油气井复合射孔/压裂过程动态信息获取方法和理论
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摘要
复合射孔和高能气体压裂是将射孔弹、推进剂等火工品放到井下油气层,利用其爆炸燃烧产生的动态高压使地层形成多条裂缝,达到增产的目的。复合射孔/压裂作用过程的机理复杂,影响因素多,理论不完善,而最大的障碍是受高温、高压、高冲击、空间狭窄等环境条件的限制,信息获取十分困难,常规研究方法和手段很难使用。本课题围绕复合恶劣环境下信息获取的关键难点问题展开研究,旨在建立井下作用机理的信息获取平台,为复合射孔器和高能气体压裂弹的设计、增产施工工艺的优化提供理论和信息支持。
论文采用理论分析和试验验证相结合的方法,主要进行了以下四个方面的研究：
(1)研究了井下射孔/压裂的信号特征,特殊的环境条件对测试系统的影响；进行了抗恶劣环境结构设计,多种触发方式等设计内容。设计并实现了环空多参数测试系统和射孔器内压力测试系统。
(2)针对井下高温高压高冲击以及空间狭小复杂恶劣环境,进行了多个方面的研究。进行基于厚壁圆筒的自增强耐高压设计和枪内测试系统的防护设计与改进；利用霍普金森杆冲击测试装置对不同封装材料和封装方式的芯片进行高冲击试验,为所制作的芯片封装优选提供实验依据；研究了高分子聚合物灌封材料缓冲机理,采用添加无机填料的方法改进了环氧树脂灌封材料高温力学性能,同时使用真空灌封-加压固化的新工艺使电路模块整体强化灌封得到提高,保证了电路模块高温环境下的高强度高阻抗要求。
(3)提出了模拟应用环境下动态校准的新思想和新方法,研究并建立了模拟井下温度压力环境的校准实验系统,改进了加压状态下传感器加速度效应试验系统,对传感器的温度效应和加速度效应进行了修正,得出校准曲线和补偿公式；模拟井下温度压力环境的校准实验系统可模拟井深达5000m的地温(<150℃)和静压(<50MPa),同时还采用火药推动活塞模拟井下射孔/压裂的动压,并通过三路经计量溯源的压力测试系统对测试仪进行动态校准。利用这些系统进行了动态校准实验,研究分析了测试系统的动态不确定度,不仅确保了实测过程中的精度,而且对动态测试仪器在恶劣环境下的精度提高具有普遍意义。
(4)井下多参数测试系统对现有主要的射孔/压裂工艺类型进行了大量测试,很多数据是国内外首次获得。对常规射孔、内置式复合、外套式复合、爆燃压裂、煤层气井复合射孔等多种类型井下典型实测数据进行了详细分析；探索了高能气体井下压裂作用机理,特别是总结了高能气体动态高压脉冲波形对裂缝形态和长度的影响机制；利用动压曲线表征了压裂行为,探讨了压裂作用的有利压力波形；分析和研究了动压实测曲线的规律；分析了套管井复合射孔的重要影响因素：射孔直径、射孔密度、推进剂燃烧特性、井眼内压挡液体、射孔方位,并对这些因素影响复合射孔效果的机理进行了研究；提出了一种基于P-t曲线的“估-测-评-改”螺旋上升的施工工艺的优化设计方法。
本文的研究成果已经应用于国内主要大油气田包括大庆油田、辽河油田、长庆油田、普光气田、韩城煤层气田等十几家油田和企业,为其提供了关键的井下实时实况的信息获取方法。在此基础上推进了井下射孔/压裂的机理研究,优化了射孔/压裂施工工艺参数,提高了射孔/压裂的效果和油气层的产量。
Composite perforation and high energy gas fracturing is to put the priming system such as perforating bullet and propellant into underground oil and gas layer. The dynamic high pressure produced by its explosion combustion make the formation formed multiple fractures, and achieving the purpose of production. Composite perforation/fracturing process mechanism is complex and the theory is not sound. The influence factors are various, but the most difficult thing is the limit of high-temperature, high-pressure, high-impact, narrow space and other environmental conditions, so the access to information, conventional research methods and means is very difficult to get. This paper focuses on the key difficult problem of information acquisition in composite harsh environment to conduct research, aimed at building access to information platform of underground mechanism. It provides a data and information support of composite perforation, the design of the high-energy gas fracture and the stimulation of construction process optimization.
This paper used a method of combining theoretical analysis and experimental verification, four mainly researches are as follows:
(1) This paper studies signal characteristics of the downhole perforation and fracturing, the influence of special environment conditions on the testing system, structure design to resistant the bad environment, the analysis of pressure pipeline effect, variety of trigger modes, etc. We design and implement the annulus multi-parameter testing system and gun internal pressure test system.
(2) We had more aspects of the research counter the complicated severe environment in downhole which is high temperature high pressure high impact and narrow space, the design of high pressure resistance based on the thick wall cylinder and the protection design and improvement of gun inside testing system. Using hopkinson bar impact testing device to conduct high impact test for different packaging materials and packaging mode chips. It provided an experimental and theoretical basis for the SoC encapsulation. We studied the changing mechanism of potting material strength characteristics along with temperature. We improved the high temperature performance of epoxy potting materials by using the method of adding inorganic filler. We made circuit module integral reinforcement potting improved by using the new technology of vacuum potting-pressure curing. This ensures the high strength and high impedance requirement of circuit module under high temperature environment. We have conducted the high temperature resistant and micro power design of the circuit by the research and analysis of the related chip high temperature performance.
(3) We have put forward new ideas and methods of the dynamic calibration in the analog environment; established a calibration experiment system which is dedicated for simulating the temperature and pressure environment in the downhole; improved the sensor acceleration effect test system under pressure conditions; fixed a sensor temperature effect and acceleration effect and achieved the calibration curve and compensation formula. The calibration experiment system for simulating of the downhole temperature and pressure environment can simulate a well temperature(<150℃) and static pressure (<50mpa) with the depth of5000m underground. And it can simulate the dynamic pressure of the downhole perforation/fracturing. We conducted dynamic calibrations for testers by using a pressure test system whose three swings were measured and traced. Dynamic calibration experiments were conducted by using these systems, and the dynamic uncertainty of testing systems were studied and analyzed. All of these not only to ensure the measured accuracy of the petroleum downhole tester, but also the universal significance to improve the accuracy of the dynamic test instruments in harsh environments. It is an important academic innovation.
(4) Some detailed analysis about typical experimental data for various types of downhole such as conventional perforation, built-in composite, coat type compound, deflagration fracturing, coalbed methane well composite perforation, etc. was conducted in this paper. We explore the high energy gas well fracturing mechanism, especially summarizes the influence mechanism between the high energy gas dynamic high voltage pulse waveform and crack form and length; represent the fracture behavior by using the dynamic pressure curve; discusses the favorable pressure waveform of fracturing effect; analyzes and studies the law of dynamic pressure measured curve. Moreover, we analyzed the important influence factors of composite perforation in cased well:perforation diameter, perforation density and propellant combustion characteristics, well intraocular pressure in liquid, perforation azimuth. And the mechanism about how these factors affecting composite perforation effect was studied. Finally, we put forward a optimization design method of "estimate-test-estimate-alter" which is based on P-t curve.
This article research conclusion was applied on dozens of oilfield and enterprise in domestic such as Daqing oilfield, Liaohe oilfield, Changqing oilfield, Puguang gas field, Hancheng CBM field and so on. It provides acquisition method of key downhole real-time live information. The downhole multi-parameter testing system conducted a lot of tests for the existing main perforation/fracturing technology type. The acquisition of some data was the first at home and abroad. The information acquisition method and theory promotes the downhole perforation/fracturing mechanism research. It provides key information support for not only the optimization of the design parameters in perforation/fracturing construction technology and the increase effect of perforating/fracturing but also improvement of the exploitation of oil and gas layer rate and yield.
论文采用理论分析和试验验证相结合的方法,主要进行了以下四个方面的研究：
(1)研究了井下射孔/压裂的信号特征,特殊的环境条件对测试系统的影响；进行了抗恶劣环境结构设计,多种触发方式等设计内容。设计并实现了环空多参数测试系统和射孔器内压力测试系统。
(2)针对井下高温高压高冲击以及空间狭小复杂恶劣环境,进行了多个方面的研究。进行基于厚壁圆筒的自增强耐高压设计和枪内测试系统的防护设计与改进；利用霍普金森杆冲击测试装置对不同封装材料和封装方式的芯片进行高冲击试验,为所制作的芯片封装优选提供实验依据；研究了高分子聚合物灌封材料缓冲机理,采用添加无机填料的方法改进了环氧树脂灌封材料高温力学性能,同时使用真空灌封-加压固化的新工艺使电路模块整体强化灌封得到提高,保证了电路模块高温环境下的高强度高阻抗要求。
(3)提出了模拟应用环境下动态校准的新思想和新方法,研究并建立了模拟井下温度压力环境的校准实验系统,改进了加压状态下传感器加速度效应试验系统,对传感器的温度效应和加速度效应进行了修正,得出校准曲线和补偿公式；模拟井下温度压力环境的校准实验系统可模拟井深达5000m的地温(<150℃)和静压(<50MPa),同时还采用火药推动活塞模拟井下射孔/压裂的动压,并通过三路经计量溯源的压力测试系统对测试仪进行动态校准。利用这些系统进行了动态校准实验,研究分析了测试系统的动态不确定度,不仅确保了实测过程中的精度,而且对动态测试仪器在恶劣环境下的精度提高具有普遍意义。
(4)井下多参数测试系统对现有主要的射孔/压裂工艺类型进行了大量测试,很多数据是国内外首次获得。对常规射孔、内置式复合、外套式复合、爆燃压裂、煤层气井复合射孔等多种类型井下典型实测数据进行了详细分析；探索了高能气体井下压裂作用机理,特别是总结了高能气体动态高压脉冲波形对裂缝形态和长度的影响机制；利用动压曲线表征了压裂行为,探讨了压裂作用的有利压力波形；分析和研究了动压实测曲线的规律；分析了套管井复合射孔的重要影响因素：射孔直径、射孔密度、推进剂燃烧特性、井眼内压挡液体、射孔方位,并对这些因素影响复合射孔效果的机理进行了研究；提出了一种基于P-t曲线的“估-测-评-改”螺旋上升的施工工艺的优化设计方法。
本文的研究成果已经应用于国内主要大油气田包括大庆油田、辽河油田、长庆油田、普光气田、韩城煤层气田等十几家油田和企业,为其提供了关键的井下实时实况的信息获取方法。在此基础上推进了井下射孔/压裂的机理研究,优化了射孔/压裂施工工艺参数,提高了射孔/压裂的效果和油气层的产量。
Composite perforation and high energy gas fracturing is to put the priming system such as perforating bullet and propellant into underground oil and gas layer. The dynamic high pressure produced by its explosion combustion make the formation formed multiple fractures, and achieving the purpose of production. Composite perforation/fracturing process mechanism is complex and the theory is not sound. The influence factors are various, but the most difficult thing is the limit of high-temperature, high-pressure, high-impact, narrow space and other environmental conditions, so the access to information, conventional research methods and means is very difficult to get. This paper focuses on the key difficult problem of information acquisition in composite harsh environment to conduct research, aimed at building access to information platform of underground mechanism. It provides a data and information support of composite perforation, the design of the high-energy gas fracture and the stimulation of construction process optimization.
This paper used a method of combining theoretical analysis and experimental verification, four mainly researches are as follows:
(1) This paper studies signal characteristics of the downhole perforation and fracturing, the influence of special environment conditions on the testing system, structure design to resistant the bad environment, the analysis of pressure pipeline effect, variety of trigger modes, etc. We design and implement the annulus multi-parameter testing system and gun internal pressure test system.
(2) We had more aspects of the research counter the complicated severe environment in downhole which is high temperature high pressure high impact and narrow space, the design of high pressure resistance based on the thick wall cylinder and the protection design and improvement of gun inside testing system. Using hopkinson bar impact testing device to conduct high impact test for different packaging materials and packaging mode chips. It provided an experimental and theoretical basis for the SoC encapsulation. We studied the changing mechanism of potting material strength characteristics along with temperature. We improved the high temperature performance of epoxy potting materials by using the method of adding inorganic filler. We made circuit module integral reinforcement potting improved by using the new technology of vacuum potting-pressure curing. This ensures the high strength and high impedance requirement of circuit module under high temperature environment. We have conducted the high temperature resistant and micro power design of the circuit by the research and analysis of the related chip high temperature performance.
(3) We have put forward new ideas and methods of the dynamic calibration in the analog environment; established a calibration experiment system which is dedicated for simulating the temperature and pressure environment in the downhole; improved the sensor acceleration effect test system under pressure conditions; fixed a sensor temperature effect and acceleration effect and achieved the calibration curve and compensation formula. The calibration experiment system for simulating of the downhole temperature and pressure environment can simulate a well temperature(<150℃) and static pressure (<50mpa) with the depth of5000m underground. And it can simulate the dynamic pressure of the downhole perforation/fracturing. We conducted dynamic calibrations for testers by using a pressure test system whose three swings were measured and traced. Dynamic calibration experiments were conducted by using these systems, and the dynamic uncertainty of testing systems were studied and analyzed. All of these not only to ensure the measured accuracy of the petroleum downhole tester, but also the universal significance to improve the accuracy of the dynamic test instruments in harsh environments. It is an important academic innovation.
(4) Some detailed analysis about typical experimental data for various types of downhole such as conventional perforation, built-in composite, coat type compound, deflagration fracturing, coalbed methane well composite perforation, etc. was conducted in this paper. We explore the high energy gas well fracturing mechanism, especially summarizes the influence mechanism between the high energy gas dynamic high voltage pulse waveform and crack form and length; represent the fracture behavior by using the dynamic pressure curve; discusses the favorable pressure waveform of fracturing effect; analyzes and studies the law of dynamic pressure measured curve. Moreover, we analyzed the important influence factors of composite perforation in cased well:perforation diameter, perforation density and propellant combustion characteristics, well intraocular pressure in liquid, perforation azimuth. And the mechanism about how these factors affecting composite perforation effect was studied. Finally, we put forward a optimization design method of "estimate-test-estimate-alter" which is based on P-t curve.
This article research conclusion was applied on dozens of oilfield and enterprise in domestic such as Daqing oilfield, Liaohe oilfield, Changqing oilfield, Puguang gas field, Hancheng CBM field and so on. It provides acquisition method of key downhole real-time live information. The downhole multi-parameter testing system conducted a lot of tests for the existing main perforation/fracturing technology type. The acquisition of some data was the first at home and abroad. The information acquisition method and theory promotes the downhole perforation/fracturing mechanism research. It provides key information support for not only the optimization of the design parameters in perforation/fracturing construction technology and the increase effect of perforating/fracturing but also improvement of the exploitation of oil and gas layer rate and yield.
引文
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