建筑装修导致室内空气污染的研究
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摘要
建筑装修不当是引起室内空气污染的主要原因之一,本文从建筑工程角度,通过系统地分析和研究装修室内存在的主要空气污染物和污染源,在此基础上得到以下认识和结论:
建筑装修导致的室内空气污染物主要有氡气、甲醛、氨、苯和总挥发性有机物,这些污染物共同作用,交叉污染会长期影响公众的身体健康;经过对重庆市城区新装修室内空气污染调查后发现,在重庆市游离甲醛、苯、氨、氡和TVOC分别超标83.8%,34.7%、42.7%、16%和28%,室内空气污染较为严重。
提出室内环境空气品质预评价方法,通过分析、预测室内装饰装修工程建成后存在的危害室内环境空气品质的因素和危害程度,可以为设计和施工提供依据。本论文通过实际工程对此评价方法进行了初步验证,经过理论分析和实验验证后表明该评价方法可以满足工程应用的要求。
通过分析影响室内污染物浓度的因素,提出室内空气污染控制具体措施主要包括:污染源控制、通风、室内空气净化。
对于扩建和改建工程,施工过程可能要在房屋使用者在场的情况下进行,这时应当特别考虑施工过程对周围室内空气质量的影响,施工过程的空气污染可以通过管理和空调系统等措施调节控制。
提出生态室内设计的方法。
Indoor air pollution induced by construction and decoration has been known as one of the most important factors of indoor environment pollution. From the point of view of construction engineering, this dissertation analyzes and researches this issue systematically. With this understanding, we can make the following conclusions:
1. The main indoor air contaminations induced by construction and decorative materials are radon, formaldehyde, ammonia, benzene and TVOC. They can perform together and effect people’s health for a long time. With the investigation of newly decorated rooms in Chongqing, we know the superscale of formaldehyde, ammonia, benzene, radon and TVOC are 83.8%, 34.7%, 42.7%, 16% and 28%.
2. This dissertation developed pre-assessment method to avoid indoor air pollution. By analyzing and forecasting contaminations, pre-assessment can afford necessary information for design and construction. Pre–assessment method has been regarded as an efficient measure to avoid indoor air pollution. This dissertation validate it with a practical engineering and prove the assessment can meet demand of engineering.
3. By analyzing factors that effect indoor contaminations consistence, this dissertation bring forward the following methods to prevent pollution: control of contamination source, ventilation and air decontaminate.
4. For scale-up build and rebuild rooms, we should take construction pollution into consideration specially. The control of construction pollution can realized by proper management and HVAC system.
5. Bring forward technique of eco-interior design.
建筑装修导致的室内空气污染物主要有氡气、甲醛、氨、苯和总挥发性有机物,这些污染物共同作用,交叉污染会长期影响公众的身体健康;经过对重庆市城区新装修室内空气污染调查后发现,在重庆市游离甲醛、苯、氨、氡和TVOC分别超标83.8%,34.7%、42.7%、16%和28%,室内空气污染较为严重。
提出室内环境空气品质预评价方法,通过分析、预测室内装饰装修工程建成后存在的危害室内环境空气品质的因素和危害程度,可以为设计和施工提供依据。本论文通过实际工程对此评价方法进行了初步验证,经过理论分析和实验验证后表明该评价方法可以满足工程应用的要求。
通过分析影响室内污染物浓度的因素,提出室内空气污染控制具体措施主要包括:污染源控制、通风、室内空气净化。
对于扩建和改建工程,施工过程可能要在房屋使用者在场的情况下进行,这时应当特别考虑施工过程对周围室内空气质量的影响,施工过程的空气污染可以通过管理和空调系统等措施调节控制。
提出生态室内设计的方法。
Indoor air pollution induced by construction and decoration has been known as one of the most important factors of indoor environment pollution. From the point of view of construction engineering, this dissertation analyzes and researches this issue systematically. With this understanding, we can make the following conclusions:
1. The main indoor air contaminations induced by construction and decorative materials are radon, formaldehyde, ammonia, benzene and TVOC. They can perform together and effect people’s health for a long time. With the investigation of newly decorated rooms in Chongqing, we know the superscale of formaldehyde, ammonia, benzene, radon and TVOC are 83.8%, 34.7%, 42.7%, 16% and 28%.
2. This dissertation developed pre-assessment method to avoid indoor air pollution. By analyzing and forecasting contaminations, pre-assessment can afford necessary information for design and construction. Pre–assessment method has been regarded as an efficient measure to avoid indoor air pollution. This dissertation validate it with a practical engineering and prove the assessment can meet demand of engineering.
3. By analyzing factors that effect indoor contaminations consistence, this dissertation bring forward the following methods to prevent pollution: control of contamination source, ventilation and air decontaminate.
4. For scale-up build and rebuild rooms, we should take construction pollution into consideration specially. The control of construction pollution can realized by proper management and HVAC system.
5. Bring forward technique of eco-interior design.
引文
陈炜.室内环境污染与绿色装修.环境科学与技术,2001.24(增刊):56-57
陈丽金.装修材料对室内环境的污染及其控制.武汉工业学院学报,2004,4(9):20-23
H Keith Floric. China’s air pollution risks: although China is struggling with major urban air quality problems, its most serious health problem is indoors. Environmental Science & Technology, 1997,31(6)
宋广生.室内环境质量评价及检测手册.北京:机械工业出版社,2002.9
冯芳,张占恩,张丽君.建筑和装饰材料导致室内污染的研究.新型建筑材料,2001,12:39-41
WHO. Indoor air pollutants: exposure and health effects. EURO Reports and Studies 78, WHO, Geneva, 1983
刘宏奎,刘新生,王喜元等.民用建筑工程室内环境检测实验室的建立与管理.北京:中国计划出版社,2003
WHO, Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, WHO Regional Publications, European Series. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe. Copenhagen, 1999.
Steve M Hays, Ronald V Gobbell, Nicholas R Ganick. Indoor air quality: solution and strategies. New York: Mc-Graw –Hill Inc, 1995
David W, Bearg. Indoor air quality and HVAC systems. Boca Raton Fla: Lewis Publishers, 1993
秦钰慧.建筑和装饰材料所致室内污染的研究现状.见:第二届全国室内空气质量与健康学术研讨会论文集.北京:2002.中华预防医学会,2002.6-15
World resources institute. China’s health and environmental: air pollution and health effects. World resources, 1998, 99
沈兴兴等.我国室内空气污染研究及其防治措施.应用基础与工程科学学报,2002,10(4):366-371
王喜元等.民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范辅导教材.北京:中国计划出版社,2002
GB 50325-2001《民用建筑工程室内污染控制规范》
熊伟.《民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范》解析.工程质量,2002.7:25-28
王喜元.《民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范》GB 50325一2001内容简介.建筑技术,2002,33(4),290-292
刘君卓等.居住环境和公共场所有害因素及其防治.北京:化学工业出版社,2000
GB 50327-2001《住宅装饰装修工程施工规范》
袭著革.室内空气中微量甲醛污染与监测进展.重庆环境科学,1995,17(3):15-18
李连山,马春莲,陈寒玉.室内甲醛污染的分析调查.环境科学和技术,2002.25(3):44-45
Van Winkle M R, Scheff P A. Volatile organic compounds: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and elements in the air of ten urban homes. Indoor Air, 2001, 11(1)
李亚新.室内空气中挥发性有机物污染与防治.城市环境与城市生态,2003,16(1):11-12
完莉莉,汪玉庭.室内空气有机污染的研究现状.环境监测管理与技术,2001,13(2):12-16
Andersson, K.,etc. TVOC and Health in Non-Industrial Indoor Environments. Indoor Air, Vol7, 1997
Molhave L. Proceeding of the Fifth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate. Ottawa: 1990. Vol5
Seifert B. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate. Ottawa: 1990. Vol5
周中平,赵寿堂,朱立,赵毅红编著.室内污染检测与控制.北京:化学工业出版社,2002
Shirley J Hansen. Managing indoor air quality. Liburn GA: Fairmont Press, 1991
Niren L Nagda, Harry E Rector, Michael D Koontz. Guidelines for monitoring indoor air quality. Washington: Hemisphere Pub Corp, 1987
沈晋明等.上海办公大楼空气品质客观评价.通风除尘,1995,4(23):23-24
沈晋明.室内空气品质的评价及其对策:[博士学位论文].上海:同济大学,1996
曹守仁.室内空气污染与测定方法.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1988
James Axley. Passive Ventilation for Residential Air Quality Control. ASHRAE Trans, Vol(105) part 2,1999
范详清,刘少文.人居环境.北京:中国轻工业出版社,2003
吴自强等.室内甲醛污染控制技术进展.建筑人造板,2003,3:11-15
朱天乐.室内空气污染控制.北京:化学工业出版社,2002
陈清等.室内空气中挥发性有机物的污染及其控制.上海环境科学,2001,20(12):35-37
曹秀格等.木质板材中甲醛的控制.化学与粘合,1998(1):32-33
顾丽萍.人造板甲醛研究.四川林业科技,1998.19(4):26-30
吴羽飞等.F/U比对人造板甲醛的影响.建筑人造板,1999(3):21-23
黄泽恩等.人造板甲醛污染.木材工业,1998.12(1):11-13
李惠海等.脲醛树脂的改性.化学与粘合,1998.(1):53-55
王喜明.脲醛树脂的浓缩处理.林产工业,1997.24(5):27-30
Vern C. Rogers and Kirk K. Nielson. Technical Basis for a Candidate Building Materials Radium Standard. US EPA. Project Summary, 1996
Yang, X.; Chen, Q., Zhang, J. S., An, Y.,Zeng, J.;Shaw, C.Y.. A Mass transfer model for simulating VOC sorption on building materials. Atmospheric Environment, v.35, no.7, 2001
Won D, Corsi R L, Rynes M. Scorptive interactions between VOCs and indoor materials.
INDOOR AIR, 2001, 11(4)
邹越,侯云芬,蔡光汀.室内空气污染与建筑通风.北京建筑工程学院学报,2002,18(1)
Bluyssen, P. 1995. Final Report of European Audit Project to Optimize Indoor Air quality and Energy Consumption in Office Buildings. Joule 11 project, The Netherlands.
王鹏等.生态建筑中的自然通风.世界建筑,2000,4(3):34-36
陈丽金.装修材料对室内环境的污染及其控制.武汉工业学院学报,2004,4(9):20-23
H Keith Floric. China’s air pollution risks: although China is struggling with major urban air quality problems, its most serious health problem is indoors. Environmental Science & Technology, 1997,31(6)
宋广生.室内环境质量评价及检测手册.北京:机械工业出版社,2002.9
冯芳,张占恩,张丽君.建筑和装饰材料导致室内污染的研究.新型建筑材料,2001,12:39-41
WHO. Indoor air pollutants: exposure and health effects. EURO Reports and Studies 78, WHO, Geneva, 1983
刘宏奎,刘新生,王喜元等.民用建筑工程室内环境检测实验室的建立与管理.北京:中国计划出版社,2003
WHO, Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, WHO Regional Publications, European Series. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe. Copenhagen, 1999.
Steve M Hays, Ronald V Gobbell, Nicholas R Ganick. Indoor air quality: solution and strategies. New York: Mc-Graw –Hill Inc, 1995
David W, Bearg. Indoor air quality and HVAC systems. Boca Raton Fla: Lewis Publishers, 1993
秦钰慧.建筑和装饰材料所致室内污染的研究现状.见:第二届全国室内空气质量与健康学术研讨会论文集.北京:2002.中华预防医学会,2002.6-15
World resources institute. China’s health and environmental: air pollution and health effects. World resources, 1998, 99
沈兴兴等.我国室内空气污染研究及其防治措施.应用基础与工程科学学报,2002,10(4):366-371
王喜元等.民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范辅导教材.北京:中国计划出版社,2002
GB 50325-2001《民用建筑工程室内污染控制规范》
熊伟.《民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范》解析.工程质量,2002.7:25-28
王喜元.《民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范》GB 50325一2001内容简介.建筑技术,2002,33(4),290-292
刘君卓等.居住环境和公共场所有害因素及其防治.北京:化学工业出版社,2000
GB 50327-2001《住宅装饰装修工程施工规范》
袭著革.室内空气中微量甲醛污染与监测进展.重庆环境科学,1995,17(3):15-18
李连山,马春莲,陈寒玉.室内甲醛污染的分析调查.环境科学和技术,2002.25(3):44-45
Van Winkle M R, Scheff P A. Volatile organic compounds: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and elements in the air of ten urban homes. Indoor Air, 2001, 11(1)
李亚新.室内空气中挥发性有机物污染与防治.城市环境与城市生态,2003,16(1):11-12
完莉莉,汪玉庭.室内空气有机污染的研究现状.环境监测管理与技术,2001,13(2):12-16
Andersson, K.,etc. TVOC and Health in Non-Industrial Indoor Environments. Indoor Air, Vol7, 1997
Molhave L. Proceeding of the Fifth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate. Ottawa: 1990. Vol5
Seifert B. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate. Ottawa: 1990. Vol5
周中平,赵寿堂,朱立,赵毅红编著.室内污染检测与控制.北京:化学工业出版社,2002
Shirley J Hansen. Managing indoor air quality. Liburn GA: Fairmont Press, 1991
Niren L Nagda, Harry E Rector, Michael D Koontz. Guidelines for monitoring indoor air quality. Washington: Hemisphere Pub Corp, 1987
沈晋明等.上海办公大楼空气品质客观评价.通风除尘,1995,4(23):23-24
沈晋明.室内空气品质的评价及其对策:[博士学位论文].上海:同济大学,1996
曹守仁.室内空气污染与测定方法.北京:中国环境科学出版社,1988
James Axley. Passive Ventilation for Residential Air Quality Control. ASHRAE Trans, Vol(105) part 2,1999
范详清,刘少文.人居环境.北京:中国轻工业出版社,2003
吴自强等.室内甲醛污染控制技术进展.建筑人造板,2003,3:11-15
朱天乐.室内空气污染控制.北京:化学工业出版社,2002
陈清等.室内空气中挥发性有机物的污染及其控制.上海环境科学,2001,20(12):35-37
曹秀格等.木质板材中甲醛的控制.化学与粘合,1998(1):32-33
顾丽萍.人造板甲醛研究.四川林业科技,1998.19(4):26-30
吴羽飞等.F/U比对人造板甲醛的影响.建筑人造板,1999(3):21-23
黄泽恩等.人造板甲醛污染.木材工业,1998.12(1):11-13
李惠海等.脲醛树脂的改性.化学与粘合,1998.(1):53-55
王喜明.脲醛树脂的浓缩处理.林产工业,1997.24(5):27-30
Vern C. Rogers and Kirk K. Nielson. Technical Basis for a Candidate Building Materials Radium Standard. US EPA. Project Summary, 1996
Yang, X.; Chen, Q., Zhang, J. S., An, Y.,Zeng, J.;Shaw, C.Y.. A Mass transfer model for simulating VOC sorption on building materials. Atmospheric Environment, v.35, no.7, 2001
Won D, Corsi R L, Rynes M. Scorptive interactions between VOCs and indoor materials.
INDOOR AIR, 2001, 11(4)
邹越,侯云芬,蔡光汀.室内空气污染与建筑通风.北京建筑工程学院学报,2002,18(1)
Bluyssen, P. 1995. Final Report of European Audit Project to Optimize Indoor Air quality and Energy Consumption in Office Buildings. Joule 11 project, The Netherlands.
王鹏等.生态建筑中的自然通风.世界建筑,2000,4(3):34-36