    5、培养30 d的脱毒试管苗炼苗一周,假植于壤土中,成活率可达95%。对移栽的试管苗进行覆膜处理,三周后再喷施尿素(25g/m2),可以明显促进其生长。
    6、研究了脱毒苗的产量形成特性和生理生化变化。甘薯脱毒后,营养生长更加旺盛;叶面积指数和叶绿素含量增加,光合速率提高;甘薯脱毒促进了氮代谢,硝酸还原酶活性增加;块根膨大早而快。脱毒苗比对照增产显著,增产幅度达到15.2%~27.1%。
    7、过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶的同工酶测定结果表明,脱毒苗的同工酶谱带和对照有一定差异。脱病毒甘薯在受到病毒侵染后,体内SOD、POD的活性比对照明显增加,抵御不良环境的能力增强。
Sweet potato(Ipomoea batatas (L.)Lam)is an important crop. It can be used as foods、industrial raw materials、feedstuff and health goods. It was found out that virus diseases were the most important factor that lead to quality devolution and output falling of sweet potato at present. Obtaining virus-free plants by means of meristem tip culture was the available measure to deal with the problem.
    The meristem tip of sweet potato was used as explant to find out effective way of in vitro culture and rapid propagation.With random combine and orthogonal design, we tried to find out the best medium composition and establish a technique system of tip culture and rapid propagation of virus-free sweet potato, and studies the mechanism of increase in production about virus-free sweet potato.The results were as follows:
    1、After the meristem tip of sweet potato were sterilized by 0.1% mercuric chloride solution for 8 minutes, then washed 4-5 times with the sterile water, it can reach the ideal result of disinfecting , and survival rate can be up to 86.8%.
    2、With orthogonal design the optimum media of tip culture suitable for different genetypes was obtained: MS+1.0 mg/L BA+0.05 mg/L NAA+0.5 mg/L GA3.The survival rate of seeding could reach 79.5%. Organic supplements as coconut milk, banana juice, et al. can improve the survival ratio of seeding. Culturing in hormone media can make meristem tip survive once time, and the result is better than two-time-cultivation.
    3、The meristem tip with two phyllomes(0.3-0.4mm in size)were found to suitable for virus-free seeding culture that were cut from aseptic seeding, which led to higher survival and virus-free ratio, up to 72.1%and 54.2%. 20-day heat treatment (37±1℃) to sweet potato seeding before the meristem tip being cut down could improve the virus-free ratio, up to 62.2%.
    4 MSJ is a simplified media which regard MS as the basic media、replace socrose with edible sugar、disuse the organic composition and agaragar、regard filter paper as carrier. It can save 87.63% of cost if being used for rapid propagation of virus-free sweet potato. We also proved that MS media supplemented low density of NAA (0.1 mg/L , 0.2 mg/L ) can be help rapid propagation of virus-free sweet potato at the same time.
    5、Up to 95% of virus-free seeding could survive after one week-day’s treatment and being transplanted in loam. Covering membrane and spraying Urea(25g/m2 )after three
    
    
    week can accelerate growth of virus-free sweet potato.
    6、Yield advantages and physiological characteristics of different gene types of virus-free sweet potato were studied. The results showed that the nutrition growth of virus-free seeding become more vigorously; the LAI and the contents of chlorophyll were higher than CK, and efficiency of photosynthesis improved; at the same times virus elimination promoted the metobolism of nitrogen, the nitrate reductase activity increased and the root tuber expands early and fast. So the yields of virus-free seeding of three cultivars were significant higher than that of controls obviously and increase production range up to 15.2-27.1%.
    7、The analysis of POD,SOD isoenzyme patterns indicated that the isoenzyme patterns of virus-free seeding were different with the control. The activations of SOD, POD of virus-free seeding increased obviously and resistibility of adverse environment was strengthened when it was infected by the virus.
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