稀土催化剂在离子液体及反向ATRP中的应用研究
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摘要
首次在离子液体中进行了稀土配位催化剂Nd(VA)3/Al(i-Bu)_3催化MMA均聚反应,系统地探讨了不同反应条件对MMA聚合的影响。研究发现该催化剂能有效地催化MMA在离子液体中聚合,并且聚合反应速度和PMMA分子量比甲苯和本体中聚合的高。此外,催化剂陈化对离子液体中的聚合不利。MMA在[emim]BF_4中,[MMA]=3.0mol/L,[MMA]/[Nd]=300,60℃下聚合6h,单体转化率为64.9%,PMMA数均分子量为19.7×10~4,分子量分布为2.1。用瓜,GPC,DSC和~1H-NMR对聚合物结构和性能进行了表征。
在离子液体中进行了Nd(VA)_3/Al(i-Bu)_3/CCl_4催化苯乙烯均聚合,详细地研究了不同反应条件对聚合的影响。结果表明:在没有第三组分的情况下,Nd(VA)_3/Al(i-Bu)_3在甲苯中不能催化苯乙烯聚合,而在相同条件下,在[emim]BF_4中催化苯乙烯聚合的转化率可达37%,当加入第三组分时,离子液体中聚合得到的PSt分子量高。此外,催化剂陈化对甲苯中的聚合比较有利,所得聚PSt分子量较小,催化剂陈化对离子液体中的聚合不利,但所得PSt分子量显著增大。在[emim]BF_4中,[St]=3.8mol/L,[St]/[Nd]=300,Al/Nd=27,CCl_4/Nd=7(molar ratio),60℃下聚合24h,苯乙烯转化率为79.3%,PSt的数均分子量为5.13×10~4,分子量分布为3.52。用IR,~1H-NMR和DSC对PSt结构和性能进行了表征。对Nd(VA)_3/Al(i-Bu)_3/CCl_4催化苯乙烯聚合的动力学研究表明,聚合反应速率对苯乙烯和催化剂浓度都是一级关系,该聚合反应60℃时表观增长速率常数k_p=0.1mol~(-1)min~(-1),聚合反应表观活化能Ea=67.5kJmol~(-1)。
在离子液体中进行了Nd(VA)_3/Al(i-Bu)_3/CCl_4三元催化剂催化MMA和St共聚合,研究表明,通过不同加料顺序可以得到MA和St无规和嵌段共聚物。探讨了不同的单体投料比,单体/催化剂摩尔比,聚合温度和时间对MMA和St无规共聚的影响。对得到的共聚物用GPC,IR,DSC,~1H-NMR和~(13)C-NMR等手段进行了表征。
首次合成了离子液体([Hmim]BF_4)支载的稀土催化剂并用于DTC开环均聚合,系统地研究了不同稀土、温度、溶剂、单体浓度、单体/催化剂摩尔比和反应时间对DTC聚合的影响,实验表明,在考察的几种稀土元素当中,La的催化
The applications of rare earth catalysts in ionic liquids and reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (reverse ATRP) were studied in this dissertation.Rare earth catalyst-neodymium versatate (Nd(VA)3)/Al(/-Bu)3 was employed to catalyze the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) for the first time. Effects of different conditions on the polymerization were studied systemically. Results show that the polymerization of MMA by rare earth catalyst in ionic liquids could be conducted successfully. Furthermore, the rate of polymerization and the molecular weight of the polymer obtained in ionic liquids were much higher than that in toluene or in bulk at the same conditions. It can be concluded that ionic liquids can accelerate the polymerization of MMA. Moreover, it was found that the aging of catalysts disadvantages the polymerization, while benefits to the polymerization in toluene. When [MMA]=3.0mol/L and [MMA]/[Nd]=300, the highest conversion and molecular weight can be achieved in [emim]BF_4 at 60℃. IR, GPC, DSC and ~1H-NMR were used to characterize the structure and property of PMMA obtained in ionic liquid.The polymerization of styrene by ternary catalytic system, Nd(VA)3/Al(/-Bu)3/ CCl_4, were carried out in ionic liquids. Results show that St can't be polymerized in toluene by the ternary catalytic system but no polymerization with no III additive in the system. However, the conversion of monomer was 37% in ionic liquids with no III additive. However, the conversion of monomer was 37% in ionic liquids at the same conditions. The aging of catalysts can increase the molecular weight of PSt obtained in ionic liquids, while didn't increase the conversion of monomer. And the optimum reaction conditions are as follows: [St]=3.8molL~(-1) [St]/[Nd]=300, Al/Nd=27, CCl_4/Nd=7 (molar ratio), 60°C, 24h, in [emim]BF_4. Under these conditions, PSt with M_n of 5.13 ×10~4 and M_w/M_n of 3.52 could be prepared. PSt obtained in ionic liquid was characterized by means of IR, GPC, DSC and ~1H-NMR.The kinetic studies indicated that St polymerization in ionic liquids is first order
with respect to the monomer concentration and catalyst concentration, Respectively. The apparent propagating constant (kp) is O.lmol^min"1 at 60"C, And the apparent activation energy (Ea) amounts to 67.5kJmol"1.Copolymerization of MMA with St was also conducted in ionic liquids by the same ternary catalytic system. It was found that random and block copolymers can be prepared in ionic liquids by different feed sequences. However, only homopolymer could be obtained when MMA was polymerized first in ionic liquids. Effects of different reaction conditions on the polymerization were studied systemically. IR, GPC, DSC, 2H-NMR and 13C-NMR were used to characterize the structure and property of the copolymers of MMA and St.Ionic liquids-supported rare earth catalysts were synthesized for the first time, and it was used in the ring-opening polymerization of 2,2-dimethyltrimethylene carbonate (DTC). Studies show that La system presented the highest activity among the rare earth elements investigated, and the optimum reaction conditions are as follows: [DTC]=2.5molL"x, [DTC]/[La]=200, 60 °C ,0.5h. PDTC with monomer conversion of 88.6% and Mn of 2.58xlO4 could be prepared under the above conditions. IR, GPC, *H-NMR and DSC were used to characterize PDTC. Through analyzing the end group in PDTC terminated by isopropanol, it can be concluded that the polymerization of DTC by ILs-supported rare earth catalyst was via the breaking of acyl-oxygen bond, which is accord with the polymerization by single component catalyst of rare earth.The copolymerization of CL and DTC by ILs-supported rare earth catalyst was also conducted. Results indicate that both random and block copolymer of CL and DTC can be obtained by different feed sequences. Effects of different rare earths, temperature, solvents, monomer concentration, time and molar ratio of monomer/catalyst were investigated. The characterizations by IR, GPC, DSC, *H-NMR and 13C-NMR testified the formation of PCL-co-PDTC and PCL-b-PDTC copolymers.Ring-opening polymerization of e -caprolactone in ionic liquid was carried out with LnCl;$/epoxide as catalyst. The results show that LnCb/epoxide could catalyze
the polymerization of CL in ionic liquid effectively. The effects of different rare earth chlorides, epoxides, monomer concentration, the molar ratio of epoxide/LnClj and CI/LnCb, polymerization temperature and time on the polymerization of CL were investigated. When the ratio of PO/ ErCl3 is 30, PCL with a viscosity molecular weight of 2.54 X104 and the conversion of 96.0% can be prepared at 60 °C in 30 min. Moreover, the activities of GdCb and ErCb were higher than other rare earth chlorides investigated. The structure and thermal properties of PCL were characterized by means of ^-NMR and DSC respectively. The analyses of PCL structure showed that the polymerization of CL proceeds according to 'coordination-insertion' mechanism with s with acyl-oxygen bond cleavage of the monomer.Reverse ATRP of methyl methacrylate mediated by AIBN/SmCla/lactic acid system was investigated for the first time. The one electron transfer reaction of SmCl3 to SmCl2 was employed in the living radical polymerization successfully. The kinetics studies indicated that the polymerization is first order to monomer concentration. Moreover, the number average molecular weight increased linearly with the monomer conversion, Mn, gpc are close to the theory molecular weight and Mw/Mn were narrower (less than 1.5). These show that the polymerization of MMA was a living/controlled one in the above system. Effects of different reaction conditions, such as solvents, temperature and molar ratio of [I]o/[SmCl3]o/[bpy]o, on the polymerization have been studied. PMMA with narrower molecular weight distribution have been obtained in DMF at 80 °C. Furthermore, the apparent activation energy was calculated about 17.7kcal/mol for the reverse ATRP of MMA initiated by AIBN/SmCl3/lactic acid system.
在离子液体中进行了Nd(VA)_3/Al(i-Bu)_3/CCl_4催化苯乙烯均聚合,详细地研究了不同反应条件对聚合的影响。结果表明:在没有第三组分的情况下,Nd(VA)_3/Al(i-Bu)_3在甲苯中不能催化苯乙烯聚合,而在相同条件下,在[emim]BF_4中催化苯乙烯聚合的转化率可达37%,当加入第三组分时,离子液体中聚合得到的PSt分子量高。此外,催化剂陈化对甲苯中的聚合比较有利,所得聚PSt分子量较小,催化剂陈化对离子液体中的聚合不利,但所得PSt分子量显著增大。在[emim]BF_4中,[St]=3.8mol/L,[St]/[Nd]=300,Al/Nd=27,CCl_4/Nd=7(molar ratio),60℃下聚合24h,苯乙烯转化率为79.3%,PSt的数均分子量为5.13×10~4,分子量分布为3.52。用IR,~1H-NMR和DSC对PSt结构和性能进行了表征。对Nd(VA)_3/Al(i-Bu)_3/CCl_4催化苯乙烯聚合的动力学研究表明,聚合反应速率对苯乙烯和催化剂浓度都是一级关系,该聚合反应60℃时表观增长速率常数k_p=0.1mol~(-1)min~(-1),聚合反应表观活化能Ea=67.5kJmol~(-1)。
在离子液体中进行了Nd(VA)_3/Al(i-Bu)_3/CCl_4三元催化剂催化MMA和St共聚合,研究表明,通过不同加料顺序可以得到MA和St无规和嵌段共聚物。探讨了不同的单体投料比,单体/催化剂摩尔比,聚合温度和时间对MMA和St无规共聚的影响。对得到的共聚物用GPC,IR,DSC,~1H-NMR和~(13)C-NMR等手段进行了表征。
首次合成了离子液体([Hmim]BF_4)支载的稀土催化剂并用于DTC开环均聚合,系统地研究了不同稀土、温度、溶剂、单体浓度、单体/催化剂摩尔比和反应时间对DTC聚合的影响,实验表明,在考察的几种稀土元素当中,La的催化
The applications of rare earth catalysts in ionic liquids and reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (reverse ATRP) were studied in this dissertation.Rare earth catalyst-neodymium versatate (Nd(VA)3)/Al(/-Bu)3 was employed to catalyze the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) for the first time. Effects of different conditions on the polymerization were studied systemically. Results show that the polymerization of MMA by rare earth catalyst in ionic liquids could be conducted successfully. Furthermore, the rate of polymerization and the molecular weight of the polymer obtained in ionic liquids were much higher than that in toluene or in bulk at the same conditions. It can be concluded that ionic liquids can accelerate the polymerization of MMA. Moreover, it was found that the aging of catalysts disadvantages the polymerization, while benefits to the polymerization in toluene. When [MMA]=3.0mol/L and [MMA]/[Nd]=300, the highest conversion and molecular weight can be achieved in [emim]BF_4 at 60℃. IR, GPC, DSC and ~1H-NMR were used to characterize the structure and property of PMMA obtained in ionic liquid.The polymerization of styrene by ternary catalytic system, Nd(VA)3/Al(/-Bu)3/ CCl_4, were carried out in ionic liquids. Results show that St can't be polymerized in toluene by the ternary catalytic system but no polymerization with no III additive in the system. However, the conversion of monomer was 37% in ionic liquids with no III additive. However, the conversion of monomer was 37% in ionic liquids at the same conditions. The aging of catalysts can increase the molecular weight of PSt obtained in ionic liquids, while didn't increase the conversion of monomer. And the optimum reaction conditions are as follows: [St]=3.8molL~(-1) [St]/[Nd]=300, Al/Nd=27, CCl_4/Nd=7 (molar ratio), 60°C, 24h, in [emim]BF_4. Under these conditions, PSt with M_n of 5.13 ×10~4 and M_w/M_n of 3.52 could be prepared. PSt obtained in ionic liquid was characterized by means of IR, GPC, DSC and ~1H-NMR.The kinetic studies indicated that St polymerization in ionic liquids is first order
with respect to the monomer concentration and catalyst concentration, Respectively. The apparent propagating constant (kp) is O.lmol^min"1 at 60"C, And the apparent activation energy (Ea) amounts to 67.5kJmol"1.Copolymerization of MMA with St was also conducted in ionic liquids by the same ternary catalytic system. It was found that random and block copolymers can be prepared in ionic liquids by different feed sequences. However, only homopolymer could be obtained when MMA was polymerized first in ionic liquids. Effects of different reaction conditions on the polymerization were studied systemically. IR, GPC, DSC, 2H-NMR and 13C-NMR were used to characterize the structure and property of the copolymers of MMA and St.Ionic liquids-supported rare earth catalysts were synthesized for the first time, and it was used in the ring-opening polymerization of 2,2-dimethyltrimethylene carbonate (DTC). Studies show that La system presented the highest activity among the rare earth elements investigated, and the optimum reaction conditions are as follows: [DTC]=2.5molL"x, [DTC]/[La]=200, 60 °C ,0.5h. PDTC with monomer conversion of 88.6% and Mn of 2.58xlO4 could be prepared under the above conditions. IR, GPC, *H-NMR and DSC were used to characterize PDTC. Through analyzing the end group in PDTC terminated by isopropanol, it can be concluded that the polymerization of DTC by ILs-supported rare earth catalyst was via the breaking of acyl-oxygen bond, which is accord with the polymerization by single component catalyst of rare earth.The copolymerization of CL and DTC by ILs-supported rare earth catalyst was also conducted. Results indicate that both random and block copolymer of CL and DTC can be obtained by different feed sequences. Effects of different rare earths, temperature, solvents, monomer concentration, time and molar ratio of monomer/catalyst were investigated. The characterizations by IR, GPC, DSC, *H-NMR and 13C-NMR testified the formation of PCL-co-PDTC and PCL-b-PDTC copolymers.Ring-opening polymerization of e -caprolactone in ionic liquid was carried out with LnCl;$/epoxide as catalyst. The results show that LnCb/epoxide could catalyze
the polymerization of CL in ionic liquid effectively. The effects of different rare earth chlorides, epoxides, monomer concentration, the molar ratio of epoxide/LnClj and CI/LnCb, polymerization temperature and time on the polymerization of CL were investigated. When the ratio of PO/ ErCl3 is 30, PCL with a viscosity molecular weight of 2.54 X104 and the conversion of 96.0% can be prepared at 60 °C in 30 min. Moreover, the activities of GdCb and ErCb were higher than other rare earth chlorides investigated. The structure and thermal properties of PCL were characterized by means of ^-NMR and DSC respectively. The analyses of PCL structure showed that the polymerization of CL proceeds according to 'coordination-insertion' mechanism with s with acyl-oxygen bond cleavage of the monomer.Reverse ATRP of methyl methacrylate mediated by AIBN/SmCla/lactic acid system was investigated for the first time. The one electron transfer reaction of SmCl3 to SmCl2 was employed in the living radical polymerization successfully. The kinetics studies indicated that the polymerization is first order to monomer concentration. Moreover, the number average molecular weight increased linearly with the monomer conversion, Mn, gpc are close to the theory molecular weight and Mw/Mn were narrower (less than 1.5). These show that the polymerization of MMA was a living/controlled one in the above system. Effects of different reaction conditions, such as solvents, temperature and molar ratio of [I]o/[SmCl3]o/[bpy]o, on the polymerization have been studied. PMMA with narrower molecular weight distribution have been obtained in DMF at 80 °C. Furthermore, the apparent activation energy was calculated about 17.7kcal/mol for the reverse ATRP of MMA initiated by AIBN/SmCl3/lactic acid system.
引文
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